The thesis examines the utilization of linguogenetic (Proto-Indo-European) and cultural- historic (through borrowing) relationships among European languages in instruction and self- study of foreign languages, and as a means of strengthening European unity. As an example serves German, English and Czech, occasionally Latin and Old Greek, in Teaching German as a Foreign Language. The methods are secondary sources research (to present concise history of the languages and their ancestral proto-languages), analysis of linguistic relationships (between 450 lexemes of the German basic vocabulary and their semantic equivalents - translations - in English, Czech, occasionally Latin and Old Greek) and an opinion survey (among 75 respondents about their interest in the historiolinguistic approach and about their belief in this improving the international relations). The results showed that more than a half of the 450 German words are linguogenetically cognate to English and a significant amount of them also to Czech and Latin. On the contrary, borrowings did not play such an important role within the basic wordstock. Most respondents expressed some kind of interest into the historiolinguistic approach and many of them also believed this approach to have a positive impact on intercultural aspects. KEY WORDS...

As technology continues to change the way society communicates, teachers need to prepare their students for digital literacy and competencies in their adulthood. Specific training is necessary for educators in the appropriate and effective methods for incorporating technologies such as smart phones and hand-held devices. Teachers, who work in international boarding schools, are more effective in their use of technology when they understand the classroom cultural differences and are able to clarify any misconceptions. To determine what experienced teachers find missing in their instruction and what should be included in a teachers' instructional guide, a guide was developed based upon the existing literature; the guide was tested and revised under three conditions. In the first phase, a panel of subject-matter experts reviewed the guide draft to identify the instructional goals and validate the survey instrument. In the second phase, a teacher's workshop was conducted and provided in-depth discussions on how they use technology in the classroom. Teachers shared examples of how culture affected students' use and misuse of technology. In the final phase, observations were conducted as teachers used the lessons and resources in their instruction. The final revision, presented in this document, includes closing comments made by participating teachers. The goal was to develop a digital citizenship guide for teachers in international boarding schools that reflected best practices from the literature and the input from experts and teachers. The results identified the specific skills and competencies that are required to teach students how to communicate in the digital world and become good digital citizens. The culturally diverse student population at the investigation site made it possible to generalize instructional sets that will be of value to teachers everywhere. The guide, developed through the dissertation initiative, provides educators with the knowledge, tools, and examples necessary to teach students how these technologies can be used in a multicultural learning environment. It can be used to address the fundamentals of digital citizenship and provide insight into the role culture plays in the use of technology in education.

This thesis deals with the concept of sustainable tourism development and application of this approach in Italy. The first chapter is devoted to the theory and explains the sustainability of tourism. The second chapter presents Italy as a tourist destination and its position on the international tourism market. The third part focuses on sustainable tourism and its form in Italy. The final chapter describes the most actual problems of Italian tourism and proposes possible solutions.

The aim of this dissertation is to describe socioeconomic development of Central - Bohemian region and one of the Operational program, which is the Joint Regional Operational Programme (JROP). It contains the comparison of the chosen demographic and socioeconomic indicators during the period 2000-2009 and the benefits of JROP in the Central - Bohemian region. The dissertation is divided into two main parts. In the first one is presented Central - Bohemia region, and the description of the covered indicators, e.g. the structure of the inhabitants in detail of sex and age, natality, structure of abortions, marriages, divorces, migration, and the measurement of these indicators. Further, the basic socioeconomic parameters as the labor market and the associated unemployment, trend of the GDP, transport infrastructure, and opportunities in tourism are described, followed by description of particular Priorities of the operational program. In the analytical part, the comparison and evaluation of the covered indicators in detail of districts in Central Bohemia Region and successfulness of JROP priority axis covering all the Central Bohemian Region is included. Successful projects, amount of paid financial sources to final beneficiaries in detail of particular regions according to priorities.

