This master thesis deals with a study of forced migration from the Chechen republic during Chechen wars in 1996-2002. The aim of the paper is to contribute to the study of migration strategies of refugees from Chechnya. This qualitative study attempts to grasp the complexity of forced migration process and to depict it from the perspective of refugees. It explores motives and strategies of mobility of the Chechen refugees now living in Russia and Austria and of those refugees, who have returned to Chechnya after the war was over. The impact of this armed conflict on population mobility was examined with a qualitative research of sixteen refugees, who had left Chechnya because of the war. The results of the research show the link between refugee's age and likelihood of return, differences in decision-making of Chechen and Russian refugees, and the strong influence of the social networks on the decision-making and after arrival at destination. Key words Chechnya, forced migration, reasons for migration, destinations, returns, qualitative approach

While theory argues that Instagram influencers are beneficial for rural and sustainable tourism in gaining attention and awareness, they also can generate an increased tourist flow. A newly published article by Palazzo, et al., 2021, mentions that while they have focused on the bright sides of Instagram Influencers within tourism, they have excluded matters of adverse effects. Something that could likely create a situation of overtourism, as increased tourism flows can be hard to manage. Due to little research of Last Chance Destinations (LCDs), a similar theory will be applied, as these destinations are already considered damaged. Due to the study gap and the tiny amount of empery within this field, people between 18-25 with interest in travel content on Instagram have been interviewed to get more in-depth answers. It has been discovered that Instagram Influencers play little to no role in increased tourism flows to LCDs. People are only inclined to visit LCD after engaging with a destination post if they already have existing motivations to visit it. Instead, influencers serve the purpose and potential ofeducating Instagram users about sustainable tourism principles and climate change.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar un plan de negocio para un servicio de audioguías llamado Turistea. Este modelo de negocio consiste en ofrecer audios informativos sobre destinos turísticos vía redes sociales y website. El público objetivo son los turistas en centros turísticos en las regiones de Cusco, Arequipa y Lima (destinos inicialmente ofrecidos) que tengan entre 18 y 44 años. A continuación, se detallará las necesidades identificadas, la solución planteada, los experimentos realizados y el plan de negocios. Con relación a la necesidad, se identificó que los turistas que visitaban los diferentes destinos no estaban completamente satisfechos con las visitas guiadas en grupo, ya sea por los estrictos horarios, la cantidad de personas, entre otros. Así, se halló la oportunidad para plantear un modelo de negocios que les permita personalizar su experiencia y puedan decidir sobre diversos factores como los tiempos, los destinos a visitar, la cantidad de personas con las que quieren ir, etc. Para plantear el modelo de negocio de una manera simplificada, se utilizó la herramienta Business Model Canvas. Con el fin de validar la solución, el modelo de negocio y el interés de compra de los usuarios; se desarrolló una serie de experimentos desde entrevistas hasta campañas para incentivar la demanda. El plan de negocios de Turistea se basó en identificar la necesidad de los usuarios, plantear y validar la solución y el modelo de negocio, y aplicar la metodología Concierge para validar el interés de compra y viabilidad del proyecto. / The present research project has the purpose of developing a business plan for a service of audio guides called Turistea. This business model consists in offering informative audios about tourist attractions via social networks and a company website. The target audience of the project are tourists that are visiting Cusco, Arequipa, and/or Lima (Turistea’s three initial destinations); between the ages 18 and 44. In the next paragraphs the identified need, the proposed solution, the experiments performed, and the business plan will be further detailed. The identified need was that the tourists were not completely satisfied with group guided tours, due to the tight schedules, the amount of people in the group, etc. Thus, the opportunity to propose a business model that allows the users to further personalize their experience and be able to decide on various factors such as times and destinations was found. In order to pose the business model in a simplified way, the Business Model Canvas tool was used to identify the key points of the company. To validate the proposed solution, the business model, and the user’s purchase interest; a series of experiments were developed, ranging from interviews to discount campaigns to boost the demand. Turistea’s business plan was based on identifying the user’s needs, proposing, and validating the solution and business model, and applying the Concierge methodology to validate the purchase interest and project’s viability. / Trabajo de investigación

