Com uma notificação de 71 mil casos e 4.800 óbitos no Brasil, em 2010, a tuberculose foi a terceira causa de mortalidade dentre as doenças infecciosas. Objetivando avaliar a situação da tuberculose no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, foi elaborada a presente pesquisa. Realizou-se um estudo ecológico, a partir do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), tendo sido calculadas taxas de incidência de tuberculose pulmonar, para variáveis sócio-demográficas e proporções para outras variáveis selecionadas. A fonte de informação sobre a População Privada de Liberdade (PPL) foi o Ministério da Justiça. Comparações internas foram realizadas no primeiro artigo; comparações dos resultados obtidos para PPL com a população geral do estado, no segundo artigo; e, resultados obtido para a população das áreas de fronteira foram comparados com as populações residentes em outras áreas do estado, no terceiro artigo. Observou-se uma taxa de incidência anual média de 39 casos na população geral do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, e, entre os PPL, uma taxa de 978 casos de tuberculose pulmonar por 100.000 habitantes-ano, 25,4 (IC 95%: 22,5-28,1) vezes a taxa para a população geral. Observou-se, ainda, entre a população indígena do estado, um taxa de 244 casos, com um risco relativo de 7,32 (IC 95%: 6,1-8,8) na comparação com a população geral do estado. Na área de fronteira com o Paraguai, pôde ser observada uma taxa de 50 casos, e, na fronteira com a Bolívia, uma taxa de 84 casos por 100.000 habitantes-ano, correspondentes a riscos relativos de 2,16 (IC 95%: 2,01-2,33) e 1,28 (1,19-1,37), para as áreas de fronteira com o Paraguai e a Bolívia, respectivamente, ao se comparar com a população global do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Conclui-se que o Programa de Controle de Tuberculose no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul precisa de reformulação e novas estratégias, incluindo inquéritos para detecção precoce em população privada de liberdade e um observatório de saúde para as áreas de fronteira do estado, além de outras medidas de controle, ainda a serem discutidas, definidas, e implantadas para um maior controle da endemia em nosso meio. / With a notification of 71,000 cases and 4,800 deaths in Brazil in 2010, tuberculosis was the third cause of mortality among infectious diseases. To evaluate the situation of tuberculosis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, the present study was prepared. We conducted an ecological study, from the Information System of Injuries Notification (Sinan), was calculated incidence rates of pulmonary tuberculosis, for socio-demographic variables and proportions for other selected variables. The source of information on the Population Deprived of Liberty (PPL) was the Ministry of Justice. Internal comparisons were made in the first article, comparisons of results for PPL with the general population of the state, in the second article, and results obtained for the population of border areas were compared with people living in other areas of the state, the third article. There was an average annual incidence of 39 cases in the general population of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, and between the PPL, a rate of 871 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis per 100,000 inhabitants-years, 25.2 (95% CI : 22.3 to 28.5) times the rate for the general population. There was also among the indigenous population of the state, a rate of 244 cases with a relative risk of 7.32 (95% CI: 6.1 to 8.8) compared with the general population of the state. In the border area with Paraguay could be observed a rate of 50 cases, and, on the border with Bolivia, a rate of 84 cases per 100,000 inhabitants-years, corresponding to relative risks of 2.16 (CI 95%: 2 0.01 to 2, 33) and 1.28 (1.19 to 1.37) for the areas bordering Paraguay and Bolívia, respectively, as compared to the overall population of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. We conclude that the Tuberculosis Control Program in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul needs reformulation and new strategies, including surveys for early detection of people deprived of freedom and a Health Observatory for the border areas of the state, and other control measures, yet to be discussed, defined and implemented to better control the disease in our midst.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-12-05T21:25:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizSodre.pdf: 2092328 bytes, checksum: 8d47dbed0006d2db45feee5bb69873c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-05T21:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizSodre.pdf: 2092328 bytes, checksum: 8d47dbed0006d2db45feee5bb69873c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / CAPES / The right to health in Brazil is a very controversial issue, associated with the search for the solidification of human rights, and it gains more prominence when it involves people deprived of their liberty, a part excluded from society and perceived as individuals who lose their rights before entering the world Of crime. In this context, Laws and Policies were created in Brazil in order to alleviate these differences, the first was the Criminal Execution Law, followed by the National Health Plan in the Penitentiary System (PNSSP) in 2003 and later the National Policy of Integral Attention to Health of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Prison System (PNAISP) in 2014. This study is justified by the scarcity of sanitary data for persons deprived