Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Atualmente, a preocupaÃÃo com a qualidade de vida tem aumentado a demanda por alimentos que melhorem a saÃde e reduzam os riscos de doenÃas, dentre os quais destacam-se os oligossacarÃdeos prÃ-biÃticos. Nos Ãltimos anos, hà um crescente interesse no desenvolvimento de novos produtos alimentÃcios contendo esses compostos, incluindo-se os sucos de frutas. Desta forma, este trabalho visou à produÃÃo de oligossacarÃdeos prÃ-biÃticos em sucos de frutas e a secagem desses produtos pela tÃcnica de spray-driyng. Para a sÃntese enzimÃtica de oligossacarÃdeos utilizou-se a enzima dextrana-sacarase produzida pelo microorganismo L. mesenteroides B512F e realizou-se um planejamento experimental composto central, variando-se as concentraÃÃes de sacarose e aÃÃcares redutores nos sucos, com os ensaios conduzidos durante 24h a 30ÂC. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os sucos de abacaxi, melÃo e laranja apresentaram-se como uma excelente alternativa para a sÃntese de oligossacarÃdeos prÃ-biÃticos com elevados graus de polimerizaÃÃo. Os sucos prÃ-biÃticos obtidos das diferentes frutas submetidos ao processo de Spray Drying, no qual variaram-se os agentes encapsulantes utilizados, maltodextrina e goma arÃbica, assim como, a temperatura do ar de entrada (160 e 180 ÂC). As melhores condiÃÃes de secagem dos sucos de abacaxi, melÃo e laranja prÃ-biÃticos foram verificadas, ao utilizar-se 20% de maltodextrina e temperatura de 180 ÂC. Foram realizadas secagens dos sucos prÃbiÃticos, nas melhores condiÃÃes de secagem previamente determinadas, e observou-se que os pÃs obtidos apresentaram baixos valores para atividade de Ãgua, umidade, higroscopicidade e tempo de reidrataÃÃo, conferindo uma maior estabilidade fisico-quÃmica e microbiolÃgica ao produto, bem como, rÃpido preparo. A atividade antioxidante dos sucos tambÃm foi avaliada e verificou-se uma reduÃÃo neste parÃmetro. Conforme os resultados obtidos, constatou-se que os sucos de abacaxi, melÃo e laranja sÃo excelentes substratos para a obtenÃÃo de uma bebida prÃ-biÃtica inovadora, a apresentar-se na forma lÃquida para consumo imediato ou na forma desidratada, para preparo instantÃneo. / Nowadays, people have been concerned with their quality of life and wellness,increasing the consumption of foods, with prebiotic oligosaccharides, which may improve the health and decrease the disease risks. In recent years, a lot of new foods have been developed with these compounds (prebiotic oligosaccharides)including the fruit juices. The aim of this work was the prebiotic oligosaccharides production in orange, pineapple and melon juices, and their spray drying.The dextransucrase, produced by L. mesenteroides NRRL B-512F, was used for enzymatic synthesis following a central composite experimental design, with sucrose and reducing sugars variation, at 30 ÂC/ 24h. The prebiotic juices obtained were dried by spray drying, varying the maltodextrin and arabic gum concentration (10 and 20%) and the inlet temperatures (160 and 180 ÂC). Pineapple, orange and melon juices showed better results when maltodextrin(20%) and the inlet temperature 180 ÂC were utilized. The juice powders obtained showed low water activity, moisture,higroscopicity and rehydration time. These results give better microbiology and physicochemical stability, as well as, fast preparation. There was a decrease of the antioxidant activity at all products. The fruit juices used demonstrated an excellent way to produce, by enzymatic synthesis, prebiotic oligosaccharides with high polymerization degrees.

