Yes / Introduction: Pregnant British Pakistani women have disproportionately poorer health than the wider population. Bradford has a strong Pakistani presence and a wide range of public health problems including high levels of gestational diabetes, high obesity rates and a high infant mortality rate, which is highest for babies of Pakistani origin. For women to be healthy, we need to know what concerns they have about their health so they can be addressed appropriately. The aim of this study, therefore, was to explore the health concerns of pregnant British Pakistani women living in deprived areas. Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 pregnant Pakistani women in a hospital setting. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Pakistani women identified safety issues, barriers to undertaking physical activity in the areas where they live, concerns surrounding exercising during pregnancy and cultural and religious constraints that prevented them from engaging in physical activity. They reported issues around food, concerns around a lack of culturally appropriate diet information, the cost of unhealthy food locally, and the lack of healthy food options in their residences. Women were unsure on where to obtain health promotion information and reported a lack of access in obtaining that information. Language barriers in accessing health promotion information were further reported as a concern. Discussion Researchers, midwives, health providers, local authority and policy makers interested in improving the health of pregnant Pakistani women may use these findings to develop further research and interventions to improve the poor health of this population. / National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) Yorkshire and Humber [NIHR200166]; UK Prevention Research Partnership (UKPRP) [MR/S037527/1], the NIHR Clinical Research Network; and NIHR ARC Yorkshire and Humber

This dissertation consists of five papers with different objectives. The overall objective is to improve knowledge of effective policies regarding socially deprived large housing estates. All studies deal with the real estate context from a housing company decision-making perspective. The first two papers focus on organisational issues and the following three papers deal with economic issues related to the development of a specific housing area. The research is based on case studies which involve specific methodologies such as interviews, direct observation and collecting data from company accounts. The main message of this thesis is that landlord policies and resources spent on operation and maintenance contribute to local area development. It is also underlined that there is a need for a paradigm shift in Swedish housing, since the regulatory framework appeared to be inadequate. The experience from this study shows that many problems can be solved within the existing laws and through efficient customised property management, but landlords need more effective incentives to improve their policies further. The first two papers address issues about how to organise local management resources in large housing estates. Three different functions were identified: customer service, (e.g. fault-reporting); the letting process; and caretaking (day-to-day management and control over indoor and outdoor areas). The models where more decisions are decentralised lead to better information about the local conditions, make it easier to coordinate work in an area, create more motivation for the staff and make it easier to involve the tenants. This was particularly valuable for socially deprived estates, but the decentralised model raised some moral hazard problems, e.g. the local team create their own agenda, are pressured by certain tenants to give them advantages and that the result is lack of control and consistent housing policy in the company. The third paper deals with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in housing management. Different types of costs are identified and related to the estates’ social condition. The results indicate that a CSR-based management policy leads to approximately 4.5 percent lower annual operation and maintenance costs which improved the company’s profitability, especially if the higher standard of maintenance, made higher rents possible. The study also identified three other benefits of CSR; improved tenant relationship, goodwill and business opportunities and the study is a first step towards a better understanding of the economic consequences of CSR in a real estate-context. The fourth paper analyses the return of the Swedish slumlords, with a focus on a specific area in Malmö. The tenants stayed even though the rent was higher and the quality was lower than in neighbouring areas because of a combination of three factors; rents were paid by different forms of welfare payment, lack of alternatives because of queues to other areas and because some tenants saw an advantage in the “no questions” asked policy that the slumlord followed. It is further argued that the property owners found this slum strategy