Sweden's population is increasing every year, which means that cities must adapt their infrastructure to be able to follow the demographic trend. In the current situation, Stockholm plans a major expansion of its metro network where evaluating the bedrock quality is of paramount importance. For the new SL metro connection project Gula linjen that stretches between Odenplan and Arenastaden in Solna, the company WSP has previously done quality surveys of the bedrock in the area and dimensioning of the reinforcements in the planned tunnels. Previous survey of the lineaments and weakness zones in the area has been done by means of core drilling and observations in the field. This study examines if the lineaments in the area are associated to any structures below ground surface in the bedrock by examining rock samples from drill cores. A digital presentation tool called Astrock hyperdata report is evaluated in this study by comparing manual measurements of the orientation of the joints in drill cores and the software´s measurements. The studied bedrock in the drill cores varies in quality from very poor to very good. Further examinations of zones of particularly poor rock quality done in this study suggest that the two identified lineaments have different characteristics. The north-west/south-east lineament which runs parallel to the planned metro route is indicated to represent the surface trace of a water-bearing fracture zone in the bedrock. The lineament with the E/W direction is dominated by structures and fault rocks, such as fault gouge and crushed rock in the drill cores, which indicates a brittle deformation zone. For the Gula linjen project, this information becomes useful as the underground reinforcements such as bolting and grouting have to / Sveriges befolkning ökar varje år, vilket gör att städer måste anpassas och expandera för att kunna följa den demografiska utvecklingen. I Stockholm planeras i dagsläget en stor utbyggnad av dess tunnelbanenätverk där det sker mycket arbete kring utvärdering av berggrunden för att göra detta möjligt. För Stockholms lokaltrafiks (SL) tunnelbaneprojektet Gula linjen som ska gå mellan Odenplan och Solna har företaget WSP tidigare gjort kvalitetsundersökningar av berggrunden i området samt dimensioneringar av förstärkningar i de planerade tunnlarna. Studier av svaghetzoner och lineamenten i området har gjorts med hjälp av kärnborrning och fältobservationer. Denna studie undersöker om lineamenten som finns i området är kopplade till strukturer längre ner i berggrunden genom att undersöka bergprov i form av borrkärnor. Som komplement har det digitala redovisningsverktyget Astrock hyperdata report använts för att kunna jämföra strukturer i berget med de egna mätningarna i studien. Programmet kommer även att utvärderas i studien. De erhållna värdena från undersökningen på borrkärnorna varierar i kvalitet från väldigt dålig till väldigt bra. Närmare studier på zoner av särskilt dålig kvalitet tyder på att de båda lineamenten karaktäriseras av olika typer av strukturer. Det nordväst-/sydöstliga lineamentet, som går parallellt med den planerade tunnelbanesträckan, domineras av strukturer som tyder på att lineamentet representerar en vattenförande sprickzon under markytan. I lineamentet med öst-västlig riktning dominerar strukturer som tyder på förekomsten av en förkastningszon. För projektet Gula linjen blir denna information användbar då den vattenförande sprickzonen kan innebära att tunnelförstärkning med injektering måste göras för ytterligare skydd mot vatteninträngning.

The master's thesis focuses on the perception of Czech origin of the products. The main goal was to analyze the perception of the origin of the products in terms of consumers that prefer to buy Czech products, and which designations of Czech origin on products they trust. In particular, the work deals with the so-called "official designations" of Czech origin, for example "Regionální potravina" (Regional food), "Regionální produkt"(Regional product), "Český výrobek - garantováno Potravinářskou komorou České republiky"(Czech product - guaranteed by Food Chamber of the Czech Republic) and others. On the other hand, it highlights the presence of so-called "unofficial designations" and their influence on the consumer's perception. It is also focused on the legal issue of the Czech products. In the practical part of the thesis, we deal with the quantitative and qualitative research of the perception of Czech products to the consumer, which verifies the preference of Czech products and confidence in official designation of Czech origin. Finally, my work deals with the designation "made in EU" and its perception of the consumer. The conclusion of the work is that the studied subject is missing a legal description (in the Czech law system) and enables a manipulation with customers that are not familiar with the current system and could be misled.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Michael A. Boland / The purpose of this research was to analyze the impact of supply control variables such as market share; DO/PGI cheese hedonic quality attributes such as country of origin, type of milk, and age; and the price of a substitute artesian or farmstead cheese on the price of imported cheeses. The literature review found that the EU has been a leader in developing a process for verifying foods produced in a local geographic area. It also revealed that the ability to control supply of a differentiated product transferred consumer surplus to producer surplus. The economic theory suggests that PDO/PGI certification results in the ability of the group of producers and / or processor to control supply by effectively causing a vertical kink in the supply curve and sufficiently differentiated products have a relatively inelastic demand curve. Data was collected on 83 PDO cheeses manufactured in the EU and sold in the US. This data included market share defined as the total tons of that PDO cheese produced in that geographic region divided by the total hectares of land. Hedonic variables characterize the PDO cheeses based on aging time, type of input and country of production. The price of a competing artisan cheese similar to the PDO cheese was identified. All of these variables were used in an ordinary least squares regression model to explain the variation in the price of the imported cheese. The regression results founded that market share, country of origin (Italy and Spain), and the price of a substitute were significant in explaining the variability in imported PDO cheese prices. Market share had a greater magnitude of change suggesting that, at the margin, a small change in supply can cause a larger change in supply which was not surprising given an inelastic demand curve and a fixed supply curve. Substitutes were actually complements which at first glance appears surprising. Finally, as one might suspect, a cheese that is more mature, like wine, has a greater value.