El avance tecnológico ha cambiado la forma de relacionarse de las personas, esto ha generado que el turismo se visualice desde diferentes enfoques los cuales recaen esencialmente en la relación con la tecnología, la participación de la comunidad, la co-gestión entre entidades estatales y privadas y la interacción del viajero con el entorno desde la experiencia que se ofrece. En la gestión turística los destinos turísticos inteligentes cobran importancia porque presentan un enfoque renovado que responde al nuevo perfil del turista actual y ofrece impulso a la economía local. Este nuevo perfil del turista se caracteriza esencialmente por el uso de las tecnologías y cómo éstas influyen en su estilo de vida, así como también en la mayor independencia e interacción respetuosa con el destino que visitan. Por tanto, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explicar la relación del perfil del turista digital con la gestión de un destino turístico inteligente, siguiendo una metodología de revisión de literatura bajo el enfoque integrador puesto que sintetiza la información obtenida de los documentos empleando la caracterización del perfil del turista digital, la revisión y análisis conceptual sobre destinos turísticos inteligentes, la identificación de aspectos clave para su implementación y la descripción de la relación del perfil del turista digital con la gestión de destinos turísticos inteligentes. Finalmente, concluimos que el perfil del turista digital se relaciona directamente con cada aspecto de la gestión de los destinos turísticos inteligentes. / Technological advancement has changed the way people relate to each other, this has generated that tourism is viewed from different approaches which essentially fall on the relationship with technology, community participation, co-management between state and private entities and the interaction of the traveler with the environment from the experience that is offered. In tourism management, smart tourist destinations gain importance because they present a renewed approach that responds to the new profile of the current tourist and offers a boost to the local economy. This new tourist profile is essentially characterized by the use of technologies and how they influence their lifestyle, as well as greater independence and respectful interaction with the destination they visit. Therefore, the present research aimed to explain the relationship of the digital tourist profile with the management of an intelligent tourist destination, following a literature review methodology under the integrative approach since it synthesizes the information obtained from the documents using the characterization of the profile of the digital tourist, the review and conceptual analysis of smart tourist destinations, the identification of key aspects for their implementation and the description of the relationship of the profile of the digital tourist with the management of smart tourist destinations. Finally, we conclude that the profile of the digital tourist is directly related to every aspect of the management of smart tourist destinations. / Trabajo de investigación

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La présente recherche portant sur la courte randonnée pédestre en montagne, met en lumière le lien entre l'image et le risque qui y sont liés. La question est en fait de savoir si l'image de la randonnée pédestre en montagne accroît les risques pour les visiteurs ? De façon plus spécifique, il s'agit de comprendre l'influence de l'image touristique sur la prise de risque en randonnée pédestre, d'identifier les risques associés à la courte randonnée pédestre en montagne, définir ce qu'est l'image touristique et déterminer l'influence de cette dernière sur le choix de la randonnée. Considérant l'absence de littérature concernant ce problème social concret, une approche inductive a été choisie pour colliger les données. La méthode d'analyse inductive est d'ailleurs particulièrement adaptée pour la réalisation de projet à caractère exploratoire. Les données ont été collectées par l'entremise d'entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés auprès de randonneurs et de gestionnaires de sentiers ou de territoire. Par la suite, les données brutes ont été classées selon différents concepts, ce qui a permis la création d'arbres d'analyse pour présenter les résultats. Le lien entre le risque et l'image concernant le randonneur sera discuté en fonction de l'exactitude de l'information projetée par l'image et de l'effort nécessaire pour la reproduire, tout en prenant en considération l'équipement, la forme physique et les renseignements indispensables pour arriver à destination le plus sécuritairement possible. Sans oublier que même les plus aguerris ne sont pas à l'abri d'un accident ou d'un événement les mettant en péril. Les photos diffusées dans les médias sociaux et par l'industrie touristique ne présentent pas toujours ce qu'il faut traverser pour en arriver à de