as profitable either because they hoped to find a “bigger fool” to sell to or because the decision makers in the company had not invested their own money. The study concludes that both tenants and investors were in the end losers, but not the company managers.The fifth paper is an economic evaluation of renovation in socially deprived housing estates. The empirical data indicates that it is profitable to use a clear and active housing management strategy, especially if the rent levels are affected by the standard of management by the landlord. The results also show that the landlord’s policy had positive social effects, both in the form of tenant welfare and in the form of lower costs for Police and the Fire department. The study also indicates that it can be difficult to justify large scale investment purely from a business perspective. / QC 20111122

La recherche vise à mettre en perspective les problématiques de gestion de la diversité auxquelles sont confrontées les entreprises d’aujourd’hui, avec leur situation spécifique dans les zones où elles sont implantées : dans quelle mesure les entreprises implantées dans les territoires en difficultés mettent-elles en place des pratiques de GRH spécifiques ? Elle consiste donc à (re)penser les relations entre les entreprises et les territoires qui les accueillent. Elle s’appuie sur le cas emblématique des quartiers nord d’Aulnay-sous-Bois et de trois entreprises implantées à proximité.Il s’agit dans un premier temps de présenter le contexte de la recherche (chapitre 1). La présentation de l’environnement macro-économique et social de la question de recherche introduira un travail de définition du territoire puis des territoires en difficultés, qui aboutira à la présentation du territoire comme nouvel enjeu de GRH.L’émergence puis la montée en puissance de préoccupations telles que la RSE, ont favorisé la lutte contre les discriminations et les actions en faveur de la diversité (chapitre 2). En réponse aux questions posées par la diversité, les entreprises ont mis en place des politiques de gestion de la diversité, notamment, au travers de leur GRH (chapitre 3).La méthodologie qualitative mise en oeuvre (entretiens semi-directifs avec analyse de contenu) s’appuie sur l’étude des territoires en difficultés d’Aulnay-sous-Bois et de trois entreprises implantées à proximité (chapitre 4). Elle permet d’analyser le contexte économique et social de ces territoires et de mettre ainsi au jour l’existence d’un processus dynamique de ségrégation multiple(chapitre 5). Une analyse de la question de la diversité dans les entreprises locales est également conduite (chapitre 6).Les résultats de la recherche permettent, de caractériser précisément les enjeux et les questions de diversité dans le cas des quartiers nord d’Aulnay-sous-Bois, puis de montrer les avancées et les limites des politiques et des pratiques de gestion de cette diversité dans les entreprises étudiées.La thèse se termine par une réflexion théorique qui vise à montrer les interactions constantes entre environnement spécifique et pratiques des entreprises. / The research aims to put into perspective management diversity challenges faced by firms nowadays, including the specificity of areas in which they operate: to what extent companies operating on territories in difficulty put in place specific Human Resource Management practices?Therefore, it consists to (re)think the relationship between firms and territories that host them. It is based on the emblematic case of the northern districts of Aulnay-sous-Bois and three companies located nearby.The preliminary objective is to present the context of the research (Chapter 1). The presentation of the macro-economic and social environment of the research will introduce a definition of the territory and the territories in difficulty, culminating in the presentation of the territory as a new challenge for Human Resource Management.The emergence and rise of concerns such as corporate social responsibility (CSR), promoted the fight against discrimination and actions in favor of diversity (Chapter 2). In response to questions raised by diversity, firms have implemented diversity management policies through their HRM (Chapter 3).The qualitative methodology used (semi-structured interviews with content analysis) is based on the study of territories in difficulty of Aulnay -sous -Bois and three firms located nearby ( Chapter 4). It analyzes the economic and social context of these territories and thus to reveal the existence of a dynamic process of multiple segregation (Chapter 5). Moreover, an analysis of the diversity issue in local companies is also driven (Chapter 6).The results of the research are used to characterize precisely the challenges and issues of diversity in the case of the northern districts of Aulnay -sous -Bois, then show the progress and limitations of policies and practices to manage this diversity in the firms studied. The thesis concludes with a theoretical reflection that aims to show the constant interaction between specific environment and business practices.

