Low impact development (LID) is an innovative stormwater management technique that was introduced in early 1990s. However, the transition to use of this more sustainable method has been slow due to technical, institutional, and regulatory barriers to LID adoption. The research questions for this study are: What constitutes LID adoption? Why do localities adopt LID? What are the major factors that influenced the level of LID adoption by local governments? Specifically, this study focused on motivations and key determinants of LID adoption by local governments. By answering these questions, we will have better knowledge about how to approach the adoption process of environmental innovations. The findings of the study will benefit any potential localities considering LID adoption. The theory of diffusion of innovations is applied as it is very flexible to investigate complex topics like environmental innovation involving multiple factors and environments. To explore the role of local governments in LID adoption, sub-theories like organizational innovation and policy adoption are reviewed. Based on these theoretical foundations, four constructs of variables which include innovation, organizations, motivations, and surrounding organizational context are investigated. The case study method is used for eight counties (Amherst, Bedford, Chesterfield, Fairfax, Isle of Wight, Roanoke, Stafford, and Spotsylvania) and two cities (City of Charlottesville, City of Roanoke) in Virginia. Key informants from each locality were selected for in-depth interviews and additional document reviews for each case are used to support multiple case studies. LID adoption consists of various forms such as regulations, practices, and plans. A combination of all forms of LID activities and programs was used to measure LID adoption level. Based on nine criteria (i.e., adoption mode, use of the term "LID" in local codes, code details, LID manuals, demonstration projects, number of LID projects after LID code adoption, education programs, task force, and incentives), localities with three levels of LID adoption have been determined. Influencing factors of innovation adoption varied depending on level of LID adoption (high, moderate, and low). Therefore, strategies to promote environmental innovation should be developed in relation to the level of innovation adoption. The research findings revealed two major determinants that influenced the level of LID adoption. One is strong champions, and the other is regulatory mandates. A champion-driven LID adoption model is found in high level LID adoption localities. Usually, individuals from local governments, NGOs, and development communities have played a critical role in LID adoption process. The local government organizations in this group are usually self-motivated for innovation adoption. Especially, the presence of strong champions was identified as a key factor to the higher level of innovation adoption. On the other hand, a regulation-driven LID adoption model is found in moderate to low level LID adoption localities. These localities are strongly influenced by state regulatory mandates. In these cases, external forces motivate local governments to adopt innovations. / Ph. D.

Recent public health scholarship finds that health outcomes are explained by the social and individual determinants of health rather than the individual-level determinants alone. The individualistic perspective has dominated the 20th century institutionalization of public health in the United States where the public health system has tended to focus largely, if not exclusively, on individual factors. This persistent orientation lies in contrast to another set of perspectives that have also persisted, focused on social causes, which are currently dominant in contemporary public health academic literature and in major, international health organizations. Whether the orientation within the United States is due to a prevailing paradigm among public health officials or is the result of new ideas about health causation being dampened under organizational weight is unknown. Despite public health being central to decreasing morbidity and mortality in the 20th century, significant gaps remain in researchers' understanding of what influences practice in the American public health system. My dissertation research investigates the broad outlines of the determinants of health as understood by state public health administrators. I study how the understanding of the determinants of health affects the practice of public health through analyzing how the ideas of state public health administrators interact with the organizational dynamics of the public health organizations they lead. This mixed-methods dissertation uses survey research and in-depth interviews and quantitative and qualitative analysis. I find that state public health officials' professionalization, length of tenure, level of education, and gender affect the perspective of health causation to which they adhere. I also find that the state public health officials with a social health frame more commonly report they are situated in organizations that are learning environments. Both organizational and ideational factors influence public health practice. The interview data expand this finding to paint a complex picture of organizational and ideational factors influencing one another as well as resulting practices. This research reveals that state public health officials often have strong health frames that are only able to shape the edges of their practice due to the political and organizational dynamics interacting with state public health departments. / Ph. D.

Yes / The experiences of LGBT asylum seekers in the UK are the focus of this chapter. The relative invisibility of LGBT asylum seekers in social work literature and research is acknowledged. Data from interviews undertaken as part of a small scale research study is used to highlight issues of psychological stress, safety, social isolation and resilience and survival. This material is discussed in relation to models of minority stress, discrimination, social determinants of health, and human rights. A holistic approach to practice in response to an opening vignette, is presented with reference to the importance of advocacy and cross-sector partnership working. / This is a post-peer-review, pre-copy edited version of a chapter published in: Fish J and Karban K (Eds.) Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Health Inequalities. Details of the definitive published version and how to purchase it are available online at https://policypress.co.uk/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-trans-health-inequalities.

