Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: 138La is a very long-lived and low abundant p-isotope. Most p-nuclei with Z > 54 are thought to be produced through photodisintegration of s- and r-process seed nuclei. However, this p-process cannot satisfactorily explain the observed abundance of 138La, and more exotic processes, such as ve + 138Ba → 138La + e− have to be considered. This v-process can reproduce the observed solar abundance of 138La, but the significance of the p-process cannot be ruled out due to very high uncertainties in its predicted reaction rates. These errors have been discussed to be mainly due to the unavailability of the experimental nuclear level densities and radiative strength functions of 138,139La, which are critical ingredients for astrophysical reaction rate calculations based on the Hauser-Feshbach approach. Thus, nuclear physics measurements are necessary to place the nuclear properties on a strong footing, in order to make statements regarding the importance of p- and v-processes. In this research project the experimental nuclear level densities and radiative strength functions of 138,139La were measured below the neutron thresholds. From this new experimental data, the Maxwellian averaged cross sections for the 137La(n, y) and 138La(n, y) reactions, at the p-process temperature of 2.5⇥109 K, were computed with the TALYS code. Using these reaction rates the nucleosynthesis calculations in the O/Ne-rich layers of Type II supernovae were performed. The results imply that the standard p-process still under-produces 138La, which puts the v-process on a very strong footing as the main production process for 138La. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 138La is ’n p-isotoop met ’n baie lang halfleeftyd. Daar word tans vermoed dat p-nukiede met Z > 54 geproduseer word deur fotodisintegrasie van sen r-proses saadnukliede. Nogtans verklaar hierdie p-proses die waargenome natuurlike voorkoms van 138La nie behoorlik nie, en meer eksotiese prosesse soos byvoorbeeld ve+ 138Ba → 138La + e− moet in aanmerking geneem word. Hierdie v-proses kan die waargenome natuurlike voorkoms van 138La verklaar, maar die belangrikheid van die p-proses kan nie afgewys word nie weens die onsekerheid in die voorspelde reaksie snelheid. Sodanige onsekerhede word bespreek en word hoofsaaklik toegeskryf aan die gebrek aan eksperimentele vlakdigthede en stralings sterkefunksies van die kerne 138,139La, wat van kritiese belang is vir berekeninge van astrofisiese reaksie snelhede gebaseer op die Hauser-Feshbach benadering. Kernfisiese metings is derhalwe noodsaaklik om die eienskappe van kerne op ’n stewige grondslag te plaas sodat uitlatings gemaak kan word omtrent die belangrikheid van p- en v-prosesse. In hierdie esperimentele navorsingsprojek is die kern vlakdigthede en stralings sterkefunksies van 138,139La onder die neutron reaksiedrumpels gemeet. Die nuwe gemete data maak dit moontlik om die Maxwell-gemiddelde kansvlakke vir die 137La(n, y) en 138La(n, y) reaksies by ’n p-proses temperatuur van 2.5 x 109 K met die TALYS program te bereken. Hierdie reaksie snelhede is daarna gebruik om berekeninge van elementvorming in die O/Ne-ryke lae van Tipe-II supernovas te maak. Die resultate wys uit dat die stadaard p-proses nie genoegsame 138La produseer nie, wat derhalwe die v-proses op ’n baie stewige grondslag plaas as die hoof produksie proses vir 138La.