Yes / British South Asians have a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than the wider population. Bradford (UK), with its high Pakistani presence and levels of economic deprivation, has exceptionally high instances, especially in deprived areas where many Pakistanis reside. British Pakistani women in Bradford are more likely to be overweight and obese. There is uncertainty on how these women can be aided to manage their weight. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the obesity concerns of Pakistani women living in deprived inner-city areas of Bradford. Three focus groups interviews were carried out with 23 Pakistani women living in deprived areas of Bradford. Data were analysed thematically. This exploratory study identified a wide range of concerns that women had around managing their weight. Participants disclosed distrust in information given around medication, conflicting dietary information and reported low levels of trust in women-only organized physical activities. Cultural barriers were identified, which included the gender role of the woman, the lack of culturally appropriate dietary advice, cultural misunderstandings of what constitutes a healthy diet and healthy weight, the lack of culturally suitable exercise facilities and conforming to family and community expectations. Other concerns were language barriers around a lack of understanding, the inability to read Urdu and reliance on others to translate information. These findings have implications for researchers, local authorities, policy makers and others with an interest in reducing the rates of obesity in this population. Recommendations include training health practitioners to be culturally aware of the diet and eating practices of this community, exploring different ways to support socially isolated women to be more physically active at home, addressing physical activity and diet misconceptions and designing obesity management information materials appropriate for a range of literacy levels. Public contributors were involved in the development of the interview guide and design of the research. A pilot focus group with participants not included in the present paper was used to help test and refine the focus group questions. Interview transcripts were member checked by participants, and participants assisted with data analysis. / UKPRP. Grant Number: MR/S037527/1 NIHR. Grant Number: NIHR200166

Introduction: British Pakistani women have exceptionally high rates of obesity and yet are seldom heard in a research priority setting concerning weight management. The objectives of this study were (i) to ascertain what multisectoral professionals perceive to be the most pressing unmet obesity needs or topic areas that need more research in relation to Pakistani women living in deprived areas of Bradford and (ii) to determine the top 10 obesity health priorities for this group to develop an obesity research agenda. Methods: A two‐step process was adopted using the following: (i) a survey of a wide range of multisectoral professional stakeholders (n= 159) and (ii) a ranking exercise involving Pakistani women living in deprived areas of Bradford (n= 32) to select and prioritize their top 10 obesity health concerns and unmet needs from a list of 31statements identified in the survey and previous research. Survey data were analysed using inductive content analysis and themes were identified. Themes were translated into statements to be ranked by Pakistani women. The ranking exercise was conducted by telephone either via voice or video call. Data were analysed using a reverse scoring system. Results: Survey responses were grouped into statements reflecting the following three categories: education needs; healthy behaviour barriers and mental well‐being. The highest rankings were given by Pakistani women to statements on mental health and the need for education. The top 10 prioritized statements were developed with members of the public into an obesity research agenda that reflected the target population. Conclusion: Actively engaging British Pakistani women in setting research priorities provided a unique opportunity to understand the key areas they think are important for future research. The culminating research agenda can be used by researchers to advance the field of obesity research in Pakistani communities, thus producing research outputs that are relevant to and have impact in this population. Patient or Public Contribution: Participants in the ranking exercise collected data. Public contributors were involved in developing the prioritized statements into are search agenda. / NIHR, Grant/Award Number: NIHR200166;UKPRP, Grant/Award Number:MR/S037527/1

The aim of this study is to explore how high schools as organizations in deprived areas in Gothenburg experience difficulties in the work with juvenile delinquency and analyze how the schools work in preventive purposes. In a certain aspect there are various ways to perceive juvenile delinquency. With the help of theoretical frameworks in the likes of Pierre Bourdieu's design of capitalforms, segregation, and Thomas Scheff's development of social bonds, we could behold how and explain the roots of juvenile crime, and what barriers the schools involved encounter in their work. On this basis we continued to build our chapter of method, where we applied different methodological tools, including a research study containing eight semi-structured interviews involving school faculty. Amongst this we also designed an interview guide with the aim to interview two different high schools in two deprived areas. Our empirical data was composed of prior studies, articles, theories, textbooks and the answers we received from the respondents. The result of the study indicates that the schools are experiencing hardships in their daily work of juvenile delinquency, and the issues are plenty but the analysis leads to a segregated city with inadequacy of commitments, tenuous collaboration and finite resources. / Intentionen med studien är att utforska hur skolan agerar som organisation för att förebyggabrott bland unga i utsatta områden i Göteborg stad, samt analysera om skolorna uppleversvårigheter i anslutning till det brottsförebyggande arbetet. Det finns olika sätt att se påungdomsbrottslighet och med hjälp av teoretiska ramverk som Bourdieus kapitalformer,segregation och Thomas Scheffs utveckling av sociala band, kunde vi upptäcka ochtydliggöra vad som ligger i grund till att unga begår brott och vilka förhinder skolorna i deutsatta områdena påträffar. Utifrån detta konstruerade vi vårt metodkapitel där vi använde ossav olika metodologiska verktyg, b.la. en kvalitativ forskningsstudie med åttasemistrukturerade intervjuer som involverade skolpersonal. Däribland utformade vi enintervjuguide för att intervjua två olika högstadieskolor i Göteborgs utsatta områden till vårstudie. Empiriinsamlingen bestod av tidigare forskning, artiklar, teorier, kurslitteratur ochresponsen från intervjupersonerna. Slutresultatet av studien visade att skolorna uppleverständiga svårigheter i det brottsförebyggande arbetet och att problemen är flera men alltutmynnar sig i en segregerad stad med otillräckliga satsningar, tunn samverkan ochbegränsade resurser.