Community violence can have lasting impacts on populations that experience it, including but not limited to, financial damages, property damage, and psychological trauma. Therefore, exploring mechanisms of violence prevention is increasingly important, especially within the context of multicultural societies. This research does just that by approaching community violence prevention from an interdisciplinary perspective, including aspects of public health, political science, criminology, and sociology. This dissertation explores the interfaith organization InterFaith Leadership Council of Metro Detroit and those in the organization's network. It considers how interfaith leaders, through activism and dialogue, can contribute to community violence prevention. By applying the social ecological model and social disorganization theory, this research considers how to prevent community violence through building social capital, collective efficacy, and community capacity. This inquiry also utilized the social determinants of health to describe how violence and violence prevention is linked to community health. This dissertation uses qualitative data, including interviews, document analysis, and field notes to explore the mechanisms by which interfaith leadership can prevent community violence, specifically gang violence and violent extremism. / Doctor of Philosophy / Community violence can have lasting impacts on populations that experience it, including but not limited to, financial damages, property damage, and psychological trauma. Therefore, exploring methods of violence prevention is increasingly important. This dissertation uses qualitative data to explore community violence prevention in Metro Detroit as carried out by the InterFaith Leadership Council and its broader network. Included in this dissertation are insights from interviews, document analysis, and field notes. All this data informs the research and attempts to address how the question of how the interfaith community in Metro Detroit is working to prevent community violence. This research utilizes the social ecological model and social disorganization theory as its overarching framework for analysis. The analysis examines interfaith relationships, collective efficacy, and community capacity. This research also frames violence and violence prevention within the context of the social determinants of health in an attempt to identify the factors that affect violence and violence prevention.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan utvalda interna och externa lönsamhetsfaktorer och lönsamheten för svenska bankaktiebolag under perioden 2015-2022. Vidare är studiens syfte att undersöka bankens lönsamhet påverkad av Covid-19-pandemin. Resultaten visar att de interna lönsamhetsfaktorerna hade förväntat samband med lönsamheten, förutom kreditrisken. Bankstorlekens effekt var positiv, kapitalstrukturen hade tvådelat resultat och likviditetsrisken var negativ. Kreditrisken hade däremot ett positivt samband. De externa visade dock inga betydande samband med lönsamheten. Dessutom tyder resultaten på att svenska banker har hanterat Covid-19-pandemins effekter relativt väl, med endast en måttlig minskning av ROAA och en ökning av ROAE under perioden 2020-2022.

<p dir="ltr">Airport parking revenues become essential in maintaining daily aeronautical and non-aeronautical operations and financing capital expenditures. There exist significant variations between different airports in terms of their parking revenues, and such variations will not be eliminated when airport parking revenue is standardized by passenger volume. Given the limited empirical research on airport parking revenues, this study examines the variation of airport parking revenue per locally originating passenger using random-effects regression on a five-year panel dataset. Our regression results reveal a significant positive relationship between airport economy parking price and airport parking revenue per locally originating passenger. Additionally, we find a significant positive relationship between household vehicle ownership and airport parking revenue per locally originating passenger. However, the number of offsite parking service providers can lead to a significant negative effect on airport parking revenue per locally originating passenger. Based on these findings, airport operators can implement strategic management initiatives tailored to local market conditions, with the goal of optimizing airport parking revenues and improving passenger welfare.</p>

Yes / Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are currently the leading cause of death worldwide. In this paper, we examine the channels through which economic growth affects NCDs’ epidemiology. Following a production function approach, we develop a basic technique to break up the impact of economic growth on NCDs into three fundamental components: (1) a resource effect; (2) a behaviour effect; and (3) a knowledge effect. We demonstrate that each of these effects can be measured as the product of two elasticities, the output and income elasticity of the three leading factors influencing the frequency of NCDs in any population: health care, healthrelated behaviours and lifestyle, and medical knowledge.