Characterization of rock masses and evaluation of their mechanical properties are important and challenging tasks in rock mechanics and rock engineering. Since in many cases rock quality designation (RQD) is the only rock mass classification index available, this paper outlines the key aspects on determination of RQD and evaluates the empirical methods based on RQD for determining the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses. First, various methods for determining RQD are presented and the effects of different factors on determination of RQD are highlighted. Then, the empirical methods based on RQD for determining the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses are briefly reviewed. Finally, the empirical methods based on RQD are used to determine the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses at five different sites including 13 cases, and the results are compared with those obtained by other empirical methods based on rock mass classification indices such as rock mass rating (RMR), Q-system (Q) and geological strength index (GSI). It is shown that the empirical methods based on RQD tend to give deformation modulus values close to the lower bound (conservative) and unconfined compressive strength values in the middle of the corresponding values from different empirical methods based on RMR, Q and GSI. The empirical methods based on RQD provide a convenient way for estimating the mechanical properties of rock masses but, whenever possible, they should be used together with other empirical methods based on RMR, Q and GSI. (C) 2016 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the relationship between rights of designation and unfair competition law. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first two chapters define rights of designation and unfair competition law in general and the following chapters concentrate on the relationship between them. The first chapter focuses initially on the place of rights of designation in the system of intellectual propert y law and afterwards it concentrates on particular rights of designation, i.e. trademark, designation of origin and geographical indication. This chapter deals with characteristic features of the rights of designation and differences between them and national, international and european legislation. The emphasis is also put on current issues, that are related to the rights of designation. Chapter two is devoted to unfair competition law. This chapter focuses on legislation of unfair competition and the concept on which unfair competition law is based (that is combination of general clause and non-exhausting list of merits). Subsequently, it defines subjects of the unfair competition and claims that a subject affected by the unfair competition can make. The third chapter, which presents crucial part of this thesis, concetrates on the relationship between rights of designation and...

Ma thèse a pour but l'étude des désignations nominales des événements pour l'extraction automatique. Mes travaux s'inscrivent en traitement automatique des langues, soit dans une démarche pluridisciplinaire qui fait intervenir linguistique et informatique. L'extraction d'information a pour but d'analyser des documents en langage naturel et d'en extraire les informations utiles à une application particulière. Dans ce but général, de nombreuses campagnes d'extraction d'information ont été menées~: pour chaque événement considéré, il s'agit d'extraire certaines informations relatives (participants, dates, nombres, etc.). Dès le départ, ces challenges touchent de près aux entités nommées (éléments « notables » des textes, comme les noms de personnes ou de lieu). Toutes ces informations forment un ensemble autour de l'événement. Pourtant, ces travaux ne s'intéressent que peu aux mots utilisés pour décrire l'événement (particulièrement lorsqu'il s'agit d'un nom). L'événement est vu comme un tout englobant, comme la quantité et la qualité des informations qui le composent. Contrairement aux travaux en extraction d'informations générale, notre intérêt principal est porté uniquement sur la manière dont sont nommés les événements qui se produisent et particulièrement à la désignation nominale utilisée. Pour nous, l'événement est ce qui arrive, ce qui vaut la peine qu'on en parle. Les événements plus importants font l'objet d'articles de presse ou apparaissent dans les manuels d'Histoire. Un événement peut être évoqué par une description verbale ou nominale. Dans cette thèse, nous avons réfléchi à la notion d'événement. Nous avons observé et comparé les différents aspects présentés dans l'état de l'art jusqu'à construire une définition de l'événement et une typologie des événements en général, et qui conviennent dans le cadre de nos travaux et pour les désignations nominales des événements. Nous avons aussi dégagé de nos études sur corpus