Notre équipe s’intéresse à la différenciation des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) vers la lignée des lymphocytes T. Contrairement aux autres lignées sanguines, qui se développent dans la MO, les progéniteurs des lymphocytes T doivent terminer leur différenciation dans le thymus. Ma thèse a un double objectif: 1) caractériser les progéniteurs candidats à la reconstitution T pour établir leur contribution à celle-ci et 2) identifier les stades initiaux de la reconstitution T. Nous avons mis en évidence que seul le progéniteur multipotent au stade 3 (MPP3 : Lin- Sca1+ c-Kit+ VCAM1- Flt3+) et le progéniteur commun lymphoïde (CLP : Lin- Sca1lo c-Kitlo IL7Ra+ Flt3-) circulent dans le sang. De plus, nos résultats montrent que les gènes impliqués dans l’engagement T et dans la migration thymique sont uniquement exprimées par la population MPP3 circulante. Cette population est la plus compétente pour générer des précurseurs T (pré-T). Au contraire, les CLPs sont plus efficaces pour la production de différents types de cellules B de la rate. Par la suite, mon projet a consisté à déterminer la proportion de progéniteurs contribuant à la reconstitution T. En effet, le thymus peut être colonisé par différents progéniteurs (LMPP, Lymphoid-primed Multipotent Progenitors, et CLP), mais leur contribution dans la différenciation T reste inconnue et est sujet à controverse. Nous avons utilisé une stratégie innovante pour suivre les progéniteurs avec une séquence d’ADN ou Code Barre (CB) intégrée dans le génome par un vecteur viral. Les résultats préliminaires indiquent qu'une forte fréquence de CBs en provenance de la population LMPP est retrouvée dans le compartiment T thymique. Dans la dernière partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à élucider le premier stade de différenciation T dans le thymus et l’identité cellulaire et moléculaire des premiers migrants thymiques pour comprendre le délai de génération de ce compartiment. La population thymique la plus immature (TN1 : Lin- CD44+ CD25+) présente différentes sous-population selon l’expression de c-Kit et de CD24 chacune de ces différentes populations TN1 pourrait participer à cette reconstitution T. Leur analyse moléculaire montre deux lignées cellulaire selon l’expression de Pu1, dans les TN1 c-Kit+, et de Cd3e, dans la sous-population TN1e (CD24- c-Kit-). En parallèle, pour éclaircir le processus d’engagement des cellules T, ces sous-populations de TN1 ont été étudiées dans différentes conditions de reconstitution : une reconstitution endogène suite à une irradiation sub-létale et une exogène après greffe de MO. Nos résultats permettent de préciser les caractéristiques, propres aux progéniteurs thymiques au stade TN1, qui leur confèrent des compétences à se différencier et à proliférer plus efficacement. Après irradiation ou greffe de MO, le compartiment TN1 est constitué de cellules à faible capacité proliférative. Le thymus en état de reconstitution génère tout d’abord des cellules présentatrice d’antigène (APC) puis les cellules T. Ces deux points suggèrent que les cellules à faible capacité proliférative seront plus aptes à générer des cellules APC plutôt que des cellules T. Il reste à déterminer quel environnement thymique permet le maintien des cellules à faible capacité proliférative, notamment, par rapport à l’expression de Delta-4, de l’IL7 et du ligand c-Kit. Cela va permettre l'identification de facteurs favorisant leur induction et leur expansion. Il nous semble aussi intéressant d’étudier la contribution de la population à faible capacité proliférative, TN1 CD24- c-Kit-, dans la différenciation T. / Within the hematopoietic system, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the only cells with the functional capacity to give rise to all blood lineages and to self-renew for life. These properties and the ability of HSCs to engraft conditioned recipients permitted to apply these cells in regenerative medicine. Like all blood lineages, T cells develop from bone marrow HSC. However, T lineage development requires many weeks, three separate anatomical sites (bone marrow, blood and thymus), many environments and the loss of multiple alternative lineage potentials. Many questions remain to be clarified during this process: do all progenitors have an intrinsic feature of T cell development ? How does this intrinsic potential express ? How the bloodstream contributes to the T cell development ? Which BM progenitor contributes to T cell reconstitution ? What are the characteristics of T cell reconstitution ? We have shown that only the multipotent progenitor in stage 3 (MPP3: Lin- Sca1+ c-Kit+ VCAM1- Flt3+) and a subset of the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP Flt3-: Lin- Sca1lo c-Kitlo IL7Ra+ Flt3-) circulate in the blood. Moreover, our results show that T cell engagement and thymic migration genes are modulated in the circulation, especially up-regulated in the MPP3 circulating subset. This population