In late 2019, scientists discovered a novel strain of coronavirus originating out of Wuhan, China. By January 2020, the United States (U.S.) saw its first positive case of coronavirus and the public was still unsure how serious of an epidemic this would be. By the time the World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic a “global pandemic” on March 11, 2020, world leaders, public health experts, scientists, and public administrators kicked into high gear to start serious pandemic response efforts. The public sector is typically the responsible authority for the preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery of such a public health crisis. The purpose of this paper is to build on French’s (2011) study on the characterization of pandemic planning preparedness of the 50 most populous U.S. cities to assess the impacts of a real-time pandemic, COVID-19, upon the public health outcomes of these same cities. While certain public health data (e.g., disease-specific mortality data) are typically indicators of the impacts of diseases, this study acknowledges and cautions that taking these indicators into consideration is not a direct reflection of any one government’s performance in the face of disaster. A plethora of factors (e.g., social, economic, geographic, environmental, biological) and choices at the societal, community, and individual levels can impact the health outcomes of those populations. The COVID-19 mortality data show that many of the U.S. cities with large populations were hit hard and fast during the beginning of the pandemic. It was anticipated that as a city’s preparedness level increased, its COVID-19 mortality rate would decrease. However, results indicated that cities with the highest level of preparedness actually experienced higher COVID-19 death rates than their less prepared counterparts. This analysis aims to shed light on the potential impact that local government management and leadership, especially by way of pandemic planning, has upon a real-time pandemic event and provide information relevant to best practices.

INTRODUCTION : Les soins de première ligne au Québec vivent depuis quelques années une réorganisation importante. Les GMF, les cliniques réseaux, les CSSS, les réseaux locaux de service, ne sont que quelques exemples des nouveaux modes d’organisation qui voient le jour actuellement. La collaboration interprofessionnelle se trouve au cœur de ces changements. MÉTHODOLOGIE : Il s’agit d’une étude de cas unique, effectuée dans un GMF de deuxième vague. Les données ont été recueillies par des entrevues semi-dirigées auprès du médecin responsable du GMF, des médecins et des infirmières du GMF, et du cadre responsable des infirmières au CSSS. Les entrevues se sont déroulées jusqu’à saturation empirique. Des documents concernant les outils cliniques et les outils de communication ont aussi été consultés. RÉSULTATS : À travers un processus itératif touchant les éléments interactionnels et organisationnels, par l’évolution vers une culture différente, des ajustements mutuels ont pu être réalisés et les pratiques cliniques se sont réellement modifiées au sein du GMF étudié. Les participants ont souligné une amélioration de leurs résultats cliniques. Ils constatent que les patients ont une meilleure accessibilité, mais l’effet sur la charge de travail et sur la capacité de suivre plus de patients est évaluée de façon variable. CONCLUSION : Le modèle conceptuel proposé permet d’observer empiriquement les dimensions qui font ressortir la valeur ajoutée du développement de la collaboration interprofessionnelle au sein des GMF, ainsi que son impact sur les pratiques professionnelles. / INTRODUCTION: Primary care in the Province of Quebec has undergone a substantial reorganisation over the last several years, on several fronts. Family Medicine Groups (FMG's), designated medical clinics, regional health boards, and local health networks, are only a few examples of new health care delivery components which have been created during this reorganisation. METHODS: This is a case study based on a single Family Medicine Group created during a second wave of innovation. Data was collected via semi-directed interviews with the head physician of the FMG, the group of physicians and nurses within the FMG, the nursing director of the FMG, and the director of nursing at the regional health board. Interviews were conducted until all available contacts were exhausted. The author also accessed the clinical guidelines and the documents used for communication within the FMG. RESULTS: Practice activities in the FMG did evolve over time as a result of mutual clinical and administrative interactions between nurses and physicians. Participants noted a visible improvement in health outcomes as well as increased accessibility to health care by patients. The impact on physician workload, and overall capacity in terms of number of patients followed, after creation of the FMG, were inconsistent. CONCLUSION: This proposed analytic model allows empiric measurement of the added value of FMG's for the development of inter-professional cooperation, and its impact on professional practices.

