Class of 2016 Abstract and Report / Objectives: To evaluate the successes and failures of the recent implementation of the Arizona Health-e Connection (AzHeC) health information exchange (HIE) at the Pima County Adult Detention Center (PCADC); to identify a generalized infrastructure and draft recommendations for implementing HIE at other correctional facilities. Methods: Participants pertinent to the implementation by current staff at the PCADC were identified through snowball sampling. Interviews were conducted in-person or by telephone using a semi-structured interview guide. Demographics regarding roles and responsibilities during implementation were collected during each interview. Participants were asked for input regarding key aspects and lessons learned from the implementation. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then analyzed with Atlas.ti software for common themes. Results: A total of 12 individuals were interviewed, providing a comprehensive set of perspectives. Six common themes were identified: impact of being a novel implementer; challenges surrounding implementation; problems during implementation; what was done well; benefits of the system; and communication during implementation. Potential barriers that were successfully anticipated were establishing the value of the HIE through pilot studies to obtain early stakeholder buy-in, and addressing legal/privacy issues for the at-risk population in the corrections system. Problems that arose during implementation often involved information technology issues. Conclusions: Despite challenges faced throughout the HIE implementation, improvements in patient care, workflow, and time-savings made a tremendous impact for those involved. The lessons learned and advice given by the participants of this study can provide guidance for other correctional health systems wishing to implement a HIE at their facility.

Magister Legum - LLM / The advent of the supreme Constitution signaled the beginning of an era during which the South African legal system must be intolerant to human rights violations. All laws and conduct must conform to the Constitution. If it does not then the law or conduct must be declared invalid to the extent that it is inconsistent with the Constitution. This paper questions the constitutionality of the use of deadly force against a fleeing suspect in terms of section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Act. In particular this paper sets out the circumstances in which section 49 justifies the use of deadly force against fugitives. / South Africa

The South African criminal justice process is such that there is an inevitable lapse of time between the arrest of the offender and his or her subsequent trial. The pre-trial incarceration presents a special problem. Between the arrest of the accused and release, the accused is being deprived of his or her liberty in circumstances where no court of law has pronounced him or her guilty. The right to bail is well entrenched in South African criminal justice system both in the Constitution Act and Criminal Procedure Act. Bail is always in the form of contract between the State and the accused, even though at times it may be opposed by the State. In the past the legal position based on the case law was that the presumption of innocence in bail proceedings operated in favour of the applicant even where it was said that there was a strong prima facie case against him or her. This position has slightly changed in that the courts in bail applications are not concerned with guilt, but that of possible guilt only to the extent that it may bear on where the interests of justice lie in regard to bail. The onus of proof in bail applications, other than Schedule 5 and 6 offences is borne by the State. Where Schedule 5 or 6 is applicable the onus is on the applicant. There are different requirements between schedule 5 and 6 that must be met by the applicant before release on bail is granted. In Schedule 5 offences the bail applicant must satisfy the court that the interests of justice permit his or her release. In determining whether the interests of justice permit the release of a particular applicant on bail, the courts are guided by the provisions of section 60(4) to (9) inclusive of section (11B)(c) of the Criminal Procedure Act. In such determination the courts must also take into account of section 60(60)(a) to (g) of the Criminal Procedure Act. In Schedule 6 offences there are two requirements namely: the exceptional circumstances and the interests of justice. The term “exceptional circumstances” does not have a closed definition. Both requirements must be established by means of written or oral evidence to the satisfaction of the court before bail may be granted. As pointed out above, the State may still oppose the release on bail of the applicant. It is now accepted in bail applications that ordinary circumstances may in particular context be blended with exceptional or unusual elements. In such cases the court is expected to apply its independent evaluation of evidence in order to determine whether the exceptional circumstances in the interests of justice permit the release on bail. Similarly to the South African bail jurisprudence the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court recognises a right of the arrested person to apply for the interim release. It also recognises the need to establish exceptional circumstances for such release. The South African bail jurisprudence recognises the right to bail, and places reasonable and procedural limitations founded on the constitutional values and interests of justice. There are still practical challenges that need to be addressed as a results of the stringent requirements in section 60(11)(a) and (b) of the Criminal Procedure Act that relate to Schedule 5 and 6. It is therefore recommended that there is a need for the following: 1. Legislative intervention that will regulate and limit the time spent on investigations where bail has been refused. 2. Legislative intervention that will provide for an automatic review procedures in Schedule 5 or 6 offences where bail is refused on grounds that the interests of justice do not permit the release of the applicant on bail or for failure to prove exceptional circumstances. It is submitted that this may assist in reducing refusals of bail based on mistaken understanding of the law or facts or irregularities that may be prejudicial to the applicant or the administration of justice; or 3. Legislative intervention that will make it mandatory for a court that refuses to grant bail to reconsider its decision after a certain period in future provided that the trial has not been commenced with, in order to determine whether further incarceration is necessary or proportionate to the offence. It is submitted that this may assist the court to enquire into unreasonable delays on investigations or changed circumstances of the applicant in order to enable the court to reconsider its previous decision if necessary. This may further assist in offences where it is foreseeable that the trial court is likely to pass a partly or wholly suspended sentence in case of conviction. For example some cases fall within the scope of Schedule 5 by virtue of a previous conviction on Schedule 1 or release on bail on a Schedule 1 offence. The above recommendations may directly or indirectly contribute in balancing the scales of justice during the bail proceedings and its aftermath. These may contribute to the reduction of high numbers of the in custody awaiting trial prisoners while not compromising the current bail procedures.