Title: Density of Minkowski functionals of stationary random sets Author: Bc. Filip Dohnálek Department: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Jan Rataj, CSc., Mathematical Institute of Charles University Abstract: In the presented work we can find the created theory of random closed excursion set generated by means of Gaussian real random field. We specialize in a real random field, which is defined on the regular stratified manifold. The text includes a determination of conditions for a random field and stratified manifold in which densities of the intrinsic volumes for excursion sets exist. Then subsequently attributes and relations of the excursion set are derived for the existence of densities of the intrinsic volumes. Finally, a simulated study is made where we compare theoretical and estimated values of densities. This is followed by a discussion on the results, which we compare to the Boolean model. Keywords: Densities of the intrinsic volume, Excursion set, Manifold, Real random field

Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento fenológico, morfológico e produtivo de cultivares de algodoeiro com diferentes arquiteturas de plantas em diferentes espaçamentos, através do manejo com regulador de crescimento, foi realizado o presente trabalho, na área experimental da ESALQ/USP, no município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, no ano agrícola de 2000/01. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas sub-subdivididas e 4 repetições. As parcelas constituíram-se dos espaçamentos de 0,76 e 1,01 m, as subparcelas das três cultivares (IAC 23, DeltaOpal e CD 401) e as sub-subparcelas em presença ou ausência de regulador de crescimento. Em seis plantas marcadas de cada parcela foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: acompanhamento das fases fenológicas (emergência, aparecimento do primeiro botão floral, antese da primeira flor e abertura do primeiro capulho) e caracteres agronômicos de campo (altura de planta, diâmetro do caule, número de ramos vegetativos e frutíferos, conformação da planta, número de capulhos por planta e altura de inserção do primeiro ramo frutífero). Na área útil de cada parcela foi determinada, a produção de algodão em caroço por hectare e a precocidade de colheita. Em amostras de 20 capulhos tomadas aleatoriamente em cada parcela foram realizadas as análises dos caracteres agronômicos de laboratório (massa de 100 sementes, porcentagem de fibras e massa média de um capulho) e das características tecnológicas da fibra (comprimento, uniformidade de comprimento, maturidade, tenacidade e índice micronaire). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que não houve interações significativas para as cultivares x espaçamentos x regulador de crescimento, para a produção de algodão em caroço, precocidade de colheita, caracteres agronômicos de laboratório e características tecnológicas das fibras, com exceção da tenacidade. Desta forma, as cultivares avaliadas, independente da arquitetura da planta, apresentaram capacidade de ajustar-se às variações dos espaçamentos testados e aplicação de regulador de crescimento com relação a estas características. Os caracteres agronômicos de campo como: a altura das plantas e o diâmetro de caule, de modo geral, apresentaram médias reduzidas com a redução do espaçamento e aplicação do regulador de crescimento, para as cultivares de desenvolvimento mais vigoroso (IAC 23 e DeltaOpal), não influenciando, porém, a cultivar de plantas morfologicamente mais compactas (CD 401). / The purpose of this work was to study the phenological, morphological and productive behavior of cotton cultivars presenting different plant shapes under different spacing layouts managed with the use of plant growth regulator. The experiment was established in the experimental field of ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, during the 2000/01 growing season and was arranged in a randomized block experimental design with subdivided plots and 4 replications. The plots represented spacing layouts of 0.76 and 1.01 m, subplots consisted of the IAC 23, DeltaOpal and CD 401 cultivars, while the sub-subplots were characterized by the use or absence of growth regulator. Six plants per plot were labeled and analyzed for the phenological phases (emergence, appearance of the first flower bud, anthesis of the first flower, opening of the first cotton boll) and field agronomical characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, number of vegetative and fruit branches, plant shape, number of cotton boll per plant and insertion height of the first fruit branch). The harvest early and raw cotton yield per hectare were determined considering the effective plot area. The agronomical lab characteristics (mass of 100 seeds, fiber percentage and cotton boll mass), as well as the fiber technological characteristics (length, length uniformity, maturity, strength, and micronaire) were analyzed using a sample of 20 bolls taken at random. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that there were no significant interactions among cultivars x spacing x growth regulator, as to cotton yield, harvest early, agronomical lab characteristics and fiber technological characteristics, except for stremgth. The analyzed cultivars, regardless of the plant shape, showed good adaptation to the variation in spacing layouts, as well as to the application of growth regulator, considering the analyzed characteristics. The field agronomical characteristics, such as plant height and stem diameter, generally decreased with the reduction in spacing and with the application of growth regulator, considering the most vigorous cultivars (IAC 23 and DeltaOpal). On the other hand, the cultivar presenting a more compact plant (CD 401) pattern was not influenced by spacing or use of growth regulator.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo do efeito do refletor sobre o tempo de vida neutrônico do Reator IPEN/MB-01. O método empregado requer uma abordagem que leve em conta tanto o núcleo quanto o refletor, de modo que as equações de cinética pontual, as quais constituem a base teórica de todo desenvolvimento matemático, contemplem ambas as regiões do reator. A partir dessas equações, conhecidas como equações de cinética pontual do modelo duas regiões, são obtidas as expressões teóricas para as APSDs (Auto Power Spectral Densities), as quais são utilizadas para o ajuste por mínimos quadrados aos dados das APSDs experimentais obtidas em vários estados subcríticos. O tempo de geração de nêutrons prontos, o tempo de vida dos nêutrons no refletor e a fração desses nêutrons que retornam ao núcleo, são obtidos como parâmetros do ajuste. / The aim of this study is to present the reflector effect on the neutron lifetimes in the IPEN/MB-01 reactor. The proposed method requires an approach which takes into account both the reflector and the core, so that the point kinetics equations, which constitute the theoretical basis of all mathematical development, contemplate both regions of the reactor. From these equations, as known as two regions kinetics point equations, theoretical expressions are obtained for the Auto Power Spectral Densities (APSD), which are used for least squares fit of the experimental data of APSD obtained in several subcritical states. The prompt neutron generation time, the neutron lifetimes in the reflector and the neutron return fraction from the reflector to the core are derived from the fitting.