Development of a hydrocarbon reservoir requires information about the type of fluid that saturates the pore space, and the permeability distribution that determines how the fluid can be extracted. The presence of fractures in a reservoir can be useful for obtaining this information. The main objectives of this thesis are to investigate how fracturing can be detected remotely using exploration seismology. Fracturing will effect seismic data in a number of ways. Firstly, if the fractures are aligned preferentially in some direction, the medium will exhibit long wavelength anisotropy. In turn, if wave propagation is not aligned with one of the symmetry axes of the effective medium then shear wave splitting will depend upon the properties of the fracture filling fluid. Secondly, elastic waves will experience attenuation and dispersion due to scattering and wave-induced fluid flow between the fractures and matrix porosity. This occurs because the fractures are more compliant than the background medium and therefore there will be a pressure gradient formed during passage of the wave, causing fluid to flow between fractures and background. If the direction of shear-wave propagation is not perpendicular or parallel to the plane of fracturing, the wave polarized in the plane perpendicular to the fractures is a quasi-shear mode, and therefore the shear-wave splitting will be sensitive to the fluid bulk modulus. / The magnitude of this sensitivity depends upon the extent to which fluid pressure can equilibrate between pores and fractures during the period of the deformation. In this thesis I use the anisotropic Gassmann equations and existing formulations for the excess compliance due to fracturing to estimate the splitting of vertically propagating shear-waves as a function of the fluid modulus for a porous medium with a single set of dipping fractures and with two conjugate fracture sets dipping with opposite dips to the vertical. This is achieved using two alternative approaches. In the first approach it is assumed that the deformation taking place is quasi-static. That is, the frequency of the elastic disturbance is low enough to allow enough time for fluid to flow between both the fractures and the pore space throughout the medium. In the second approach I assume that the frequency is low enough to allow fluid flow between a fracture set and the surrounding pore space, but high enough so that there is not enough time during the period of the elastic disturbance for fluid flow between different fracture sets to occur. It is found that the second approach yields a much stronger dependency of shear-wave splitting on the fluid modulus than the first one. This is a consequence of the fact that at higher wave frequencies there is not enough time for fluid pressure to equilibrate and therefore the elastic properties of the fluid have a greater effect on the magnitude of the shear-wave splitting. I conclude that the dependency of the shear-wave splitting on the fluid bulk modulus will be at its minimum for quasi-static deformations, and will increase with increasing wave frequency. / In order to treat the problem of dispersion and attenuation due to wave-induced fluid flow I consider interaction of a normally incident time-harmonic longitudinal plane wave with a circular crack imbedded in a porous medium governed by Biot’s equations of dynamic poroelasticity. The problem is formulated in cylindrical coordinates as a system of dual integral equations for the Hankel transform of the wave field, which is then reduced to a single Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. It is found that the scattering that takes place is predominantly due to wave induced fluid flow between the pores and the crack. The scattering magnitude depends on the size of the crack relative to the slow wave wavelength and has its maximum value when they are of the same order. I conclude that this poroelastic effect should not be neglected, at least at seismic frequencies. Using the solution of the scattering problem for a single crack and multiple-scattering theory I estimate the attenuation and dispersion of elastic waves taking place in a porous medium containing a sparse distribution of such cracks. I obtain from this analysis an effective velocity which at low frequencies reduces to the known static Gassmann result and a characteristic attenuation peak at the frequency such that the crack size and the slow wave wavelength are of the same order. / When comparing with a similar model in which multiple scattering effects are neglected I and that there is agreement at high frequencies and discrepancies at low frequencies. I conclude that the interaction between cracks should not be neglected at low frequencies, even in the limit of weak crack density. Since the models only agree with each other at high frequencies, when the time available for fluid diffusion is small, I conclude that the interaction between cracks that takes place as a result of fluid diffusion is negligible at high frequencies. I also compare my results with a model for spherical inclusions and find that the attenuation for spherical inclusions has exactly the same dependence upon frequency, but a difference in magnitude that depends upon frequency. Since the attenuation curves are very close at low frequencies I conclude that the effective medium properties are not sensitive to the shape of an inclusion at wavelengths that are large compared to the inclusion size. However at frequencies such that the wavelength is comparable to or smaller than the inclusion size the effective properties are sensitive to the greater compliance of the flat cracks, and more attenuation occurs at a given frequency as a result.