This thesis set out to explore the experiences of being detained and admitted to an inpatient unit. It is comprised of three papers. Paper one and paper two have been prepared according to the guidelines of the journal they will be submitted to. Paper one is a systematic review of the qualitative literature which has explored participants’ experiences of involuntary detention. This paper provides an update to a review previously carried out and attempts to answer some questions that the previous review were unable to answer. Databases were searched and studies were screened for their relevance. Fifteen studies were located and the results were synthesised using a standardised metasynthesis methodology. Seven overarching themes emerged, illustrating positive and negative experiences of involuntary detention and factors which impact on these experiences. The synthesis resulted in clear recommendations for clinical practice and future research. Paper two is a qualitative study which sought to explore the experiences of detention under the Mental Health Act for anorexia nervosa. Four participants were inpatients and under the Mental Health Act at the time of interview and eight participants had been discharged. A grounded theory analysis revealed four overarching themes which capture their experiences over time and how these experiences impact on a person’s recovery. The findings have been incorporated into a framework and are discussed in relation to existing literature. The paper outlines recommendations for clinical practice and future research. Paper three is a critical appraisal of the overall research process. It draws on the researcher’s reflective journal to highlight the theoretical, methodological, personal challenges and learning outcomes which the researcher encountered. It discusses the clinical implications in relation to the researcher’s future career as a clinical psychologist within the NHS, as well as the wider implication for the profession as a whole.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 manoel_correia_neto.pdf: 631677 bytes, checksum: 188540e42a4e80cd55ce6dadd7d341c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-24 / The path this work had as its starting point the exposure of theoretical frameworks of classical liberalism and positivist criminology, responsible for building the legal and criminal speech that legitimizes the power to punish the state and ideology of social defense, which, in short, contends that the criminal law a reaction to the behavior of a deviant minority and protecting the interests of the majority; ie the crime as an evil and off in response, remedy, that the state is legitimized the minister is paid back either as counter-stimulus for restoring order. Immediately thereafter, exposed as research conducted from the theoretical contributions of social reaction and especially of critical criminology, were responsible for the delegitimization of that discourse and ideology, revealing the true and hidden function of the penal system, its inverted effectiveness: the legitimation and reproduction social asymmetries through social control of the most vulnerable strata. The size of this dysfunction can be measured when known that about 40% (forty percent), Brazil, and 60% (sixty percent), Alagoas, of all the prisoners, experience probation, a number that draws attention criminologists, but also of researchers from several other areas as well as a portion of the civil society, the choice made by the criminal justice system of deprivation of liberty prior to sentencing and often the processing itself. And this, despite the declared speech or the curriculum of the Brazilian procedural law erect the presumption of innocence the fundamental principle with seat in the Federal Constitution and therefore, as a rule that prevents the treatment of guilty to those who have not been convicted of commission of a crime. From this problem, then realized the collection of data from all denegatórios judgments of habeas corpus order judged within one year by the criminal chamber of the Court of Alagoas, were present when the foundation the need for prison maintenance ante the presence of authorizers requirements to decree; the data revealed that the "dangerousness of the prisoner," the "possibility of repetition delitiva" and the "gravity of the crime" were the reasons that concentrated the attention of the judges. Thus, separated three typical decisions and through the content analysis method, I looked beyond the declared content, that other, unspoken, hidden, able to reveal the real reason for the high number of preventive imprisonment. In conclusion, the research has shown that pre-trial detention has fulfilled a real security measure attributable to function, considered "dangerous" if giving high importance to the elements of information collected during the investigation, since "its conduct", and revealing the "dangerousness" is none other than that assigned by the police. In this regard, police selectivity held, as shown by studies of critical criminology on the weakest and most precarious strata of society, is sealed by the court selectivity, which contributes decisively to the criminal justice system to hold its real neutralization of functions and discipline of classes lower social. / O caminho percorrido neste trabalho teve como ponto de partida a exposição dos marcos teóricos do liberalismo clássico e da criminologia positivista, responsáveis pela construção do discurso