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o microclima e a ocorrência de ramulose (Colletotrichum gossypii South. var. cephalosporioides Costa) em diferentes densidades populacionais do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. latifolium Hutch.), foi conduzido um experimento com as cultivares IAC 23 e Coodetec 401, em espaçamento de 0,9 m entre linhas e com 5, 10 e 15 plantas por metro na linha de plantio, perfazendo um total de seis tratamentos, subdivididos em parcelas inoculadas e não inoculadas com o fungo. A temperatura do ar medida na altura do terço superior da cultura apresentou diferença significativa em relação à medida a 2m do solo, na estação meteorológica, mas, não significativa entre as diferentes densidades. A umidade relativa foi maior quanto maior a densidade da cultura e significativamente menor na estação meteorológica. Porém, essa diferença ocorreu na fase inicial da cultura pois, a partir de um determinado grau de desenvolvimento, as diferenças entre densidades se minimizaram. A duração do período de molhamento (DPM) ocorreu de modo análogo à umidade relativa, porém com diferenças proporcionalmente maiores entre as densidades. Aos 30 dias após emergência (DAE), a DPM foi, em média, de 9,4, 10,2 e 11,7h, respectivamente, nas densidades de 5, 10 e 15 plantas por metro. Aos 45 DAE, a DPM foi de 11,2, 12,3 e 13,6h, nas mesmas densidades, respectivamente. Houve grande diferença de intensidade de doença entre as duas cultivares mas, não houve diferenças entre as três densidades, mesmo ocorrendo diferenças significativas entre os microclimas. Atribuiu-se a isso as condições macroclimáticas amplamente favoráveis ao patógeno, no decorrer do experimento. A área sob a curva de progresso da doença (AUDPC) nas parcelas inoculadas foi, em média, de 108 unidades na cultivar IAC 23 e 238 unidades na Coodetec 401. Nas não inoculadas, a AUDPC foi de 52 e 61 unidades, respectivamente. A duração da área foliar (DAF) entre 0 e 150 DAE, nas densidades de 5, 10 e 15 plantas por metro foi, respectivamente de 351, 502 e 645 IAF.dia na cultivar IAC 23, sem diferença entre parcelas inoculadas e não inoculadas. Na cultivar Coodetec 401, a DAF foi de 276, 482 e 606 IAF.dia nas parcelas não inoculadas, com redução de 8%, 22% e 20% nas parcelas inoculadas. Praticamente não houve diferença de rendimento de algodão em caroço entre as densidades. Na cultivar IAC 23 o rendimento foi de 0,42 Kg.m -2 nas parcelas não inoculadas e de 0,36 Kg.m -2 nas inoculadas. Na cultivar Coodetec 401, o rendimento foi de 0,44 Kg.m -2 nas parcelas não inoculadas e de 0,24 Kg.m -2 nas inoculadas. Com o monitoramento microclimático foi possível identificar um período bastante favorável à ocorrência da infecção, o qual precedeu um explosivo aumento de incidência da doença, próximo aos 87 DAE, que se caracterizou por um período com temperaturas noturnas menores, que 14ºC - o que aumenta o grau de predisposição do algodoeiro às doenças - seguido de dias com elevada umidade relativa do ar e DPM. / With the goal of evaluating the microclimate and the occurrence of ramulose (Colletotrichum gossypii South. var. cephalosporioides Costa) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. latifolium Hutch.) crop with different population densities, it was conducted an experiment with the genotypes IAC 23 and Coodetec 401, in the spacing of 0.9m between lines and with 5, 10 and 15 plants per meter in the planting line, performing a total of six treatments, subdivided in areas, inoculated and not inoculated with the pathogen. The air temperature, measured within the crop canopy was significantly different from the measure obtained at 2m in a weather station but it was not significantly different among densities. The relative humidity increased with the crop density and was larger at the crop level than at the weather station. However, the difference among densities occurred in the initial phase of development, being minimized with the crop growth. The wetness period presented variation similar to the relative humidity, however, with larger differences between densities. At 30 days after emergence of seedlings (DAE), wetness period was 9.4, 10.2 and 11.7h, respectively, in the densities of 5, 10 and 15 plants per meter. At 45 DAE, wetness period was 11.2, 12.3 and 13.6h, at the same densities, respectively. There was huge difference of disease intensity between genotypes but there was no difference between the three densities, even occurring significant differences in the microclimate. This was attributed to the macroclimatic conditions which were widely favorable to the pathogen during the experiment period. The area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) in the inoculated areas was, on the average, 108 units in the genotype IAC 23 and 238 units in Coodetec 401. In the not inoculated areas, it was 52 and 61 units, respectively. The duration of the leaf area (DAF) between 0 and 150 DAE, in the densities of 5, 10 and 15 plants per meter was, respectively, 351, 502 and 645 LAI.day in the genotype IAC 23, without difference between inoculated and not inoculated areas. In the genotype Coodetec 401, DAF was 276, 482 and 606 LAI.day in the not inoculated areas, occurring reduction of 8%, 22% and 20% in the inoculated ones. There was no difference in the cotton yield between densities. In the genotype IAC 23 the yield was 0.42Kg.m -2 in the not inoculated areas and 0.36Kg.m -2 in the inoculated ones. In the genotype Coodetec 401, the yield was 0.44Kg.m -2 in the not inoculated areas and 0.24 Kg.m -2 in the inoculated. With the daily evaluation of the microclimate conditions it was possible to identify a favorable period to the pathogen infection, which preceded an explosive increase of the disease incidence, near to 87 DAE, which was characterized for a period with smaller nocturnal temperatures, under 14ºC - what increases the predisposition degree of the cotton to diseases - followed by days with high air relative humidity and wetness period.