Contexte: Les facteurs de risque comportementaux, notamment l’inactivité physique, le comportement sédentaire, le tabagisme, la consommation d’alcool et le surpoids sont les principales causes modifiables de maladies chroniques telles que le cancer, les maladies cardiovasculaires et le diabète. Ces facteurs de risque se manifestent également de façon concomitante chez l’individu et entraînent des risques accrus de morbidité et de mortalité. Bien que les facteurs de risque comportementaux aient été largement étudiés, la distribution, les patrons d’agrégation et les déterminants de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux sont peu connus, surtout chez les enfants et les adolescents. Objectifs: Cette thèse vise 1) à décrire la prévalence et les patrons d’agrégation de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux des maladies chroniques chez les enfants et adolescents canadiens; 2) à explorer les corrélats individuels, sociaux et scolaires de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les enfants et adolescents canadiens; et 3) à évaluer, selon le modèle conceptuel de l’étude, l’influence longitudinale d’un ensemble de variables distales (c’est-à-dire des variables situées à une distance intermédiaire des comportements à risque) de type individuel (estime de soi, sentiment de réussite), social (relations sociales, comportements des parents/pairs) et scolaire (engagement collectif à la réussite, compréhension des règles), ainsi que de variables ultimes (c’est-à-dire des variables situées à une distance éloignée des comportements à risque) de type individuel (traits de personnalité, caractéristiques démographiques), social (caractéristiques socio-économiques des parents) et scolaire (type d’école, environnement favorable, climat disciplinaire) sur le taux d’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les enfants et adolescents canadiens. Méthodes: Des données transversales (n = 4724) à partir du cycle 4 (2000-2001) de l’Enquête longitudinale nationale sur les enfants et les jeunes (ELNEJ) ont été utilisées pour décrire la prévalence et les patrons d’agrégation de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les jeunes canadiens âgés de 10-17 ans. L’agrégation des facteurs de risque a été examinée en utilisant une méthode du ratio de cas observés sur les cas attendus. La régression logistique ordinale a été utilisée pour explorer les corrélats de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux dans un échantillon transversal (n = 1747) de jeunes canadiens âgés de 10-15 ans du cycle 4 (2000-2001) de l’ELNEJ. Des données prospectives (n = 1135) à partir des cycle 4 (2000-2001), cycle 5 (2002-2003) et cycle 6 (2004-2005) de l’ELNEJ ont été utilisées pour évaluer l’influence longitudinale des variables distales et ultimes (tel que décrit ci-haut dans les objectifs) sur le taux d’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les jeunes canadiens âgés de 10-15 ans; cette analyse a été effectuée à l’aide des modèles de Poisson longitudinaux. Résultats: Soixante-cinq pour cent des jeunes canadiens ont rapporté avoir deux ou plus de facteurs de risque comportementaux, comparativement à seulement 10% des jeunes avec aucun facteur de risque. Les facteurs de risque comportementaux se sont agrégés en de multiples combinaisons. Plus précisément, l’occurrence simultanée des cinq facteurs de risque était 120% plus élevée chez les garçons (ratio observé/attendu (O/E) = 2.20, intervalle de confiance (IC) 95%: 1.31-3.09) et 94% plus élevée chez les filles (ratio O/E = 1.94, IC 95%: 1.24-2.64) qu’attendu. L’âge (rapport de cotes (RC) = 1.95, IC 95%: 1.21-3.13), ayant un parent fumeur (RC = 1.49, IC 95%: 1.09-2.03), ayant rapporté que la majorité/tous de ses pairs consommaient du tabac (RC = 7.31, IC 95%: 4.00-13.35) ou buvaient de l’alcool (RC = 3.77, IC 95%: 2.18-6.53), et vivant dans une famille monoparentale (RC = 1.94, IC 95%: 1.31-2.88) ont été positivement associés aux multiples comportements à risque. Les jeunes ayant une forte estime de soi (RC = 0.92, IC 95%: 0.85-0.99) ainsi que les jeunes dont un des parents avait un niveau d’éducation postsecondaire (RC = 0.58, IC 95%: 0.41-0.82) étaient moins susceptibles d’avoir de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux. Enfin, les variables de type social distal (tabagisme des parents et des pairs, consommation d’alcool par les pairs) (Log du rapport de vraisemblance (LLR) = 187.86, degrés de liberté = 8, P < 0,001) et individuel distal (estime de soi) (LLR = 76.94, degrés de liberté = 4, P < 0,001) ont significativement influencé le taux d’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux. Les variables de type individuel ultime (âge, sexe, anxiété) et social ultime (niveau d’éducation du parent, revenu du ménage, structure de la famille) ont eu une influence moins prononcée sur le taux de cooccurrence des facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les jeunes. Conclusion: Les résultats suggèrent que les interventions de santé publique devraient principalement cibler les déterminants de type individuel distal (tel que l’estime de soi) ainsi que social distal (tels que le tabagisme des parents et des pairs et la consommation d’alcool par les pairs) pour prévenir et/ou réduire l’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les enfants et les adolescents. Cependant, puisque les variables de type distal (telles que les caractéristiques psychosociales des jeunes et comportements des