present a T cell intrinsic potential and is the most competent to generate precursors T (pre-T). On the contrary, CLPs subsets are more efficient for the production of different B cells. Lymphoid primed multipotent progenitor (LMPP, MPP Flt3+) and CLP subsets' respective contributions to the T cell pathway are still being hotly debated. Multiple progenitors in BM have been shown to possess T lineage potential when placed in the thymus. However, it is unlikely that all of them contribute physiologically to thymopoiesis. It was claimed that CLPs are the earliest lymphoid committed progenitor from which B and T lineage cells arise. However, the concept that the CLP is the progenitor population through which all T lymphocytes are derived has been challenged. More specifically, which BM progenitor contribute to the T cell reconstitution ? In order to answer this question, we used an innovative strategy to follow the progenitors with a DNA sequence or Barcode (BC) integrated into the genome by a viral vector. Preliminary results indicate that a high frequency of BCs from the LMPP population is found in the T cell lineage. Finally, we characterized the first stage of T cell differentiation in the thymus by a cellular and molecular asses. We show that the most immature thymic population (TN1: Lin- CD44+ CD25+), at the molecular level, contain two separate lineages, detected by Pu1 (TN1a and b) or CD3e (TN1e) gene expression. In order to clarify the process of T-cell involvement, these TN1 subsets have been studied under different reconstitution conditions: endogenous reconstruction following sub-lethal irradiation and exogenous after bone marrow (BM) graft. In these conditions, the TN1 compartment presents cells with low proliferative capacity and that antigen presenting cells (APC) are the first mature population and thus T cells are generated in second place. These two points suggest that cells with low proliferative capacity will be more apt to generate APC cells rather than T cells. It remains to be determined which thymic environment permits the maintenance of cells with a low proliferative capacity, in particular, with respect to the expression of Delta-4, IL7 and the c-Kit ligand. This will allow the identification of factors favoring their induction and their expansion. It also seems interesting to study the contribution of the population with low proliferative capacity, TN1 CD24- c-Kit-, in the T cell differentiation.

Le neuroblastome (NB) est une tumeur pédiatrique du système nerveux sympathique. Des mutations activatrices du gène ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase) ont été identifiées dans 8 % des formes sporadiques et dans des formes familiales de NB. Le gène ALK code pour un récepteur tyrosine kinase appartenant à la famille des récepteurs à l’insuline, principalement exprimé dans le système nerveux central et périphérique. Le récepteur ALK représente une cible thérapeutique pertinente dans ce cancer. Des mutations de novo du gène ALK ont également été rapportées dans une forme syndromique associant NB congénital et encéphalopathie sévère avec dysmorphie du tronc cérébral, suggérant un rôle développemental du gène ALK en plus de son implication dans l’oncogenèse.Dans ce contexte, mon projet de thèse avait pour but de déterminer le rôle du récepteur ALK muté dans l’oncogenèse du NB et le développement, principalement à l’aide de modèles murins originaux obtenus au laboratoire. J’ai ainsi largement caractérisé deux lignées de souris KI (Knock-In) Alk pour les deux mutations les plus fréquemment observées dans le NB: F1174L et R1275Q chez l’homme, correspondant à F1178L et R1279Q chez la souris.Une analyse détaillée de ces deux lignées de souris n’a pas révélé de phénotype majeur chez les souris KI AlkR1279Q hétérozygotes et homozygotes ainsi que chez les hétérozygotes KI AlkF1178L. Par contre, nous avons documenté une forte létalité post-natale des animaux KI AlkF1178L homozygotes et montré que ces nouveaux-nés présentent des troubles majeurs d’alimentation. Les homozygotes KI AlkF1178L phénocopient donc partiellement les patients encéphalopathes. La différence d’effet observé entre les animaux hétérozygotes et homozygotes suggère fortement qu’il existe un seuil d’activation du récepteur Alk compatible avec la survie.Nous avons ensuite exploré le rôle du récepteur ALK muté dans le système nerveux sympathique des souris KI Alkmut. Cette analyse a montré que l’activation du récepteur induit un excès de prolifération des neurones sympathiques de E14.5 à la naissance. Néanmoins, nous n’avons pas observé de NB chez ces animaux. En croisant ces souris avec la lignée TH-MYCN, nous avons documenté une coopération des mutations Alk avec l’oncogène MYCN pour le développement de NB. La comparaison des profils transcriptomiques des tumeurs murines MYCN et MYCN/Alkmut a révélé que l’expression de l’oncogène Ret (codant également un récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase) était