<p>Vreme (rok) setve jedan je od najvažnijih faktora u proizvodnji strnih žita i praktično određuje intenzitet delovanja svih ostalih činilaca proizvodnje p&scaron;enice. Među brojnim faktorima koji određuju visinu prinosa, najče&scaron;ći uzrok malih prinosa ozime p&scaron;enice vezan je za vreme setve izvan optimalnog roka, upotreba neadekvatnih količina semena i izbor sorti nedovoljno prilagođenih datim agroekolo&scaron;kim uslovima. Osim toga, vreme setve predstavlja ekonomski najjeftiniju agrotehničku meru i najisplativiji način za povećanje prinosa zrna ozime p&scaron;enice, međutim eventualno ka&scaron;njenje u setvi ne može se na adekvatan način nadoknaditi ni jednom drugom agrotehničkom merom. Ekstremne vremenske prilike već predstavljaju izazov za proizvođače, a mnogobrojni klimatski scenariji predviđaju dalje povećanje njihove učestalosti u budućnosti. Upravo će u ovakvim promenljivim vremenskim uslovima optimalno vreme steve uz adekvatnu gustinu useva i izbor odgovarajućih genotipova biti od velike važnosti u cilju ublažavanja negativnog delovanja vremenskih činioca na visinu i stabilnost prinosa, kao i na tehnolo&scaron;ki kvalitet zrna ozime p&scaron;enice.<br />Prevashodni cilj istraživanja u disertaciji bio je proučavanje uticaja različitog vremena, gustina setve i njihove interakcije na prinos, komponente prinosa i kvalitet zrna različitih sorti p&scaron;enice. Istraživanje interakcije vremena, gustina setve i sorti ozime p&scaron;enice izvedeno je na oglednim poljima Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim &scaron;ančevima, u periodu od proizvodne 1981/82. do 2012/13. godine, na ogledu pod nazivom &bdquo;Rokovi setve&ldquo;. Ogled se postavlja svake godine, na zemlji&scaron;tu tipa karbonatni černozem, a izvodi se kao trofaktorijalni (Split-split-plot dizajn), u četiri ponavljanja, sa rasporedom varijanti po slučajnom blok sistemu.<br />Tokom 32-godi&scaron;njeg ispitivanog perioda, prinos zrna je znatno varirao u zavisnosti od vremenskih uslova i kretao se u proseku za sve tretmane od 4,35 t ha-1 u 2003., do 8,70 t ha-1 u 2013. godini. Na osnovu jednačine trenda prinosa, uočeno je da je godi&scaron;nje povećanje prinosa, u proseku za sve tretmane iznosilo 10,7 kg ha-1. Iz 32 analizirane godine izdvojeno je 5 godina sa najvećim prinosima, 12 godina sa malim prinosima p&scaron;enice, dok se preostalih 15 godina moglo označiti kao srednje rodne godine. U pogledu temperaturnih uslova i uslova vlažnosti u rodnim, srednje rodnim i nerodnim godinama postojale su značajne razlike između ovih grupa. U rodnim godinama, variranje prinosa u zavisnosti od rokova setve bilo je najmanje. Najveći prinos zrna, tokom posmatranog perioda, u proseku za sve ispitivane sorte i gustine setve ostvaren je setvom u II roku (11-20. X), i bio je značajno veći u odnosu na sve ostale rokove izuzev I roka. Između I i III roka, nije ostvarena statistički značajna razlika u visini prinosa, ali su prinosi u oba ova roka bili značajno veći u odnosu na novembarske i decembarski rok setve. Drugi rok odlikovao se najmanjim variranjem prinosa tokom istraživanog perioda. Novembarska setva smanjivala je prinos u proseku za 11%, a decembarska za 27%, u odnosu na prinose iz optimalnih agrotehničkih rokova. Prosečno dnevno smanjenje prinosa zrna iznosilo je 38 kg dan-1. Najmanje smanjenje prinosa prilikom ka&scaron;njenja u setvi bilo je u rodnim, zatim u srednjerodnim, a najveće u nerodnim godinama. U optimalnim rokovima setve (I i II rok) gustina od 500 kl. zrna m-2 bila je optimalna, dok je u kasnim rokovima (novembarskim i decembarskom), povećanje količine semena (do najvi&scaron;e 700 kl. zrna m-2),<br />imalo opravdanja. Odlaganje setve od I do V roka, uticalo je na povećanje sadržaja proteina, vlažnog glutena, moći upijanja vode, sedimentacionu vrednost, zapreminu i vrednosnog broja sredine hleba, kod obe sorte. Na osnovu prosečnih vrednosti za sve rokove setve, sorta Zvezdana ostvarila je bolje parametre kvaliteta u odnosu na NS 40S.</p> / <p>Sowing date is one of the most important field crop management measures in the production of small grains and it practically determines the intensity of all other factors in wheat production. Among many factors which determine yield, sowing outside the optimum period, use of inappropriate seed rates and selection of cultivars insufficiently adapted to a given agro-ecological conditions, are recognized as the most common causes of low yields of winter wheat. Moreover, sowing date is economically cheapest field crop management measure and a cost-effective way to increase grain yield. However, eventual delay in sowing cannot be adequately compensated by any other field crop management measure. Extreme weather events are already a significant challenge for grain producers and are predicted to increase under numerous future climate scenarios. In these altered weather conditions, optimal sowing date with an adequate sowing density and choice of appropriate genotypes will be of great importance in order to mitigate the negative effects of climate factors on yield stability, as well as on the bread making quality of winter wheat.