of their liberty and the search for a description of the real situation of the health services offered by the state manager of Maranhão. And as a general objective, it sought to analyze the Health Services rendered to the population deprived of liberty in São Luís - Maranhão, according to the Public Policies of Health in Brazil. The methodology used was of the qualitative type, with a direct observation method without interference in the daily life of the institution. The itinerary used for observation was divided into four blocks (Organizational Management of the Health Service / Technical and Logistic Support of the Health Service / Health Care Management and Management of the Prison), totaling 78 observed items. The variables analyzed were the Health Service operating conditions, mandatory medical records, access to health care with integrality, supervised therapeutics, access to medicines, existence of specific health programs (dermatology, diabetes, hypertension, etc.), organization of Information on diseases, mandatory reporting, among others and with due discussions. It was concluded that the aforementioned prison establishment in the State of Maranhão needs implementations so that the public policies aimed at the said population can definitely be carried out. The study opens the way for new research on the subject and seeks to encourage the improvement and elaboration of new public policies aiming at reducing existing differences and ensuring universal health care, as the SUS stresses / O direito à saúde no Brasil é um tema muito polêmico, associado à busca da solidificação dos direitos humanos, e ganha mais destaque quando envolve pessoas privadas de liberdade, uma parcela excluída da sociedade e percebida como indivíduos que perdem seus direitos diante da entrada no mundo do crime. Nesse contexto, foram criadas Leis e Políticas no Brasil com a finalidade de amenizar essas diferenças, a primeira foi a Lei de Execução Penal, seguida Plano Nacional de Saúde no Sistema Penitenciário (PNSSP), em 2003 e posteriormente a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde das Pessoas Privadas de Liberdade no Sistema Prisional (PNAISP), em 2014. Este estudo justifica-se pela escassez de dados sanitários para pessoas privadas de liberdade e a busca pela descrição da real situação dos serviços de saúde ofertados pelo gestor estadual maranhense. E como objetivo geral buscou analisar os Serviços de Saúde prestados à população privada de liberdade em São Luís – Maranhão, de acordo com as Políticas Públicas de Saúde no Brasil. A metodologia utilizada foi do tipo qualitativa, com método de observação direta sem interferência no cotidiano da instituição. O roteiro utilizado para observação foi dividido em quatro blocos (Gestão Organizacional do Serviço de Saúde/Apoio Técnico e Logístico do Serviço de Saúde/Gestão da Atenção à Saúde e Gestão do Estabelecimento Prisional), totalizando 78 itens observados. As variáveis analisadas foram as condições de funcionamento do Serviço de Saúde, prontuário médico obrigatório, acesso à atenção à saúde com integralidade, terapêutica supervisionada, acesso a medicamentos, existência de programas de saúde específicos (dermatologia, diabetes, hipertensão etc.), organização de informações sobre doenças, notificação obrigatória, entre outros e com as devidas discussões. Concluiu-se que o referido estabelecimento prisional no Estado do Maranhão necessita de implementações para que as políticas públicas voltadas para a referida população possam definitivamente serem efetivadas. O estudo abre caminhos para novas pesquisas sobre o assunto e busca incentivar a melhoria e elaboração de novas políticas públicas visando diminuir as diferenças existentes e a efetivação do provimento de saúde a nível universal, como preza o SUS.

Access to oral health care remains problematic for millions of Americans. Factors such as socioeconomic status, age, race, and lack of dental insurance benefits inhibit the ability of many to obtain preventative oral health care. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of preventive oral health treatment and education at reduced-fee dental hygiene facilities on the oral health behaviors and perceptions of socioeconomically deprived persons within the state of Georgia. This study was based on the health belief model constructs. A convenience sample of 102 participants was recruited from the individuals who visited two dental hygiene colleges to seek treatment for the first time. The independent variable was the receipt of reduced-fee dental hygiene treatment/education. The dependent variables were the oral health perceptions and behaviors of socioeconomically deprived persons, as well as the perceptions and behaviors of patients provided with a referral for follow-up treatment with a dentist. Mediating variables were sex, age, race, and socioeconomic status. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and logistic regression were applied to detect potential differences in the dependent variables before and after treatment. The most significant changes were found in categories dealing with self-efficacy measures that patients could take to improve their own oral health. Also, the oral health behaviors and perceptions of younger, African-American of low educational and financial background were significantly more improved after treatment. The social change implication of this research may be that oral health practitioners can use these results to create preventative interventions more tailored for socioeconomically deprived persons who face complicated oral health issues.