fortement induite par l’activation du récepteur Alk. Le traitement des souris par un inhibiteur de l’activité kinase du récepteur Ret a montré une diminution de la taille des tumeurs suggérant que le gène Ret joue un rôle majeur dans l’oncogenèse induite par le récepteur Alk muté. Par ailleurs, l’induction de l’expression du gène RET par le récepteur ALK muté dans les NB a été confirmée dans des lignées et des tumeurs humaines.Afin de déterminer le mécanisme par lequel l’activation du récepteur ALK aboutit à la régulation de l’expression du gène RET des expériences ont été effectuées sur des lignées humaines de NB dans lesquelles le récepteur ALK peut être activé ou inactivé. Ce travail a montré que l’expression du gène RET est dépendante de l’axe ALK-ERK-ETV5. En effet, la modulation de l’activité du récepteur ALK affecte l’expression des gènes ETV5 et RET. Cet effet est dépendant de l’activation de la voie MEK/ERK. Par ailleurs, ETV5 active l’expression du gène RET. Afin de confirmer le rôle de Ret dans l’oncogenèse dépendante du récepteur Alk, nous avons croisé des souris portant une mutation activatrice de Ret avec les souris TH-MYCN. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence que le récepteur Ret activé coopère avec l’oncogène MYCN dans le développement de tumeurs et que ces tumeurs sont des NB présentant des caractéristiques très semblables à celles des tumeurs MYCN/Alkmut. Le gène Ret apparaît donc comme une cible essentielle du récepteur Alk muté dans l’oncogenèse du NB. / Neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric tumor arising from the sympathetic nervous system. Activating mutations of the ALK gene have been observed in around 8 % of sporadic neuroblastoma as well as in familial cases. The ALK gene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor of the insulin receptor super-family. It is mainly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. The ALK receptor represents a therapeutic target in this cancer. De novo ALK mutations have also been reported in a syndrome associating congenital NB and severe encephalopathy with abnormal shape of the brainstem, suggesting a developmental role for the ALK gene in addition to its implication in oncogenesis.In this context, my PhD project was to determine the role of the mutated ALK receptor in NB oncogenesis and in development, mainly with original mouse models obtained in the laboratory. I extensively characterized two knock-in (KI) Alk mouse lines with the two mutations that are most frequently observed in NB: F1174L and R1275Q in human and F1178L and R1279Q in mouse.A detailed analysis of these two mouse lines showed that the KI AlkR179Q heterozygous and homozygous mice as well as the KI AlkF1178L heterozygous mice do not show striking clinical signs. On the contrary, we documented a high postnatal lethality for KI AlkF1178L homozygous mice and showed that these pups presented with a dramatic reduced milk intake. Thus, the KI AlkF1178L homozygous mice partially phenocopy the human patients with encephalopathy. The difference of phenotype between the heterozygous and the homozygous KI AlkF1178L mice highly suggest a threshold of activity of the Alk receptor compatible with survival.We then explored the role of the mutated ALK receptor in the sympathetic nervous system of the KI Alkmut mice. This analysis showed that the activation of the receptor induces an excess of proliferation in sympathetic neurons from E14.5 to birth. However, we could not observe NB in these animals. We next bread these mice with the transgenic TH-MYCN line. We documented cooperation between Alk mutations and the MYCN oncogene to induce NB. Comparison of transcriptomic profiles of MYCN vs MYCN/Alkmut tumors revealed that the expression of the Ret oncogene (encoding a tyrosine kinase receptor) was strongly induced by the activation of the Alk receptor. Besides, the induction of the expression of the RET gene by the mutated ALK receptor in NB was confirmed in human cell lines and tumors.In order to determine the mechanism by which the activation of the ALK receptor regulates RET gene expression, experiments were done on human NB cell lines in which the ALK receptor can be activated or inactivated. This work showed that RET gene expression is dependent of the ALK-ERK-ETV5 axis. Indeed, the modulation of the ALK receptor activity affects gene expression of ETV5 and RET. This effect is dependent of the activation of the MEK/ERK pathway. Besides, ETV5 increases RET gene expression. In order to confirm the role of the Ret receptor in oncogenesis driven by the mutated Alk receptor, we bread mice bearing an activating mutation of the Ret gene with the TH-MYCN mice. We showed that the activated Ret receptor cooperates with the MYCN oncogene in tumor formation and that these tumors are NB presenting with characteristics very close to MYCN/Alkmut tumors. Thus, the Ret gene appears to be an essential target of the mutated Alk receptor in NB oncogenesis.