<br />The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of different sowing dates, sowing densities and their interactions on yield, yield components and grain quality of different wheat cultivars. The study of interaction of sowing dates, sowing densities and cultivars of winter wheat was carried out on experimental fields of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, in the 1981/82. &ndash; 2012/13. period. The experiment was set each year, on the calcareous chernozem soil, as a three factor trial (split-split-plot design), in four replications, with variants in the randomized block design.<br />During the 32-year studied period, grain yield has varied considerably depending on weather conditions and ranged from 4.35 t ha-1 in 2003., to 8.70 t ha-1 in 2013., on average for all treatments. It was observed that the annual increase in yields during the investigated period was 10.7 kg ha-1. From the 32 years analyzed there were 5 years with high yields, 12 years with low grain yields, while the remaining 15 years could be identified as a medium yielding years. There were significant differences in temperature regimes and moisture conditions between these three types of years. Yield variation caused by the different sowing date was much lower in high yielding in comparison to low yielding years. For the entire examined period, on average of all tested cultivars and planting densities, the highest grain yields were obtained in the II sowing date (11-20. X), and were significantly higher in comparison to all other sowing dates, except the earliest (I sowing date). There were no statistically significant differences in yields between I and III sowing date, but they were significantly higher in comparison to sowing in November and December. Second sowing date had the lowest yield variation during the studied period. Sowing in November reduced yield by 11% and December sowing by 27% on average, compared to optimal (October) sowing dates. During the investigated period, average daily reduction of grain yield was 38 kg day-1. The smallest decline in yields caused by the delay in sowing was in high yielding years, followed by medium yielding, and the largest yield decline was found in low yielding years. In the optimal sowing dates (I and II), a density of 500 viable kernels m-2 proved to be optimal, while in the later sowing dates (November and December), increasing the sowing density up to 700 viable kernels m-<br />2, was justified. Delay in sowing from I to V sowing date caused an increase in the bread-making quality parameters such as protein content, wet gluten content, water absorption capacity, Zeleny sedimentation value, bread loaf volume and value number of bread, for both cultivars examined. On average for all sowing dates and densities, cultivar Zvezdana achieved higher values for almost all bread-making quality parameters tested in comparison to NS 40S.</p>

Orientador: Ricardo Antonio Ferreira Rodrigues / Banca: Kuniko Iwamoto Haga / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Rita de Cássia Félix Alvarez / Banca: Rogerio Soares de Freitas / Resumo: O arroz é uma das culturas que mais se destaca na produção mundial, responde ao uso de tecnologias, porém seu cultivo em terras altas apresenta problema de acamamento, dificultando ou impossibilitando a colheita mecânica. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o efeito do regulador de crescimento etil-trinexapac e diferentes densidades de semeadura do arroz de terras altas, cultivar BRS Primavera, nos municípios de Fernandópolis - SP e Selvíria - MS, visando reduzir a altura e diminuir o acamamento das plantas de arroz. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2008/09, na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, Campus de Fernandópolis - SP, e na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus Ilha Solteira - UNESP, localizada no município de Selvíria - MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, disposto em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco densidades de semeadura (100, 150, 200, 250 e 300 sementes viáveis por metro quadrado), com e sem aplicação de regulador de crescimento. O aumento da densidade de semeadura interferiu negativamente na produtividade de grãos de arroz apenas para a primeira semeadura em Selvíria - MS. A aplicação do etil-trinexapac resultou em plantas com menor altura e acamamento e, reduziu a produtividade de grãos da cultura do arroz para as duas localidades. Apesar da aplicação de etil-trinexapac reduzir a produtividade de grãos, seu uso em cultivares com tendência ao acamamento é interessante por