parents/pairs) peuvent être influencées par des variables de type ultime (telles que les caractéristiques démographiques et socioéconomiques), les programmes et politiques de prévention devraient également viser à améliorer les conditions socioéconomiques des jeunes, particulièrement celles des enfants et des adolescents des familles les plus démunies. / Background: Behavioural risk factors including physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and being overweight are major modifiable causes of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. These lifestyle risk factors also co-occur in individuals and lead to increased risks of chronic diseases morbidity and mortality. Although single behavioural risk factors have been extensively studied, little is known about the distribution, clustering patterns and potential determinants of multiple behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases, particularly in children and adolescents. Objectives: This thesis aims 1) to describe the prevalence and clustering patterns of multiple chronic disease behavioural risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents; 2) to explore potential individual, social and school correlates of multiple chronic disease behavioural risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents; and 3) to assess, based on the conceptual framework of this study, the longitudinal influence of selected individual (sense of self, sense of achievement), social (social relations, others’ behaviours) and school (collective commitment to success, comprehension of rules) distal variables (variables situated at an intermediate distance from behaviours), as well as selected individual (demographics and personality traits), social (parental socioeconomic characteristics) and school (type of school, supportive environment, disciplinary climate) ultimate variables (variables situated at an utmost distance from behaviours) on the rate of occurrence of multiple chronic disease behavioural risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional data (n = 4724) from Cycle 4 (2000-2001) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) were used to describe the prevalence and clustering patterns of multiple behavioural risk factors in Canadian youth aged 10-17 years. Clustering was assessed using an observed to expected ratio method. Ordinal logistic regression was used to explore correlates of multiple behavioural risk factors in a cross-sectional sample (n = 1747) of Canadian youth aged 10-15 years from Cycle 4 (2000-2001) of the NLSCY. Prospective data (n = 1135) from Cycle 4 (2000-2001), Cycle 5 (2002-2003) and Cycle 6 (2004-2005) of the NLSCY were used to assess the longitudinal influence of selected distal and ultimate variables (as described above in the objectives) on the rate of occurrence of multiple behavioural risk factors in Canadian youth aged 10-15 years; this analysis was performed using longitudinal Poisson models. Results: Sixty-five percent of Canadian youth had two or more behavioural risk factors compared to only 10% with no risk factor. Behavioural risk factors clustered in multiple combinations. Specifically, the simultaneous occurrence of all five risk factors was 120% greater in males (observed/expected (O/E) ratio = 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31-3.09) and 94% greater in females (O/E ratio = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.24-2.64) than expected by chance. Older age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.21-3.13), caregiver smoking (OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.09-2.03), reporting that most/all of one’s peers smoked (OR = 7.31, 95% CI: 4.00-13.35) or drank alcohol (OR = 3.77, 95% CI: 2.18-6.53), and living in a lone-parent family (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.31-2.88) increased the likelihood of having multiple health risk behaviours. Youth with high self-esteem (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85-0.99) and youth from families with post-secondary education (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.41-0.82) were less likely to have a higher number of behavioural risk factors. Finally, social distal variables (caregiver smoking, peer smoking, peer drinking) (Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) = 187.86, degrees of freedom = 8, P < 0.001) and individual distal variables (such as self-esteem) (LLR = 76.94, degrees of freedom = 4, P < 0.001) significantly influenced the rate of occurrence of multiple behavioural risk factors. Individual ultimate variables (age, sex, anxiety) and social ultimate variables (parental education, household income, family structure) exerted a less pronounced influence on the rate of co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors among youth. Conclusion: The results suggest that public health interventions should primarily target the individual distal (such as self-esteem) and social distal variables (such as parental smoking, peer smoking and peer drinking) to reduce or prevent the occurrence of multiple behavioural risk factors among youth. However, since distal variables (such as psychosocial characteristics and others’ behaviours) may be influenced by ultimate variables (such as demographic and socioeconomic characteristics), prevention programs and policies should also aim to improve the socioeconomic conditions of children and adolescents, particularly those of youth from less affluent families.