No description available.

A cafeína está presente no cotidiano humano desde o tradicional café até como constituinte de medicamentos, estimulantes, chás, chocolate entre outros produtos alimentícios. Essa substância é considerada um contaminante orgânico emergente provindo de águas residuárias não tratadas. Sua presença nos corpos hídricos vem sendo documentada em baixas concentrações, desde ηg.L-1 até µg.L-1 e os efeitos dessas concentrações nos organismos aquáticos ainda não foram efetivamente investigados. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos tóxicos da cafeína em concentrações comumentemente encontradas em corpos hídricos, foram realizados testes de ecotoxicidade aguda e crônica com os organismos-teste Chironomus sancticaroli e Daphnia magna e intergeracional com C. sancticaroli, com enfoque em respostas biológicas de mortalidade, imobilidade, crescimento, desenvolvimento e reprodução. Como resultado, a cafeína não apresentou toxicidade aguda no teste de curta duração realizado para D. magna e C. sancticaroli. Foi observado efeito de toxicidade crônica da cafeína, havendo interferência no desenvolvimento das larvas de Chironomus principalmente na concentração de 200 µg.L-1 e no crescimento e reprodução de D. magna, na qual foi observada indução na produção de neonatos e desaceleração para o desenvolvimento do organismo (retardo no processo de ecdise). No teste intergeracional, foram observadas mudanças nos padrões de desenvolvimento larval. Os resultados demonstram que a cafeína, em concentrações ambientalmente detectadas, pode causar pequenas alterações no ciclo de vida dos organismos, como por exemplo, alterações no tamanho das asas das fêmeas e no comprimento do corpo das larvas de C. sancticaroli. Recomendam-se o uso de técnicas biomoleculares para avaliar as respostas metabólicas dos organismos quando exposto à cafeína em baixas concentrações. / Caffeine is present in human daily life either as traditional coffee or constituent of medicines, stimulants, teas, chocolate, among other products. This substance is an emerging organic contaminant from untreated wastewater. Its presence in aquatic systems has been documented at low concentrations, from ηg.L-1 to µg.L-1 and the effects of these concentrations on aquatic organisms have not yet been effectively investigated. In order to evaluate the toxic effects of caffeine, at concentrations usually found in aquatic systems, acute and chronic ecotoxicological tests were performed with Chironomus sancticaroli and Daphnia magna and, an intergenerational with C. sancticaroli, focusing on biological responses of mortality, immobility, growth, development and reproduction. As a result, caffeine did not present acute toxicity in the shor-term test performed for D. magna and C. sancticaroli. Chronic toxicity of caffeine was observed, with interference in the Chironomus larvae development, mainly in the concentration of 200 µg.L-1, and in the growth and reproduction of D. magna, in which it was observed presence of induction in the production of neonates and deceleration to the development of the organism (delay in the process of ecdysis). In intergeneration test, changes in the larval developmental patterns were observed. In intergenerational testing, changes in larval developmental patterns were observed. The results demonstrate that caffeine, in concentrations detected environmentally, can cause small influences in the organism\'s life cycle of the, for example, changes in the size of the wings of the females and in the length of the body of the larvae of C. sancticaroli. The use of biomolecular techniques to evaluate the metabolic responses of organisms when exposed to caffeine at low concentrations is recommended.

It is my hope that this thesis may serve as a guide for future students wishing to build a microscope from scratch. The design and construction of a scanning, confocal fluorescence microscope equipped with shaped microwave excitation is detailed. The use of the microscope is demonstrated by coherently manipulating single Nitrogen-Vacancy centres in diamond. Further the instrument is used to investigate a dual Halbach array magnet system.