possibilitar a colheita mecanizada, o que não é possível em áreas com plantas acamadas. O etil-trinexapac constitui uma ferramenta importante no manejo da cultura do arroz de terras altas, mas que ainda influencia nos componentes vegetativos e na produtividade e, não interfere no rendimento industrial do cultivar BRS Primavera / Abstract: Rice crop is highlighted around the world production, its responds to technology. However its cultivation in uplands presents problems of lodging, making it difficult or almost impossible the mechanical harvest. The goal of this research was to study the effect of growth regulators ethyl-trinexapac on sowing densities on upland rice, growing BRS Primavera, in Fernandópolis - SP and Selvíria - MS, aiming to reduce plant height and to prevent possible lodging of the rice plants. The experiment started in the agricultural year of 2008/2009, on the Experimental Farm of Camilo Castelo Branco University, Campus of Fernandópolis, SP, and on the Experimental Farm of Engineering College, Campus of Iha Solteira (UNESP), located in the municipal district of Selvíria, MS. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with treatments in factorial arrangement 5 x 2. There were four repetitions. The treatments were made of five combination of sowing densities (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 seeds per square meter), with and without the use of growth regulator ethyltrinexapac. Increased seeding rate had a negative influence on grain yield of rice only for the first sowing in Selvíria, MS. The application of ethyl-trinexapac resulted in plants with reduced height and lodging and reduced grain yield of rice for both locations. Despite the application of ethyl-trinexapac reduce grain yield, its use in cultivars prone to lodging is interesting because they allow mechanized harvesting, which is not possible in areas with lodged plants. Ethyl-trinexapac is an important tool in the management of upland rice culture, but it still influences the vegetative components and productivity, and it does not interfere with the performance of industrial BRS Primavera / Doutor

Com o objetivo de avaliar o microclima e a ocorrência de ramulose (Colletotrichum gossypii South. var. cephalosporioides Costa) em diferentes densidades populacionais do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. latifolium Hutch.), foi conduzido um experimento com as cultivares IAC 23 e Coodetec 401, em espaçamento de 0,9 m entre linhas e com 5, 10 e 15 plantas por metro na linha de plantio, perfazendo um total de seis tratamentos, subdivididos em parcelas inoculadas e não inoculadas com o fungo. A temperatura do ar medida na altura do terço superior da cultura apresentou diferença significativa em relação à medida a 2m do solo, na estação meteorológica, mas, não significativa entre as diferentes densidades. A umidade relativa foi maior quanto maior a densidade da cultura e significativamente menor na estação meteorológica. Porém, essa diferença ocorreu na fase inicial da cultura pois, a partir de um determinado grau de desenvolvimento, as diferenças entre densidades se minimizaram. A duração do período de molhamento (DPM) ocorreu de modo análogo à umidade relativa, porém com diferenças proporcionalmente maiores entre as densidades. Aos 30 dias após emergência (DAE), a DPM foi, em média, de 9,4, 10,2 e 11,7h, respectivamente, nas densidades de 5, 10 e 15 plantas por metro. Aos 45 DAE, a DPM foi de 11,2, 12,3 e 13,6h, nas mesmas densidades, respectivamente. Houve grande diferença de intensidade de doença entre as duas cultivares mas, não houve diferenças entre as três densidades, mesmo ocorrendo diferenças significativas entre os microclimas. Atribuiu-se a isso as condições macroclimáticas amplamente favoráveis ao patógeno, no decorrer do experimento. A área sob a curva de progresso da doença (AUDPC) nas parcelas inoculadas foi, em média, de 108 unidades na cultivar IAC 23 e 238 unidades na Coodetec 401. Nas não inoculadas, a AUDPC foi de 52 e 61 unidades, respectivamente. A duração da área foliar (DAF) entre 0 e 150 DAE, nas densidades de 5, 10 e 15 plantas por metro foi, respectivamente de 351, 502 e 645 IAF.dia na cultivar IAC 23, sem diferença entre parcelas inoculadas e não inoculadas. Na cultivar Coodetec 401, a DAF foi de 276, 482 e 606 IAF.dia nas parcelas não inoculadas, com redução de 8%, 22% e 20% nas parcelas inoculadas. Praticamente não houve diferença de rendimento de algodão em caroço entre as densidades. Na cultivar IAC 23 o rendimento foi de 0,42 Kg.m -2 nas parcelas não inoculadas e de 0,36 Kg.m -2 nas inoculadas. Na cultivar Coodetec 401, o rendimento foi de 0,44 Kg.m -2 nas parcelas não inoculadas e de 0,24 Kg.m -2 nas inoculadas. Com o monitoramento microclimático foi possível identificar um período bastante favorável à ocorrência da infecção, o qual precedeu um explosivo aumento de