différents types de formation de ces noms d'événements, dont nous montrons que chacun peut être ambigu à des titres divers. Pour toutes ces études, la composition d'un corpus annoté est une étape indispensable, nous en avons donc profité pour élaborer un guide d'annotation dédié aux désignations nominales d'événements. Nous avons étudié l'importance et la qualité des lexiques existants pour une application dans notre tâche d'extraction automatique. Nous avons aussi, par des règles d'extraction, porté intérêt au cotexte d'apparition des noms pour en déterminer l'événementialité. À la suite de ces études, nous avons extrait un lexique pondéré en événementialité (dont la particularité est d'être dédié à l'extraction des événements nominaux), qui rend compte du fait que certains noms sont plus susceptibles que d'autres de représenter des événements. Utilisée comme indice pour l'extraction des noms d'événements, cette pondération permet d'extraire des noms qui ne sont pas présents dans les lexiques standards existants. Enfin, au moyen de l'apprentissage automatique, nous avons travaillé sur des traits d'apprentissage contextuels en partie fondés sur la syntaxe pour extraire de noms d'événements. / The aim of my PhD thesis is the study of nominal designations of events for automatic extraction. My work is part of natural language processing, or in a multidisciplinary approach that involves Linguistics and Computer Science. The aim of information extraction is to analyze natural language documents and extract information relevant to a particular application. In this general goal, many information extraction campaigns were conducted: for each event considered, the task of the campaign is to extract some information (participants, dates, numbers, etc..). From the outset these challenges relate closely to named entities (elements "significant" texts, such as names of people or places). All these information are set around the event and the work does not care about the words used to describe the event (especially when it comes to a name). The event is seen as an all-encompassing as the quantity and quality of information that compose it. Unlike work in general information retrieval, our main interest is focused only on the way are named events that occur particularly in the nominal designation used. For us, this is the event that happens that is worth talking about. The most important events are the subject of newspaper articles or appear in the history books. An event can be evoked by a verbal or nominal description. In this thesis, we reflected on the notion of event. We observed and compared the different aspects presented in the state of the art to construct a definition of the event and a typology of events generally agree that in the context of our work and designations nominal events. We also released our studies of different types of training corpus of the names of events, we show that each can be ambiguous in various ways. For these studies, the composition of an annotated corpus is an essential step, so we have the opportunity to develop an annotation guide dedicated to nominal designations events. We studied the importance and quality of existing lexicons for application in our extraction task automatically. We also focused on the context of appearance of names to determine the eventness, for this purpose, we used extraction rules. Following these studies, we extracted an eventive relative weighted lexicon (whose peculiarity is to be dedicated to the extraction of nominal events), which reflects the fact that some names are more likely than others to represent events. Used as a tip for the extraction of event names, this weight can extract names that are not present in the lexicons existing standards. Finally, using machine learning, we worked on learning contextual features based in part on the syntax to extract event names.

Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the legislative and constitutional imperatives on the designation of language naming with special reference to Sepedi/Sesotho sa Leboa. The study was based upon the qualitative methodology and the data was analysed through qualitative and quantitative in the form of SPSS to explain numeric information. Data was collected using structured and semi-structured questionnaire and interview. Three groups of respondents took part in this study namely members of the community, administrators and professionals, and language practitioners. The findings of the study revealed that many people prefer the name Sepedi to be used to denote the language under research. It was again revealed that when the language was named proper procedure was not followed. Based on the information and findings of this research, it is recommended that the government make an effort to make sure that the language is re-standardised and the language correctly designated.