BRÅ:s rapport: Relationen till rättsväsendet i socialt utsatta områden som publicerades under 2018 indikerar att det finns ett lågt förtroende för rättsväsendet i de särskilt utsatta områdena. Det låga förtroendet för rättsväsendet tycks även påverka förtroendet för socialarbetare negativt. Studier om hur förtroendet för det sociala arbetet i särskilt utsatta områden faktiskt ser ut är dock få, vilket ökar behovet och vår önskan att utforska detta vidare. Syftet med vår studie har varit att undersöka förtroendet för socialarbetare i det särskilt utsatta området Rosengård i Malmö. Vi har undersökt på vilket sätt förbipasserande i Rosengård ger uttryck för förtroende för socialarbetare samt hur socialarbetare i Rosengård resonerar om medborgarnas förtroende för det sociala arbetet. För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar har data samlats in genom två metoder. Insamlingen har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta socialarbetare samt genom 25 Vox Pop-intervjuer med förbipasserande i Rosengård. Materialet som insamlats har sedan färgkodats och analyserats utifrån tidigare forskning och följande teorier: föreställda gemenskaper, social alienation och stigmatisering.Resultaten i studien visar på ett allmänt lågt förtroende gentemot det sociala arbetet och socialarbetare. Både socialarbetare och förbipasserande nämner bemötande, skam, ryktesspridning, utrymme för att mötas, tillgång till tolk och omsättningen av personal som faktorer som konkret påverkar klientens förtroende för det sociala arbetet i negativ riktning. Studiens slutsats är att ett nytt arbetssätt som utvecklats inom socialtjänsten i Rosengård ska bidra till att ge klienterna mer tid och deltagande i handläggningsprocessen, vilket flera av informanterna tror kommer öka förtroendet. / Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention report published 2018: Relation to the judiciary in particularly deprived areas. The rapport indicates that the people of the particularly deprived area of Rosengård has low trust in law and order. The low trust in the judiciary also reflects negative views on social workers. There are a few studies about the trust of social workers in the particularly deprived area of Rosengård, which increases the necessity and our desire to examine this subject further. The purpose of our study has been to examine the trust of social workers in the particularly deprived area of Rosengård in Malmö. We have examined how passing-by in Rosengård give expression of trust for social workers and how social workers in Rosengård reason about citizens trust for the social services.To answer the studies inquiry, data has been collected by two methods. Collection of data have been constructed with semi-structured interviews with eight social workers and 25 Vox Pop interviews with residents of Rosengård. The material that have been collected have then been color coded and analyzed by past science and the following theories: imagined communities, social alienation and stigmatization.In conclusion there are several factors that affect the trust in social services and social workers. Both social workers and bypassing residents mention treatment of shame, rumors, space to meet, access to interpreter and turnover of personnel are factors that affect clients trust for social services in negative direction. The conclusion of this study is through a new development of the working process in the social services in Rosengård shall the clients get more time and participation in the management process. The sources of this study believe those actions will increase the trust in social workers.

Les médecins généralistes libéraux sont inégalement répartis en France depuis longtemps. Ces inégalités se renforcent au détriment d’espaces moins attractifs. Des zones avec des difficultés d’accès aux soins, urbaines et rurales, apparaissent ou s’étendent. Depuis 2008, les pouvoirs publics accompagnent financièrement les maisons de santé pluriprofessionnelles en espérant qu’elles attirent et maintiennent des médecins dans ces espaces.Cette recherche étudie dans quelle mesure l’espace et le territoire participent à l’implantation de MSP, et en retour quels sont les effets de ces structures sur les espaces et territoires concernés. L’implantation des MSP et leurs effets seront étudiées à différentes échelles géographiques à partir d’approches quantitative et qualitative. Au plan quantitatif, l’analyse spatiale des MSP utilise plusieurs outils (typologies et SIG). Ceci est complété par plusieurs terrains dans lesquels il s’agit d’étudier la place des MSP dans des régions et territoires donnés, en recueillant les témoignages des principaux acteurs concernés. Les effets des MSP sur l’offre de soins sont étudiés sur le territoire métropolitain selon une approche nationale comparant l’évolution de la densité de généralistes libéraux dans des espaces avec MSP comparativement à des espaces « similaires » sans MSP. La conduite de terrains dans deux régions vient compléter et discuter les résultats.Mots clés : espace défavorisé, espace fragile, espace rural, évaluation de politiques publiques, géographie de la santé, maisons de santé pluriprofessionnelles (MSP), soins de premiers recours, médecins généralistes libéraux. / France faces an old and persistent problem, which is geographical imbalance of general practitioners. This uneven distribution grows at a steady pace due to less attractive areas. New urban and rural areas are emerging with limited access to primary health care, while existing ones grow even bigger. Since 2008, the liberal primary care team (PCT) are financially supported by the public authorities. They hope this structure will attract and retain general practitioner in the aforementioned areas.This study aims to explore how the space and the territory contribute to the localisation of PCT and how these structures affect spaces and territories. Localisation and impact of PCT are studied at different level, using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Spatial analysis of PCT is based on several tools such as SIG and typology in synergy with field investigation in two French regions. Effects of PCT on general practitioner density are studied on a national scale comparing the evolution of this density in space with PCT and similar space without PCT. The results are completed with field investigation.