beaux paysages comme le type d'aménagement du sentier ou l'état de ce dernier. De la sensibilisation est déjà mise en place par les organisations pour tenter de prévenir les randonneurs dans le but d'inciter les gens à s'assurer du bon déroulement de leur activité. / The present research on short mountain hiking highlights the link between image and risk. The question is to know if the image of mountains hiking increases risks for visitors? This research thus aims to understand how the tourist image can push a hiker to take risks during a short hike in the mountains. More specifically, the aim is to understand the influence of the tourist image on risk-taking in hiking, to identify the risks associated with it, to define what the tourist image is and to determine its influence on the choice of hiking. Considering the lack of literature concerning this concrete social problem, an inductive approach was chosen to collect data. The inductive analysis method is particularly well suited for the realization of projects of an exploratory nature. Data was collected through semi-directed interviews with hikers and trail or site managers. Subsequently, the raw data was then classified according to different concepts, which allowed the creation of analysis trees to present the results. The link between risk and image for the hiker will be discussed in terms of the accuracy of the information projected by the image and the effort required to reproduce it, while taking into consideration equipment, physical fitness and the information needed to arrive at the destination as safely as possible. Not to mention that even the most knowledgeable are not immune to an accident or event that puts them at risk. Photos posted on social media and by the tourism industry do not always show what hikers have to go through to get to beautiful viewpoints such as the type of trail construction, the condition of the trail, etc. Awareness is already being raised by organizations trying to assist visitors in remaining safe.

The theoretical part of this thesis is focused on the explanation of the Smart concept within the cities and tourist destinations, how the destination of Písek uses marketing communication to attract new visitors and to keep the existing ones. In this part, the reader will also be informed about the topic of measuring emotions, what the methods are, their strengths and weaknesses, and specifically how the EDA method (measurement of electrodermal activity, or skin conductivity) works, which was used in the practical part. The aim of thesis is to use new technologies in effective marketing of tourism destinations - based on measurement of emotional reactions using the EDA method, optimalization of visual communication for destination Písek and its surroundings as a city with a Smart city concept. The practical part describes how the questionnaire and measurement by the EDA method took place. During the research the respondents were shown pictures that were taken of Písek and its surroundings. Data processing was done by evaluating the questionnaire and EDA measurements. The results of both research methods were ranked in the Top Ten Positively/Negatively Ranked Images with Higher Emotional Response. Ten positively and ten negatively evaluated questionnaire and EDA measurements are also visualized in this thesis. It can be concluded from the research that the EDA method is suitable for the measurement of emotions and, together with the questionnaire, it provided interesting information on what type of images is suitable to use in the marketing communication of Píseckem, s. r. o.

L’estimation des matrices origine-destination (OD) est un sujet de recherche important depuis les années 1950. En effet, ces tableaux à deux entrées recensent la demande de transport d'une zone géographique donnée et sont de ce fait un élément clé de l'ingénierie du trafic. Historiquement, les seules données disponibles pour leur estimation par les statistiques étaient les comptages de véhicules par les boucles magnétiques. Ce travail s'inscrit alors dans le contexte de l'installation à Brisbane de plus de 600 détecteurs Bluetooth qui ont la capacité de détecter et d'identifier les appareils électroniques équipés de cette technologie.Dans un premier temps, il explore la possibilité offerte par ces détecteurs pour les applications en ingénierie du transport en caractérisant ces données et leurs bruits. Ce projet aboutit, à l'issue de cette étude, à une méthode de reconstruction des trajectoires des véhicules équipés du Bluetooth à partir de ces seules données. Dans un second temps, en partant de l'hypothèse que l'accès à des échantillons importants de trajectoires va se démocratiser, cette thèse propose d'étendre la notion de matrice OD à celle de matrice OD par lien afin de combiner la description de la demande avec celle de l'utilisation du réseau. Reposant sur les derniers outils méthodologies développés en optimisation convexe, nous proposons une méthode d'estimation de ces matrices à partir des trajectoires inférées par Bluetooth et des comptages routiers.A partir de peu d'hypothèses, il est possible d'inférer ces nouvelles