jurídico-penal que legitima o poder de punir do Estado e da ideologia da defesa social, a qual, em suma, sustenta ser o direito penal uma reação ao comportamento de uma minoria desviante e proteção aos interesses da maioria; ou seja, o crime como um mal e a pena como resposta, remédio, que o Estado está legitimado a ministrar seja como retribuição, seja como contra-estímulo, para restauração da ordem. Ato contínuo, expus como pesquisas realizadas a partir dos aportes teóricos da reação social e, especialmente, da criminologia crítica, foram responsáveis pela deslegitimação daquele discurso e ideologia, revelando a verdadeira e oculta função do sistema penal, sua eficácia invertida: a legitimação e reprodução das assimetrias sociais através do controle social dos extratos mais vulneráveis. A dimensão desta disfunção pode ser medida quando conhecido que cerca de 40% (quarenta por cento), no Brasil, e 60% (sessenta por cento), em Alagoas, dentre todos os encarcerados, experimentam prisão preventiva, número que chama a atenção de criminólogos, mas também de pesquisadores de diversas outras áreas, bem como de uma parcela da sociedade civil, para a opção feita pelo sistema de justiça criminal de privação da liberdade anterior à condenação e, muitas vezes, ao próprio processamento. E, isto, apesar de o discurso declarado ou o conteúdo programático do direito processual brasileiro erigir a presunção de inocência a princípio fundamental, com assento na Constituição Federal e, portanto, como regra que impede o tratamento de culpado àqueles que não tenham sido condenados pela prática de um crime. A partir deste problema, então, realizei a coleta de dados de todos os acórdãos denegatórios de ordem de habeas corpus julgados no período de um ano pela câmara criminal do Tribunal de Justiça de Alagoas, quando estivesse presente no fundamento a necessidade da manutenção da prisão ante a presença dos requisitos autorizadores para decreto; os dados revelaram que a periculosidade do preso , a possibilidade de reiteração delitiva e a gravidade do crime eram os motivos que concentravam a atenção dos magistrados. Desta forma, separei três decisões típicas e, através do método de análise de conteúdo, busquei, para além do conteúdo declarado, aquele outro, não dito, oculto, capaz de revelar o real motivo para o alto número de encarceramento preventivo. Em conclusão, a pesquisa demonstrou que a prisão preventiva tem cumprido uma real função de medida de segurança para imputáveis, considerados perigosos , dando-se elevada importância aos elementos informativos colhidos durante a investigação, posto que a conduta imputada , e reveladora da periculosidade , não é outra senão aquela atribuída pela autoridade policial. Neste sentido, a seletividade policial, realizada, como demonstram os estudos da criminologia crítica sobre os extratos mais débeis e precários da sociedade, é chancelada pela seletividade judicial, que contribui decisivamente para que o sistema penal realize suas reais funções de neutralização e disciplina das classes sociais inferiores

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Como resultado da crescente impermeabilização das bacias, as redes de drenagem pública são submetidas a vazões de pico cada vez maiores. Na tentativa de contornar ou amortizar este problema, pesquisadores têm estudado soluções que compensem os efeitos da urbanização. Estas soluções são denominadas técnicas compensatórias, ou BMP\'s (Best management Practices), cujo foco é manter o ciclo hidrológico mais próximo do natural da bacia, pelo menos no que se refere ao escoamento superficial. A aposta em medidas de controle na fonte de geração do escoamento, isto é, no lote, cresceu, sendo estabelecido seu uso por meio de leis e decretos. Assim, com o propósito de redução e detenção do escoamento pluvial, antes do mesmo ingressar no sistema de microdrenagem, os microrreservatórios na saída dos lotes são cogitados como estruturas compensatórias. O presente trabalho busca dimensionar e avaliar o impacto desses microrreservatórios a princípio em escalas de lote e loteamento e, em seguida, em escala de macrodrenagem. O estudo foi aplicado a uma bacia da cidade de São Carlos, estado de São Paulo, em processo de urbanização, que vem sofrendo grande pressão imobiliária para a construção de novos empreendimentos. As legislações locais sancionadas, nos últimos anos, estabelecem a implantação de poço de infiltração e reservatório de captação e reaproveitamento de águas pluviais, sem maiores detalhes sobre métodos construtivos ou estudos preliminares de viabilidade. Os resultados aqui descritos foram produzidos considerando um loteamento existente na bacia do córrego do Mineirinho, São Carlos, SP. Foram produzidos volumes para o dimensionamento dos reservatórios para as diferentes áreas de lote, assumindo os percentuais de impermeabilização de 50% e 70%, segundo os diferentes métodos de estimativa constantes da literatura. As vazões máximas e os volumes resultantes apresentaram significativa variação, quando calculados utilizando os métodos de estimativa constantes da literatura. Através da modelagem hidráulico-hidrológica, concluiu-se também que o reservatório de detenção na fonte é eficiente na redução da vazão de pico gerada no lote para vazão de pico em nível de pré-urbanização. Além disso, a definição do diâmetro do orifício de descarga mostrou-se determinante ao dimensionamento do reservatório, de modo a garantir sua eficiência. Os microrreservatórios dimensionados