The older person’s component of the population has increased rapidly in recent years due to developments in medicine, technology and other areas of life. Growing older implies a gradual decline in the physical, mental and social functioning of an individual. Older people consequently have to rely on others for assistance, and, in some instances, they are looked after in residential care facilities. These facilities should be sensitive to older person’s culture, religion, ethnicity, privacy, dignity and independence. The aim of this study was to explore older person’s experiences in an economically deprived residential care facility in order to understand what their needs are and how these needs can be met so as to enhance older person’s subjective well–being. Socio–ecological theory and the BBB (Being, Belonging and Becoming) model were used to assess the extent to which the facility promoted the well–being of the residents of the facility. A qualitative research study was undertaken to determine the older person’s experiences of the residential care facility. A purposive sample of eight participants - three black and five white with ages ranging from 65 to 75 - was used in the focus group discussions. Another method, the Mmogo–methodTM, made use of a sample of 23 participants - eight black and 15 white with ages ranging from 65 to 75. The focus group discussions yielded insight into the older person’s experiences of the facility while in the Mmogo–methodTM, a visually projective method, the participants made visual representations of their experiences thereby revealing the deeper meanings of the experiences. The data, both textual and visual, obtained from the focus group discussions and the Mmogo–methodTM, were analysed using thematic content analysis. The trustworthiness of the study was ensured through crystallisation. The study revealed that the older persons in the facility experienced a lack of autonomy, isolation and discrimination. It also appeared that they wanted more contact with people outside the facility. Some of the older persons engaged actively with their environment while others adopted a more passive stance. The study suggests that older persons should be given the opportunity to take decisions regarding certain aspects of their lives. Also, interventions aimed at dealing with personal loss and relational deficiencies and at promoting respect for diversity should be planned and implemented in order to improve the subjective well–being of older persons in residential care facilities. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The older person’s component of the population has increased rapidly in recent years due to developments in medicine, technology and other areas of life. Growing older implies a gradual decline in the physical, mental and social functioning of an individual. Older people consequently have to rely on others for assistance, and, in some instances, they are looked after in residential care facilities. These facilities should be sensitive to older person’s culture, religion, ethnicity, privacy, dignity and independence. The aim of this study was to explore older person’s experiences in an economically deprived residential care facility in order to understand what their needs are and how these needs can be met so as to enhance older person’s subjective well–being. Socio–ecological theory and the BBB (Being, Belonging and Becoming) model were used to assess the extent to which the facility promoted the well–being of the residents of the facility. A qualitative research study was undertaken to determine the older person’s experiences of the residential care facility. A purposive sample of eight participants - three black and five white with ages ranging from 65 to 75 - was used in the focus group discussions. Another method, the Mmogo–methodTM, made use of a sample of 23 participants - eight black and 15 white with ages ranging from 65 to 75. The focus group discussions yielded insight into the older person’s experiences of the facility while in the Mmogo–methodTM, a visually projective method, the participants made visual representations of their experiences thereby revealing the deeper meanings of the experiences. The data, both textual and visual, obtained from the focus group discussions and the Mmogo–methodTM, were analysed using thematic content analysis. The trustworthiness of the study was ensured through crystallisation. The study revealed that the older persons in the facility experienced a lack of autonomy, isolation and discrimination. It also appeared that they wanted more contact with people outside the facility. Some of the older persons engaged actively with their environment while others adopted a more passive stance. The study suggests that older persons should be given the opportunity to take decisions regarding certain aspects of their lives. Also, interventions aimed at dealing with personal loss and relational deficiencies and at promoting respect for diversity should be planned and implemented in order to improve the subjective well–being of older persons in residential care facilities. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