incidência da doença, próximo aos 87 DAE, que se caracterizou por um período com temperaturas noturnas menores, que 14ºC – o que aumenta o grau de predisposição do algodoeiro às doenças – seguido de dias com elevada umidade relativa do ar e DPM. / With the goal of evaluating the microclimate and the occurrence of ramulose (Colletotrichum gossypii South. var. cephalosporioides Costa) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. latifolium Hutch.) crop with different population densities, it was conducted an experiment with the genotypes IAC 23 and Coodetec 401, in the spacing of 0.9m between lines and with 5, 10 and 15 plants per meter in the planting line, performing a total of six treatments, subdivided in areas, inoculated and not inoculated with the pathogen. The air temperature, measured within the crop canopy was significantly different from the measure obtained at 2m in a weather station but it was not significantly different among densities. The relative humidity increased with the crop density and was larger at the crop level than at the weather station. However, the difference among densities occurred in the initial phase of development, being minimized with the crop growth. The wetness period presented variation similar to the relative humidity, however, with larger differences between densities. At 30 days after emergence of seedlings (DAE), wetness period was 9.4, 10.2 and 11.7h, respectively, in the densities of 5, 10 and 15 plants per meter. At 45 DAE, wetness period was 11.2, 12.3 and 13.6h, at the same densities, respectively. There was huge difference of disease intensity between genotypes but there was no difference between the three densities, even occurring significant differences in the microclimate. This was attributed to the macroclimatic conditions which were widely favorable to the pathogen during the experiment period. The area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) in the inoculated areas was, on the average, 108 units in the genotype IAC 23 and 238 units in Coodetec 401. In the not inoculated areas, it was 52 and 61 units, respectively. The duration of the leaf area (DAF) between 0 and 150 DAE, in the densities of 5, 10 and 15 plants per meter was, respectively, 351, 502 and 645 LAI.day in the genotype IAC 23, without difference between inoculated and not inoculated areas. In the genotype Coodetec 401, DAF was 276, 482 and 606 LAI.day in the not inoculated areas, occurring reduction of 8%, 22% and 20% in the inoculated ones. There was no difference in the cotton yield between densities. In the genotype IAC 23 the yield was 0.42Kg.m -2 in the not inoculated areas and 0.36Kg.m -2 in the inoculated ones. In the genotype Coodetec 401, the yield was 0.44Kg.m -2 in the not inoculated areas and 0.24 Kg.m -2 in the inoculated. With the daily evaluation of the microclimate conditions it was possible to identify a favorable period to the pathogen infection, which preceded an explosive increase of the disease incidence, near to 87 DAE, which was characterized for a period with smaller nocturnal temperatures, under 14ºC – what increases the predisposition degree of the cotton to diseases – followed by days with high air relative humidity and wetness period.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo do efeito do refletor sobre o tempo de vida neutrônico do Reator IPEN/MB-01. O método empregado requer uma abordagem que leve em conta tanto o núcleo quanto o refletor, de modo que as equações de cinética pontual, as quais constituem a base teórica de todo desenvolvimento matemático, contemplem ambas as regiões do reator. A partir dessas equações, conhecidas como equações de cinética pontual do modelo duas regiões, são obtidas as expressões teóricas para as APSDs (Auto Power Spectral Densities), as quais são utilizadas para o ajuste por mínimos quadrados aos dados das APSDs experimentais obtidas em vários estados subcríticos. O tempo de geração de nêutrons prontos, o tempo de vida dos nêutrons no refletor e a fração desses nêutrons que retornam ao núcleo, são obtidos como parâmetros do ajuste. / The aim of this study is to present the reflector effect on the neutron lifetimes in the IPEN/MB-01 reactor. The proposed method requires an approach which takes into account both the reflector and the core, so that the point kinetics equations, which constitute the theoretical basis of all mathematical development, contemplate both regions of the reactor. From these equations, as known as two regions kinetics point equations, theoretical expressions are obtained for the Auto Power Spectral Densities (APSD), which are used for least squares fit of the experimental data of APSD obtained in several subcritical states. The prompt neutron generation time, the neutron lifetimes in the reflector and the neutron return fraction from the reflector to the core are derived from the fitting.