A flash lighting circuit with the fluorescent lamp is designed to produce lighting flicker by means of controlling the operating frequency and the duty-ratio of the lamp voltage and current. The intensity of the flash lighting is adjusted by the DC-link voltage of the electronic ballast circuit. The circuit structure is mainly composed of the class-D series-resonant inverter, the full-bridge rectifier, the LC filter and the commutation circuit. A control circuit with complex programmable logic device (CPLD) is used to accomplish the regulation of the operating frequency and the duty-ratio, which should be carefully controlled to ensure a stable lighting arc. In the meantime, a flash lighting detected circuit is designed to transform the flash lighting into a voltage signal. Experiment tests are conducted to human visual perception to demonstrate the applicability of the flash lighting circuit.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19002号 / 工博第4044号 / 新制||工||1622 / 31953 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 白川 昌宏, 教授 田中 庸裕, 教授 濵地 格 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

It is my hope that this thesis may serve as a guide for future students wishing to build a microscope from scratch. The design and construction of a scanning, confocal fluorescence microscope equipped with shaped microwave excitation is detailed. The use of the microscope is demonstrated by coherently manipulating single Nitrogen-Vacancy centres in diamond. Further the instrument is used to investigate a dual Halbach array magnet system.

Background  Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic disorder in genetically predisposed individuals in which damage to the small intestine is caused by eating foods containing gluten. The prevalence has been shown to vary from around 1-3%, but most people with CD are undiagnosed. An option for finding those with unrecognized CD would include screening the general population, i.e., mass screening. However, screening identifies a pre-disease or disease condition in people who are presumed healthy and have not sought help. Therefore, the impacts of the screening process and being diagnosed through screening should be explored before such a public health intervention is considered. A population-based CD screening study involving 12-year-olds was undertaken in Sweden and provided an opportunity to explore these issues related to CD screening. Aims To make inferences about the potential impacts mass screening for CD can have on participants by exploring experiences and outcomes for participants involved in CD screening study. Methods and Subjects  Both qualitative (short written narratives) and quantitative (questionnaires with EQ-5D instrument) methods were used. Children who participated in the CD screening study were invited to write narratives at the time of the screening, before screening results were known, describing their experience with the screening (n=240). The EQ-5D instrument was used to measure and compare health-related quality of life reported by participants at the time of the screening and one year after the screening-detected participants received their diagnosis (screening-detected n=103, referents n=483). Those with screening-detected CD were also invited to write narratives one and five years after their diagnosis. In these narratives the adolescents described how it felt to be diagnosed with CD, how it felt to live with CD, and if they thought all children should be screened (one-year follow-up n=91, five-year follow-up n=72). Results  Even though some children experienced fear and anxiety during the screening, overall they had, or were provided with, tools that allowed them to cope well with the screening. The health-related quality of life reported by those with screening-detected CD was similar before and one year after diagnosis (and similar to that of the referents). We also found that after five years of living with the diagnosis there had been maintenance and evolution in the beliefs and practices of these adolescents. Being detected through screening and the threat of complications impacted how they felt about the diagnosis, coped with the gluten-free diet, and what they thought about CD screening. Five years after the screening-detected diagnosis the adolescents have adjusted to the disease and adapted new habits and coping strategies to deal with the gluten-free diet. However, there are still those who doubt the accuracy and benefit of the diagnosis.   Conclusions  Our findings suggest that it is possible for participants to avoid excess anxiety during CD screening. However, there was not consensus among participants that being detected and treated had improved their health-related quality of life or that the immediate benefits outweighed the harm caused by being detected in this way. When considering mass screening, the affect on the participants is important to take into account and our findings shed light on some of the potential impacts a CD mass screening could have on participants.

The aim of my thesis is a comparison of the market value and the detected value of building land in the former district of Pisek . In the theoretical part I focused on the real estate market, focusing on building plots, parcels , their prices and factors which influence it. In the practical part I compare the market value and detected value.

There are two main parts in this thesis. In the first part is summarized an overview of basic concepts and requisites we can meet with valuation on real estate market, if we use the valid applicable law and decree about valuation. The emphasis was put on the specifics of the market value and detected value and their comparison. The aim of the second part was make a local investigation in selected real estates in locations Pacov and Lukavec. Then I did careful valuation according to the methodology for determine the market value and detected value and then compared results.