This dissertation consists of five papers with different objectives. The overall objective is to improve knowledge of effective policies regarding socially deprived large housing estates. All studies deal with the real estate context from a housing company decision-making perspective. The first two papers focus on organisational issues and the following three papers deal with economic issues related to the development of a specific housing area. The research is based on case studies which involve specific methodologies such as interviews, direct observation and collecting data from company accounts. The main message of this thesis is that landlord policies and resources spent on operation and maintenance contribute to local area development. It is also underlined that there is a need for a paradigm shift in Swedish housing, since the regulatory framework appeared to be inadequate. The experience from this study shows that many problems can be solved within the existing laws and through efficient customised property management, but landlords need more effective incentives to improve their policies further. The first two papers address issues about how to organise local management resources in large housing estates. Three different functions were identified: customer service, (e.g. fault-reporting); the letting process; and caretaking (day-to-day management and control over indoor and outdoor areas). The models where more decisions are decentralised lead to better information about the local conditions, make it easier to coordinate work in an area, create more motivation for the staff and make it easier to involve the tenants. This was particularly valuable for socially deprived estates, but the decentralised model raised some moral hazard problems, e.g. the local team create their own agenda, are pressured by certain tenants to give them advantages and that the result is lack of control and consistent housing policy in the company. The third paper deals with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in housing management. Different types of costs are identified and related to the estates’ social condition. The results indicate that a CSR-based management policy leads to approximately 4.5 percent lower annual operation and maintenance costs which improved the company’s profitability, especially if the higher standard of maintenance, made higher rents possible. The study also identified three other benefits of CSR; improved tenant relationship, goodwill and business opportunities and the study is a first step towards a better understanding of the economic consequences of CSR in a real estate-context. The fourth paper analyses the return of the Swedish slumlords, with a focus on a specific area in Malmö. The tenants stayed even though the rent was higher and the quality was lower than in neighbouring areas because of a combination of three factors; rents were paid by different forms of welfare payment, lack of alternatives because of queues to other areas and because some tenants saw an advantage in the “no questions” asked policy that the slumlord followed. It is further argued that the property owners found this slum strategy as profitable either because they hoped to find a “bigger fool” to sell to or because the decision makers in the company had not invested their own money. The study concludes that both tenants and investors were in the end losers, but not the company managers.The fifth paper is an economic evaluation of renovation in socially deprived housing estates. The empirical data indicates that it is profitable to use a clear and active housing management strategy, especially if the rent levels are affected by the standard of management by the landlord. The results also show that the landlord’s policy had positive social effects, both in the form of tenant welfare and in the form of lower costs for Police and the Fire department. The study also indicates that it can be difficult to justify large scale investment purely from a business perspective. / QC 20111122

Com uma notificação de 71 mil casos e 4.800 óbitos no Brasil, em 2010, a tuberculose foi a terceira causa de mortalidade dentre as doenças infecciosas. Objetivando avaliar a situação da tuberculose no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, foi elaborada a presente pesquisa. Realizou-se um estudo ecológico, a partir do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), tendo sido calculadas taxas de incidência de tuberculose pulmonar, para variáveis sócio-demográficas e proporções para outras variáveis selecionadas. A fonte de informação sobre a População Privada de Liberdade (PPL) foi o Ministério da Justiça. Comparações internas foram realizadas no primeiro artigo; comparações dos resultados obtidos para PPL com a população geral do estado, no segundo artigo; e, resultados obtido para a população das áreas de fronteira foram comparados com as populações residentes em outras áreas do estado, no terceiro artigo. Observou-se uma taxa de incidência anual média de 39 casos na população geral do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, e, entre os PPL, uma taxa de 978 casos de tuberculose pulmonar por 100.000 habitantes-ano, 25,4 (IC 95%: 22,5-28,1) vezes a taxa para a população geral. Observou-se, ainda, entre a população indígena do estado, um taxa de 244 casos, com um risco relativo de 7,32 (IC 95%: 6,1-8,8) na comparação com a população geral do estado. Na área de fronteira com o Paraguai, pôde ser observada uma taxa de 50 casos, e, na fronteira com a Bolívia, uma taxa de 84 casos por 100.000 habitantes-ano, correspondentes a riscos relativos de 2,16 (IC 95%: 2,01-2,33) e 1,28 (1,19-1,37), para as áreas de fronteira com o Paraguai e a Bolívia, respectivamente, ao se comparar com a população global do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Conclui-se que o Programa de Controle de Tuberculose no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul precisa de reformulação e novas estratégias, incluindo inquéritos para detecção precoce em população privada de liberdade e um observatório de saúde para as áreas de fronteira do estado, além de outras medidas de controle, ainda a serem discutidas, definidas, e implantadas para um maior controle da endemia em nosso meio. / With a notification of 71,000 cases and 4,800 deaths in Brazil in 2010, tuberculosis was the third cause of mortality among infectious diseases. To evaluate the situation of tuberculosis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, the present study was prepared. We conducted an ecological study, from the Information System of Injuries Notification (Sinan), was calculated incidence rates of pulmonary tuberculosis, for socio-demographic variables