Det pågår många brottsförebyggande arbeten idag i Sverige och dessa sker oftast genom sociala insatser, men det är allt för få satsningar som avser den fysiska miljön. Den påverkar oss människor mer än vad vi tror. Syftet med denna studie är att göra en systematisk analys av den fysiska miljön i tre särskilt utsatta områden och undersöka hur dessa miljöer kan skapa brottsmöjligheter. Områdena Bergsjön, Rinkeby och Vivalla undersöks i denna rapport, dessa är valda till särskilt utsatta områden och där finns en rådande problematik och även en högre koncentration av kriminella (Polisen, 2017). Fakta och teorier som bland annat rutinaktivitetsteorin, CPTED och Jane Jacobs stadsplaneringsidéer behandlas i studiens bakgrund. Likheterna mellan områdenas fysiska miljöer sammanställs genom kartjämförelser, platsanalyser och intervjuer.    Metoden visade att trafiksepareringen hade skapat många mörka gångtunnlar in till områdena som skapade oattraktiva och otrygga inträden. Att områdena var bilfria ledde ytterligare till att många ställen blev ödsliga, obevakade och otrygga. Områdenas byggnader var vidare inte varierade och det kunde förekomma flera likadana hus bredvid varandra, till och med över hela områden. För en brottsling är det enklare att begå brott i en enkel detaljfattig miljö, eftersom det då är färre saker att hålla koll på och det blir mycket enklare att begå brottet när övriga människor inte ser sig omkring sig. En annan likhet var gatustrukturen, till exempel hade de tre områdena återvändsgator som inte sammanvävde vägarna med varandra. Detta bidrog till segregerade områden och svårigheter för polisen att komma fram och utföra sina insatser på ett effektivt sätt. Även byggnadernas placering mot gatan påverkade huruvida det skapades naturlig övervakning som kunde motverka brottslighet. Därmed blev slutsatsen att likheterna i den fysiska miljön mellan de tre områdena kan underlätta möjligheterna för att begå brott. / There is many jobs today in Sweden for crime prevention and these happen often through social efforts, but there is way too few of these for the physical environment that actually affects us more than we think they do. The purpose with this study is to make a systematical analysis of the physical environment in three deprives areas and examine if these environments can create crime opportunities. The chosen places are Bergsjön, Rinkeby and Vivalla with current problematic and high crime concentration (Polisen, 2017). Fact and theories such as the Routine Activity Theory, CPTED and Jane Jacobs’s urban ideas is treated in the study’s background. Similarities between the areas physical environment is compiled through map comparisons, place analysis and interviews.   The methods result showed that the traffic separation created many dark tunnels into the areas, which caused unattractive and insecure entries. The buildings in the areas were also not varied and there could be a several of similar houses next to each other or over the whole field. It can be easier for a criminal to commit crimes in a simple surrounding without details, because it is fewer things to keep track of and it becomes much easier to commit the crime when people doesn’t look around themselves. Another similarity was the street structures, for example the three areas had blind alleys that didn't interweave the streets with each other. This contributed to segregated areas and difficulties for the police to arrive and perform their efforts effectively. Even the buildings placement to the street affected whether they had a natural surveillance that could prevent crime. This concluded that the physical environment in these three deprived areas can affect the emergence of crime.