matrices pour l'ensemble des utilisateurs d'un réseau routier (indépendamment de leur équipement en nouvelles technologies). Ce travail se distingue ainsi des méthodes traditionnelles d'estimation qui reposaient sur des étapes successives et indépendantes d'inférence et de modélisation. / Origin Destination matrix estimation is a critical problem of the Transportation field since the fifties. OD matrix is a two-entry table taking census of the zone-to-zone traffic of a geographic area. This traffic description tools is therefore paramount for traffic engineering applications. Traditionally, the OD matrix estimation has solely been based on traffic counts collected by networks of magnetic loops. This thesis takes place in a context with over 600 Bluetooth detectors installed in the City of Brisbane. These detectors permit in-car Bluetooth device detection and thus vehicle identification.This manuscript explores first, the potentialities of Bluetooth detectors for Transport Engineering applications by characterising the data, their noises and biases. This leads to propose a new methodology for Bluetooth equipped vehicle trajectory reconstruction. In a second step, based on the idea that probe trajectories will become more and more available by means of new technologies, this thesis proposes to extend the concept of OD matrix to the one of link dependent origin destination matrix that describes simultaneously both the traffic demand and the usage of the network. The problem of LOD matrix estimation is formulated as a minimisation problem based on probe trajectories and traffic counts and is then solved thanks to the latest advances in nonsmooth convex optimisation.This thesis demonstrates that, with few hypothesis, it is possible to retrieve the LOD matrix for the whole set of users in a road network. It is thus different from traditional OD matrix estimation approaches that relied on successive steps of modelling and of statistical inferences.

Certains chercheurs veulent que les gouvernements modifient les déterminants de l’environnement urbain du transport actif dans des régions à bas statut socioéconomique pour réduire les inégalités en activité physique et santé. Mais, des individus de différents sousgroupes de la population pourraient réagir différemment à l’environnement urbain. Plusieurs chercheurs ont examiné si l’influence d’un environnement urbain propice aux piétons sur le transport actif diffère entre les personnes ayant un statut socioéconomique de quartier différent et ont obtenu des résultats mixtes. Ces résultats équivoques pourraient être dus à la façon dont les mesures de l’environnement urbain étaient déterminées. Plus spécifiquement, la plupart des études ont examiné l’effet de la propicité à la marche des lieux résidentiels et n’ont pas pris en compte les destinations non-résidentielles dans leurs mesures. Cette étude a examiné le statut socioéconomique du quartier comme modérateur de la relation entre l’environnement urbain et le transport actif en utilisant des mesures d’environnement urbain qui proviennent de toute la trajectoire spatiale estimé des individus. Les trois variables de l’environnement urbain, la connectivité, la densité des commerces et services et la diversité du territoire avaient une plus grande influence sur le transport actif de ceux avec un haut statut socioéconomique. Nos résultats suggèrent que même quand la configuration de l’environnement urbain est favorable pour le transport actif, il peut y avoir des barrières sociales ou physiques qui empêchent les gens qui habitent dans un quartier à bas statut socioéconomique de bénéficier d’un environnement urbain favorable au transport actif. / Researchers have called for policymakers to modify the built environment determinants of active travel in low SES areas in the hopes of reducing disparities in physical activity and health. However, different population sub-groups may be differently responsive to the built environment. Researchers have examined whether the influence of walkable built environments on active transportation differs for those of different socio-economic status and have obtained mixed results. These equivocal findings could be due to the way the built environment measures were determined. More specifically, most studies have examined walkability in residential settings ignoring non-residential destinations. This study examined socio-economic status as a moderator of the relationship between the built environment and active transportation using a trip level analyses with measures of built environment exposure derived from the estimated spatial trajectory of transport trips. All three of the environmental variables, connectivity, density of business and services, and land-use mix, were found to have a greater association with AT if the individual undergoing the trip was from a high socioeconomic status neighbourhood. Our findings suggest that even when the built environment is favourable for AT there may be social or physical barriers that prevent those from low socio-economic status neighbourhoods from benefitting from built environments that are conducive to active transportation.