para duração da chuva crítica do lote (90 minutos), apesar de maiores, exibiram maior capacidade de detenção, sem extravasar quando submetidos a diferentes durações de chuvas. No loteamento, o uso desses dispositivos possibilitou a atenuação da vazão de pico de descarga em, pelo menos, 44%. Em escala de bacia, diferentes posicionamentos do loteamento, com e sem microrreservatórios de lote, foram instrumentais em demonstrar a capacidade de redução das vazões de pico locais. Este estudo comprovou que os microrreservatórios de lote são uma boa opção na redução das vazões escoadas pelo canal de macrodrenagem, quando da ocorrência de eventos de precipitação na bacia do córrego do Mineirinho. / As a result of the growing waterproofing of basins, the public drainage systems are under increasing flow rate peaks. In an attempt to mitigate these issues, researchers have studied solutions to address the effects of the urban development. These solutions are well-known as BMP\'s (Best Management Practices) and aim to preserve the hydrological cycle near to the natural basin, at least for the superficial run-off. The increasing search for solutions that controls the source of the run-off was responsible for the establishment of new laws and rules for on-site run-off control. Thus, for reduction and detention of run-off before it goes into the micro-drainage system, micro-reservoirs are considered as BMP\'s solutions. The present study aims to sizing and assess the impact of micro-reservoirs, initially on site and on residential land scale, and subsequently, on macro-drainage scale. The study was applied to Mineirinho Stream Watershed, in São Carlos city, São Paulo state. These basins are in urbanization process, and suffering from market pressure of constructions of real estate ventures. Recent local legislations have imposed the implementation of infiltration pits and rain water tanks, but without more details about construction methods or even preliminary feasibility studies. The results described in this work, regarding to sizing of micro-reservoirs to different allotment size ranges, used 50% and 70% of waterproofing percentages, according estimation methods from the literature. Peak flows and sizing showed a significant variation when calculated by these methods. Hydraulic-hydrologic SWMM software modelling showed that micro-reservoir is efficient in reducing the hydrograph peak flow from urbanization to preurbanization level. Furthermore, the definitions of the orifice diameter have demonstrated to be decisive to dimensioning of the reservoir, in order to ensure its efficiency. The microreservoirs sized for a 90 minutes critical rain, showed more detention capacity, without overflow when under different rainfall durations. The use of micro-reservoirs in the allotments of a residential division, was able to reduce the hydrograph outside peak in 44%, at least. In a basin-scale, moving the same residential division, by using or not micro-reservoirs in the allotments, were conclusive in demonstrate that this BMP is a good option to reducing the hydrograph river flow, being able to reduce the peak flow in the discharge point. The study comproved that the use of micro-reservoirs in both basin positions can be a feasible solution to recurring flooding problems in the Mineirinho Stream.

The Ottawa-Carleton Detention Centre (OCDC) is notorious for its austere conditions of confinement and human rights violations. In response to widespread criticism, the Ontario provincial government created a dedicated task force in 2016 to address longstanding issues at the jail. To date, little research has examined how OCDC has maintained these deplorable conditions of confinement despite concerted effort to improve them. Drawing on Mathiesen’s (1990) neutralization techniques, this thesis reveals the tactics used by government officials and jail functionaries to maintain the status quo at OCDC and stifle transformative change by comparing task force recommendations with their ensuing implementation. Through a qualitative content analysis of the OCDC task force progress reports, trend analyses, Ombudsman, Community Advisory Board, Independent Review of Corrections, and Jail Accountability & Information Line reports documenting issues at OCDC, I demonstrate how the Ontario provincial government and OCDC administration (a) refer to competing demands, higher authority, policy and procedure, or safety and security as excuses for not instituting changes, (b) define policy alternatives as irrelevant or impossible to implement, (c) postpone implementation of measures for not being developed enough or possible now, as well as (d) puncture and (e) absorb policy alternatives to uphold the status quo and impede transformative change. In doing so, I expose the provincial penal system’s proclivity to ‘finish’ (Mathiesen, 1974) alternatives that threaten the current system, thereby gutting new ideas of their ability to generate meaningful social change. The insights provided by this thesis help lay the groundwork for future critical criminological research to examine the barriers to social change in the penal field on a sub-national, national, and international scale.

This thesis describes the concept of transport solution with the help of microsimulation. Using intensities obtained from the landscape is a simulation of the current status and new proposals. They are compared using a detention time. For the winning option will be implemented spatial study.