Orientador: Suely Amaral Mello / Banca: Stela Miller / Banca: Lígia Márcia Martins. / Resumo: Esse trabalho de pesquisa examinou as relações de poder e dominação no processo educativo, com o objetivo de estudar possibilidades de alteração nas relações de dominação, por meio da produção coletiva de um regulamento orientador das relações sociais no interior da sala de aula. Foi realizado em uma escola pública, em uma classe de Ensino Fundamental, com 30 alunos e um professor como sujeitos da pesquisa. Desenvolveu-se como uma pesquisa-ação, pela utilização de entrevistas, observações durante as aulas e com a colaboração do professor, em uma intervenção no processo de regulamentação da atividade em sala de aula. A fundamentação teórica do presente estudo foi a teoria Histórico- Cultural, baseada essencialmente em Vygotski e Leontiev, inspirada pelo Materialismo Histórico e Dialético marxista, além de outras fontes da psicologia, antropologia, sociologia e pedagogia. Foi observado o desenvolvimento de um processo de estruturação das atividades na sala de aula, que reproduz a estrutura de relações de poder e dominação presentes na sociedade. Também foi possível observar que as relações de dominação aparecem como contradição nas relações no interior da sala de aula e que, portanto, podem ser objetos de reflexão conjunta de aluno e professor. Nota-se que as contradições da regulamentação só aparecem para os alunos e para o professor no processo de produção coletiva da regulamentação quando as necessidades afetivas e emocionais dos alunos são consideradas. Isto não ocorre quando mecanismos de dominação prevalecem na construção das regras; nesta situação, verifica-se uma aparente concordância ou submissão a elas. / Abstract: The present study examined power and domination relationships in the educational environment, aimed to investigate mechanisms of change in these relationships through collective production of rules for social behavior in the classroom. The study was carried out in a public elementary school, with a teacher and his 30 students as subjects, using an action research approach with the aid of recorded interviews and assistematic observations during the process of rule building in the classroom. The theoretical foundations of the present analysis was the Cultural Historical theory , based essentially on Vygotski and Leontiev's work (inspired by the marxist historical and dialectic materialism), as well as other psychological, anthropological, sociologicaland pedagogical sources. It was observed that the development of a rule production process mainly reproduces the structure of power and domination relationships present in the surrounding society. It was also noted that domination relationships appear as contradictions in the classroom, which can thus be object of collective reflection by teacher and students. These contradictions appear to the students and teacher only during the collective production of rules, when the student's affective and emotional needs are considered. They are absent when domination mechanisms are used, leading to an apparent acceptation of, or submission to, the rules produced so far. / Mestre

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O Brasil tem uma nova legislaÃÃo hÃdrica. Esse trabalho se propÃe a entender o que tornou inadequado o CÃdigo de Ãguas de 1934 e as razÃes da PolÃtica Nacional de Recursos HÃdricos conforme a Lei 9.433 de 8 de janeiro de 1997. Uma pergunta o motiva: trata-se de uma intervenÃÃo tendo em vista assegurar Ãgua à atual e Ãs futuras geraÃÃes nas quantidades e qualidade exigidas? Parte do princÃpio que a sociedade à formada por indivÃduos, grupos e classes sociais que tÃm interesses diferentes, frequentemente opostos e que as polÃticas pÃblicas, instituiÃÃes e leis expressam esses conflitos e neles intervÃm. Para compreender a crise ambiental e as propostas que visam superÃ-la, à necessÃrio situÃ-las na teia de relaÃÃes que envolve Estado, sociedade, indivÃduo e natureza. A polÃtica hÃdrica, decisiva intervenÃÃo do Estado na apropriaÃÃo e uso de um recurso essencial à vida e à produÃÃo que tende a tornar-se escasso, interfere diretamente na apropriaÃÃo dos frutos do trabalho e nas relaÃÃes de poder. O presente trabalho assinala o carÃter histÃrico da escassez da Ãgua no Brasil e no mundo, discute a racionalidade das relaÃÃes com a natureza e a evoluÃÃo da posiÃÃo do Estado brasileiro frente aos recursos naturais e, em particular, hÃdricos. Procura mostrar que a apropriaÃÃo e manejo dos mesmos sÃo racionais