Submitted by PAOLO SALVATORE SALAZAR MENDOZA null (psalvatore.salazarm@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-05T00:39:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacão_Paolo_Salvatore_Salazar_Mendoza.pdf: 1569956 bytes, checksum: e2673584e036f03e85bab3fef6925ddf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-01-05T10:16:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 salazarmendoza_ps_me_jabo.pdf: 1607711 bytes, checksum: 0fcf8ca7836b0ca0a8bb110fe98f86ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-05T10:16:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 salazarmendoza_ps_me_jabo.pdf: 1607711 bytes, checksum: 0fcf8ca7836b0ca0a8bb110fe98f86ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-07 / Outra / Este estudo teve como objetivos determinar a capacidade de dispersão do parasitoide Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) e armazenamento do hospedeiro visando o controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) na cultura de milho. Estabeleceram-se doze parcelas de 829,44 m2. Cada parcela continha quatro quadrados concêntricos cuja distância desde o centro até o ponto médio de cada lado foi de 3,6; 7,2; 10,8 e 14,4 m, marcando-se em cada quadrado 8, 16, 24 e 32 pontos (plantas). As plantas foram infestadas artificialmente com massas de ovos de S. frugiperda. A infestação foi realizada com uma massa de ovos/planta em 1,6% das plantas na parcela. Após isso, foram liberados 100.000, 150.000 e 200.000 parasitoides/ha em plantas de milho nos estádios fenológicos V4-V5 e V8-V9. Houve ainda um tratamento no qual não houve liberação de parasitoides. As massas de ovos foram recolhidas após 48 h e levadas para laboratório para avaliação de parasitismo. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Foi determinado o porcentual de parasitismo em cada ponto onde houve infestação. Avaliou-se também, a influência de diferentes temperaturas (5, 10, 15, 20°C) e períodos de armazenamento (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias) no parasitismo de T. remus em ovos de S. frugiperda. Após esses períodos foram colocadas fêmeas do parasitoide e mantidas em sala climatizada (25±1°C, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 horas) para posterior avaliação do porcentual de parasitismo. O estádio fenológico do milho influenciou na dispersão de T. remus, sendo a distância média percorrida de 11,4 m no estádio fenológico V4-V5 e 9,8 m no V8-V9. Não houve diferença significativa entre as densidades de parasitoides liberadas. Assim, sugere-se a liberação de 100.000 parasitoides distribuídos em 68 pontos/ha no estádio fenológico V4-V5 do milho e 91 no estádio V8-V9. Em relação ao armazenamento de ovos, houve diferença significativa entre as temperaturas e períodos de armazenamento avaliados. Portanto, o armazenamento de ovos do hospedeiro pode ser realizado até nove dias a 15°C. / The objective of this study was to know the dispersal capacity of the parasitoid Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and host storage for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize. Twelve plots of 829.44 m2 each were established. Each plot contained four concentric squares whose distance from the center to the midpoint of each side was 3.6; 7.2; 10.8 and 14.4 m, being each square with 8, 16, 24 and 32 sampling points (plants). The plants were artificially infested with egg masses of S. frugiperda. The infestation was performed using one egg mass /plant in 1.6% of the plants in a plot. After that, 100,000, 150,000 and 200,000 parasitoids/ha were released in maize at the V4-V5 and V8-V9 phenological stages. There was also a treatment in which there was no release of parasitoids. The egg masses were collected after 48 h and taken to the laboratory for parasitism evaluation. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. The percentage of parasitism was determined at each point where infestation occurred. The influence of different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20 °C) and storage periods (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days) was also evaluated on T. remus parasitism in S. frugiperda eggs. After these periods, egg masses were offered to parasitoid female for oviposition and kept in an acclimatized room (25±1°C, RH 70±10% and photo phase of 12 hours). The phenological stage of maize influenced the dispersal of T. remus, with a mean distance of 11.4 m and 9.8 m in the in the V4-V5 and V8-V9 phenological stages, respectively. There was no significant difference between the densities of released parasitoids. Thus, we suggest the release of 100,000 parasitoids distributed in 68 points/ha in the V4-V5 phenological stage of maize and 91 in the V8-V9 stage. Regarding egg storage, there was a significant difference among the temperatures and storage periods evaluated. Therefore, storage of the host can be carried out up to nine days at 15 °C. / Resolución Jefatural No. 251-2015-MINEDU-VMGI-PRONABEC-OBPOST