In this paper I give a thorough account of the history of the open question argument. I have provide Moore’s original impetus for it and its traditional formulation. I then examine the Cornell Realists’ objection to that original formulation and showed that their objection does indeed show the open question argument to be incorrect in its conclusions. Having presented the history of the open question argument and having assessed the most challenging objections to it, I turn to Andrew Altman’s powerful reconstruction of the open question argument in order to see how well, if at all, it sidesteps the objections leveled against the classical formulation. I then argue that while Altman does present the most coherent defense of the open question argument available, I conclude that insofar as he has rested upon a commitment to Carnap's philosophy of language over a Fregean semantic and an untenable rendering of post-Kripkean philosophy of language as it concerns rigid designation, we must reject his reformulation. Given that rigid designation itself undermines Altman’s position, I conclude that the open question is still in need of a defense before it can regain its position as a major player in the discipline of ethics.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse vise à étudier la coordination entre gestes manuels et parole lors de la production d'énoncés multimodaux. Les études menées s'intéressent plus particulièrement aux relations temporelles entre les deux modalités. Cette coordination a été étudiée plus précisément dans le cadre de la désignation qui est réalisable à la fois dans la modalité manuelle (geste de pointage) et dans la modalité parole (« montrer avec la voix », en utilisant la focalisation et/ou les démonstratifs par exemple). Les études présentées ont été menées dans un environnement contrôlé de laboratoire afin d'obtenir des mesures précises et reproductibles en minimisant les facteurs extérieurs de variations intra- et inter-participants. Les productions des locuteurs peuvent ainsi être comparées entre-elles en se focalisant sur les facteurs d'intérêt toutes choses maintenues le plus possible égales par ailleurs. Un travail particulier de mise en place des protocoles a néanmoins permis de maintenir une tâche assez naturelle afin de ne pas induire des productions trop artificielles. Les deux premières études se sont intéressées à la production conjointe de gestes manuels et de parole contenant de la focalisation. Plusieurs types de gestes ont été comparés (geste de pointage, geste de battement et geste d'appui sur un bouton) lors d'une tâche de désignation. Il a été montré que la production de focalisation attire le geste manuel quel que soit son type mais que l'attraction est plus « précise » et fine pour le pointage. Par ailleurs, l'apex du geste de pointage semble être cooccurent à une cible articulatoire plutôt qu'acoustique. La seconde étude manipule le lien de désignation le geste de pointage et la parole. Elle montre, en exhibant deux stratégies adoptées par les participants, la complexité des mécanismes mis en jeu dans cette coordination. Finalement, une troisième étude s'intéresse à la coordination dans une tâche interactive et collaborative plus naturelle. Dans cette tâche les locuteurs utilisent naturellement des gestes de pointage pour désigner à leur interlocuteur l'emplacement d'une carte à poser grâce à une phrase porteuse contenant un démonstratif. Les résultats montrent une cooccurrence de la partie du geste qui montre avec l'information qui lui est complémentaire en parole, i.e. avec le nom de l'objet à poser à l'endroit désigné par le geste de pointage, plutôt qu'avec la partie de la parole qui désigne, i.e. le démonstratif. L'effet de la perturbation de l'interaction par un bruit ambiant est également testé et il est montré que, si la parole subit un effet Lombard classique, la production de gestes est peu modifiée mis à part une adaptation de la durée de la partie du geste qui montre à l'allongement de la parole. Ce mémoire propose par ailleurs une exploration des procédés d'annotation multimodaux mis en place pour l'annotation de tâches semi-contrôlées mais applicables à des cas plus généraux. Le manuscrit se conclut par une mise en perspective des résultats pour l'amélioration de certains modèles de production conjointe gestes manuels/parole et fournit quelques pistes utilisables dans le domaine des agents conversationnels ainsi que pour la détection de pathologies. / The work synthesized in this thesis aims at studying the coordination between manual gestures and speech during multimodal utterances production. More precisely, the temporal relationship between the two modalities is considered. The coordination is studied in a designation framework since designating is possible both manually (pointing gesture) and using speech (one can "show with the voice" using focus and/or demonstratives for example). All the studies presented in this work are done in a lab setting thus allowing to get precise and reproducible measurements while minimizing potential external sources of variation (either between or within participants). Participants' productions were then compared to each other focusing on factors of interest while keeping other sources of variation as low as possible. A part of the work consisted in designing rather natural experimental protocols so as to ensure productions were not too artificial. The first two experiments studied to co-production of manual gestures and speech containing a focused part. Different types of gestures were compared (pointing gesture, beat, button-push) in a designation task. It has been shown that producing focus did temporally attract manual gesture whichever its type but that this attraction was finer and less variable for pointing gesture. Another interesting finding was that the apex of pointing gesture seems to be cooccurring with articulatory targets rather than acoustic ones. The second study manipulates the designation link between manual gestures and speech. By showing that participants can be split up into two groups using different multimodal coordination strategies, it put forward the complexity of underlying mechanisms of this coordination. The last experiment focuses on the coordination in a more natural interactive and collaborative task. In this task, participants used pointing gestures as a natural way to show where a card should be placed on a playing board. They also produced accompanying sentences containing demonstratives. Results show a co-ocurrence of the part of the gesture that shows and with the complementary information in speech (ie. the name of the object to be placed at the spot pointed at by the manual gesture) rather than with the part of speech that shows (ie. demonstrative). The influence of impairing interaction by broadcasting a surrounding noise is also an issue which is addressed. However speech production shows a classical Lombard effect, the production of manual gesture undergoes only slight changes: mainly, the part of the manual gesture that shows lasts longer and this lengthening is related to the lengthening observed in speech. The work presented in this manuscript moreover put forward a systematic way of labeling semi-constrained interactive tasks which can be generalized. The conclusion puts in perspective the results so as to improve some manual gestures/speech co-production models and indicates paths for reflection about embodied conversational agents and early detection of pathological cases.