no sentido de permitirem a reproduÃÃo social. O CÃdigo de Ãguas correspondeu ao esforÃo industrializante da Era Vargas. Os fundamentos da Lei 9.433 revelam sua adequaÃÃo Ãs necessidades atuais do capital, as contradiÃÃes que o permeiam e traÃos marcantes do Estado e do ambientalismo mundialmente hegemÃnicos. A reforma brasileira assemelha-se a outras que estÃo sendo realizadas no mundo e que, invariavelmente, tendem a ampliar o espaÃo mercantil. A nova polÃtica pretende-se democrÃtica e descentralizadora; configura-se, em princÃpio, como um espaÃo aberto à participaÃÃo popular. Trata-se, porÃm, de uma vigorosa aÃÃo do Estado que o desobriga de responsabilidades que atà entÃo lhe eram imputadas e aumenta as possibilidades de controle sobre esse recurso. Sob a aparÃncia de atender a todos e proteger os recursos hÃdricos, a Lei poderà constituir-se em um importante instrumento para a expansÃo do capital e a destruiÃÃo da natureza. Apesar disso, ao colocar a Ãgua como bem de domÃnio pÃblico, contÃm abertura legal para as lutas de resistÃncia contra sua mercantilizaÃÃo. / Brazil has new water legislation. This study examines why the 1934 Water Code became inadequate and the reasons that led to the National Water Resources Policy, according to the Law 9433 (January 8, 1997). It is motivated by a central question: does state intervention intend to assure water to actual and future generations, in the amounts and with the quality required for it various use? The primary principle is that society comprises individuals, groups and classes which have different, frequently opposed, interests; public policies, institutions and laws express and intervene in these conflicts. The environmental crisis and the sense of proposals aiming its solution must be considered in the context of the complex links between State, society, individuals and nature. Water policy constitutes a decisive intervention in the appropriation and use of a resource essential to life and production that is becoming scarce. Thus, it is a relevant element for appropriation of labor results and for power relations. The present study points out the historical character of water scarcity worldly and nationally, discuss the rationality of the society-nature relations and the evolution of Brazilian State commitment to the so-called natural resources, in particular, water resources. It intends to demonstrate that the politics of water appropriation and management are rationally designed and fulfill the reproduction necessities of the capitalist system. The Water Code matched the industrialization efforts of the Vargas period. The reflection on the basis of the 1997 Law shows its adaptation to capital needs, at the end of the XX century, and the contradictions that permeate such process. This Law assimilates the world hegemonic conception of State and environmental policies and is similar to diverse countries ongoing reforms, which invariantly tend to expand market. The new policy pretends to be democratic and decentralized, as well, as favor popular participation. In fact, it is a vigorous state intervention. The water legislation,simultaneously, alleviates the government from its constitutional duties and increases the possibilities of control over this vital resource. Despite the discourse of attending all Brazilians, the present Law is especially attentive to hegemonic interests, and it could become an important instrument for capitalistic expansion; it is to say, for the destruction of nature and, in particular, water. However, considering water as public goods, the Law allows resistence figths against waterâs commercialization.

Diploma work dealed with vocabulary and its development in children aged 8 to 10. The research was doing as a language tests, language games and essays during the longer time period. The target of this work is found out if the vocabulary is more developed. We examinated also children from another ethnic groups and children with developmental disorders.

This theses treats the question of business activities development of the company Adam Rujbr Architects s.r.o.. The company provides a complex range or architectural services including design and engineering and their aim is to be a respected, reliable and comprehensive service supplier. Based on analyses of the relevant company business information I have suggested a solution of further company development. My proposal includes suggestion of collateral business activities using a franchising model for run network of a multipurpose apartments.