and proportions for other selected variables. The source of information on the Population Deprived of Liberty (PPL) was the Ministry of Justice. Internal comparisons were made in the first article, comparisons of results for PPL with the general population of the state, in the second article, and results obtained for the population of border areas were compared with people living in other areas of the state, the third article. There was an average annual incidence of 39 cases in the general population of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, and between the PPL, a rate of 871 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis per 100,000 inhabitants-years, 25.2 (95% CI : 22.3 to 28.5) times the rate for the general population. There was also among the indigenous population of the state, a rate of 244 cases with a relative risk of 7.32 (95% CI: 6.1 to 8.8) compared with the general population of the state. In the border area with Paraguay could be observed a rate of 50 cases, and, on the border with Bolivia, a rate of 84 cases per 100,000 inhabitants-years, corresponding to relative risks of 2.16 (CI 95%: 2 0.01 to 2, 33) and 1.28 (1.19 to 1.37) for the areas bordering Paraguay and Bolívia, respectively, as compared to the overall population of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. We conclude that the Tuberculosis Control Program in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul needs reformulation and new strategies, including surveys for early detection of people deprived of freedom and a Health Observatory for the border areas of the state, and other control measures, yet to be discussed, defined and implemented to better control the disease in our midst.

La recherche vise à mettre en perspective les problématiques de gestion de la diversité auxquelles sont confrontées les entreprises d’aujourd’hui, avec leur situation spécifique dans les zones où elles sont implantées : dans quelle mesure les entreprises implantées dans les territoires en difficultés mettent-elles en place des pratiques de GRH spécifiques ? Elle consiste donc à (re)penser les relations entre les entreprises et les territoires qui les accueillent. Elle s’appuie sur le cas emblématique des quartiers nord d’Aulnay-sous-Bois et de trois entreprises implantées à proximité.Il s’agit dans un premier temps de présenter le contexte de la recherche (chapitre 1). La présentation de l’environnement macro-économique et social de la question de recherche introduira un travail de définition du territoire puis des territoires en difficultés, qui aboutira à la présentation du territoire comme nouvel enjeu de GRH.L’émergence puis la montée en puissance de préoccupations telles que la RSE, ont favorisé la lutte contre les discriminations et les actions en faveur de la diversité (chapitre 2). En réponse aux questions posées par la diversité, les entreprises ont mis en place des politiques de gestion de la diversité, notamment, au travers de leur GRH (chapitre 3).La méthodologie qualitative mise en oeuvre (entretiens semi-directifs avec analyse de contenu) s’appuie sur l’étude des territoires en difficultés d’Aulnay-sous-Bois et de trois entreprises implantées à proximité (chapitre 4). Elle permet d’analyser le contexte économique et social de ces territoires et de mettre ainsi au jour l’existence d’un processus dynamique de ségrégation multiple(chapitre 5). Une analyse de la question de la diversité dans les entreprises locales est également conduite (chapitre 6).Les résultats de la recherche permettent, de caractériser précisément les enjeux et les questions de diversité dans le cas des quartiers nord d’Aulnay-sous-Bois, puis de montrer les avancées et les limites des politiques et des pratiques de gestion de cette diversité dans les entreprises étudiées.La thèse se termine par une réflexion théorique qui vise à montrer les interactions constantes entre environnement spécifique et pratiques des entreprises. / The research aims to put into perspective management diversity challenges faced by firms nowadays, including the specificity of areas in which they operate: to what extent companies operating on territories in difficulty put in place specific Human Resource Management practices?Therefore, it consists to (re)think the relationship between firms and territories that host them. It is based on the emblematic case of the northern districts of Aulnay-sous-Bois and three companies located nearby.The preliminary objective is to present the context of the research (Chapter 1). The presentation of the macro-economic and social environment of the research will introduce a definition of the territory and the territories in difficulty, culminating in the presentation of the territory as a new challenge for Human Resource Management.The emergence and rise of concerns such as corporate social responsibility (CSR), promoted the fight against discrimination and actions in favor of diversity (Chapter 2). In response to questions raised by diversity, firms have implemented diversity management policies through their HRM (Chapter 3).The qualitative methodology used (semi-structured interviews with content analysis) is based on the study of territories in difficulty of Aulnay -sous -Bois and three firms located nearby ( Chapter 4). It analyzes the economic and social context of these territories and thus to reveal the existence of a dynamic process of multiple segregation (Chapter 5). Moreover, an analysis of the diversity issue in local companies is also driven (Chapter 6).The results of the research are used to characterize precisely the challenges and issues of diversity in the case of the northern districts of Aulnay -sous -Bois, then show the progress and limitations of policies and practices to manage this diversity in the firms studied. The thesis concludes with a theoretical reflection that aims to show the constant interaction between specific environment and business practices.

Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution de la participation électorale des habitants des quartiers populaires depuis 1999. En France, après les émeutes de 2005, ces quartiers ont été marqués par une forte hausse de l’inscription et de la participation lors de l’élection présidentielle de 2007. Pourtant ils cumulent les caractéristiques susceptibles d’éloigner leurs habitants du vote. C’est ce paradoxe que la thèse cherche à expliquer. Pour y parvenir, elle croise plusieurs champs théoriques (sociologie urbaine, sociologie/géographie électorale, action publique) dans une perspective comparative, analysant ces évolutions électorales dans les périphéries marginalisées de Paris, Madrid et Birmingham. L’hypothèse centrale est celle d’une inclusion politique croissante des habitants des quartiers populaires français. La méthodologie est mixte, croisant analyse de données agrégées resituant le contexte, données de sondage, entretiens avec des habitants des quartiers marginalisés, observations de bureaux de vote en région parisienne et analyse des politiques d’incitation au vote. Les résultats montrent qu’il n’y a pas de fatalité à la non-participation des périphéries urbaines marginalisées. Enfin dans les trois pays les dispositifs d’incitation au vote influencent de façon très inégale l’évolution des comportements politiques. Les politiques publiques généralistes inspirées par la tradition républicaine se révèlent être plus mobilisatrices que les actions ciblées menées au Royaume Uni à destination de groupes sociaux ou de quartiers particuliers. / This research studies the evolution of voting turnout in in Paris, Madrid and Birmingham’s deprived neighborhoods since 1999. In France, after the 2005 riots, both registration and turnout increased sharply during the 2007 presidential election in those places. Yet their inhabitants face numerous social and physical barriers, reducing the likelihood that they would vote. We try to explain this paradox using combined theoretical frameworks from urban sociology, electoral sociology, electoral geography and public policies in a comparative research design. The core hypothesis is that those social groups are increasingly involved in politics and in voting. This study uses several methodological tools involving aggregate data analysis, survey data analysis, polling station observation and field interviews. The results show that public policies designed to influence turnout are sharply divided. Universalistic approaches appear more likely to get voters to participate.

School principals lead and manage schools to achieve success. However, some schools are located in multiple deprived contexts, which affect the school internally and externally. Little is known about how principals in well-performing schools manage teaching and learning despite the contextual challenges. This study explored the role of successful school principals managing teaching and learning in schools in multiple deprived contexts in Gauteng Province. A qualitative case study within a constructive / interpretivist paradigm was adopted for the research. The theoretical framework of this study is grounded in the Context-Responsive Leadership theory by Bredeson, Klar and Johansson. Eleven secondary schools performing well in the Senior Certificate Examination in Tshwane North District were purposefully selected for the study. The school principals were the participants in this study. The data was obtained from different sources which include semi-structured interviews, observations and documents review. The data was thematically analysed and the results were categorised according to themes and sub-themes. The findings of the study highlight the economic and social factors used by the principals to describe the context of their schools as well as other external and internal factors that affected teaching and learning. Collaborative leadership, as well as instructional leadership of the school principal, seem to be a common strategy used by the principals of successful schools to overcome the contextual challenges. The principals also applied other relevant context-responsive leadership practices in their multiple deprived schools. The study concluded that leadership practices of school principals seemed to be based on an understanding and interaction of self and the context in which the school operates. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Education Management and Policy Studies / PhD / Unrestricted