Objetivo: estudar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da solução salina hipertônica/dextran, comparada com solução salina normal, em pacientes com sepse grave. Modelo: ensaio clínico randomizado, prospectivo, duplo-cego, controlado. Local: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário. Pacientes: 29 pacientes com sepse grave, admitidos na UTI com pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar (POAP) menor que 12 mmHg. Intervenções: os pacientes foram randomizados para receber 250 ml da solução salina normal [NaCl 0,9%] (Grupo SS, n=16) ou solução salina hipertônica [NaCl 7,5%]/dextran 70 8% ( Grupo SSH, n=13). Medidas e resultados: para cada grupo foram coletadas medidas hemodinâmicas, gasometrias (arterial e venosa), lactato e sódio séricos nos tempos 0, 30 minutos, 60 minutos, 120 minutos e 180 minutos. Durante o período do estudo não foi permitida qualquer alteração na infusão tanto de fluidos quanto das drogas vasopressoras. A POAP foi maior no grupo SSH, com a diferença sendo maior em 30 minutos (10,7±3,2 mmHg vs. 6,8±3,2 mmHg) e 60 minutos (10,3±3 mmHg vs. 7,4±2,9 mmHg); p<0,05. O índice cardíaco aumentou apenas no grupo SSH, sendo que as diferenças foram maiores em 30 minutos (6,5±4,7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,8±3,4 l min-1 m-2), em 60 minutos (4,9±4,5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,7±3,3 l min-1 m-2) e em 120 minutos (5,0±4,3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4,1±3,4 l min-1 m-2); p<0,05. O índice sistólico seguiu o mesmo padrão e foi maior em 30 minutos (53,6[39,2-62,8] ml m-2 vs. 35,6[31,2-49,2] ml m-2) e em 60 minutos (46,8[39,7-56,6] ml m-2 vs. 33,9[32,2-47,7] ml m-2); p<0,05. A resistência vascular sistêmica diminuiu no grupo SSH e foi menor nos tempos 30 minutos (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), em 60 minutos (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) e em 120 minutos (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0,05. O sódio sérico aumentou no grupo SSH e foi maior do que o grupo SS em 30 minutos (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), em 60 minutos (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), em 120 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) e em 180 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1); p<0,05. Conclusão: Solução salina hipertônica/dextran pode melhorar a performance cardiovascular na ressuscitação de pacientes com sepse grave. Os efeitos hemodinâmicos parecem estar relacionados tanto ao efeito no volume quanto a melhora da função cardíaca. A SSH/dextran podem ajudar a restaurar rapidamente a estabilidade hemodinâmica em pacientes sépticos, hipovolêmicos, sem apresentar efeitos indesejáveis significativos. / Objective: to study the hemodynamic effects of a hypertonic saline/dextran solution compared with a normal saline solution in severe septic patients. Design: prospective double blind and control-randomised study. Setting: Adult intensive care unit in a university hospital Patients: Twenty nine severe septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) lower than 12 mmHg. Interventions: Patients were randomised to receive 250 ml of blinded solutions of either normal saline (SS group, n=16) or hypertonic saline (NaCl 7,5%)/dextran 70 8% (HSS group, n=13) solutions. Measurements and Results: Hemodynamic, blood gases, blood lactate and sodium data were collected for each group at the following time points: baseline, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min and 180 min. During the study period, it was not allowed further fluid or vasoactive infusion rate modifications. PAOP was higher in the HSS group with the differences being greater at 30 (10.7±3.2 mmHg vs. 6.8±3.2 mmHg) and 60 min (10.3±3 mmHg vs. 7.4±2.9 mmHg); p<0.05. The cardiac index increased only in the HSS group with differences being greater at 30 (6.5±4.7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.8±3.4 l min-1 m-2), 60 (4.9±4.5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.7±3.3 l min-1 m-2) and 120 min (5.0±4.3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4.1±3.4 l min-1 m-2); p<0.05. The stroke volume index followed a comparable course and it was higher at 30 (53.6[39.2-62.8] ml m-2 vs. 35.6[31.2-49.2] ml m-2) and 60 min (46.8[39.7-56.6] ml m-2 vs. 33.9[32.2-47.7] ml m-2); p<0.05. Systemic vascular resistance decreased in the HSS group and became lower at 30 (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), 60 (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) and 120 min (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0.05. The serum sodium levels increased in the HSS group and were higher than in the SS group at 30 (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), 60 (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), 120 (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) and 180 min (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1 ); p<0.05. Conclusion: Hypertonic saline/dextran solution can improve cardiovascular performance in the resuscitation of severe septic patients. The hemodynamic effect appears related both to a volume effect and an improvement in cardiac function. Hypertonic saline/colloid solutions may help to rapidly restore hemodynamic stability in hypovolemic septic patients without significant side effects.

Introdução: O diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama tem tornado a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela (BLS) um método cada vez mais preconizado. Radiofármacos são usados para pesquisa e posterior BLS, porém ainda não existe um método padronizado. Uma das divergências refere-se ao tempo ideal da realização da injeção do material radioativo, que pode ser realizado no intra ou no pré-operatório. Objetivos: Comparar os resultados da BLS dos pacientes com câncer de mama submetidos à injeção intraoperatória de 99mTc-Dextran-500 em relação aos pacientes que realizaram injeção pré-operatória deste mesmo radiofármaco. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo por meio da revisão dos prontuários de pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo que realizaram BLS com uso de 99mTc-Dextran-500, de janeiro de 2008 a agosto de 2012, em uma única instituição. Os pacientes foram divididos segundo o momento de injeção do radiofármaco na mama acometida em grupo pré-operatório (PO) e grupo intraoperatório (IO). Os pacientes que recebiam injeção pré-operatória realizavam o mapeamento linfático por linfocintilografia. Nos dois grupos, era realizada análise da axila com auxílio do gamma probe durante o ato cirúrgico. Os grupos foram analisados quanto ao estadiamento tumoral clínico, número de focos do tumor primário, invasão vascular peritumoral, presença de receptores hormonais, resultado histológico e anatomopatológico e quantidade de linfonodos (LFs) retirados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 221 pacientes (PO=81 e IO=140). O estadiamento e a histologia tumorais, o número de focos, a invasão vascular peritumoral, bem como a idade dos pacientes eram semelhantes nos dois grupos. A média de LFs retirados foi 2,07 (+-1,33) no PO e 2,20 (+-1,13) no IO. O sucesso de identificação do LS no ato cirúrgico ocorreu em 92,59% dos casos PO e 96,42% dos casos IO. A taxa de falso negativo foi 11,1% no PO e foi 7,2% no grupo IO. A comparação destes dados não mostrou diferença significativa (considerando um nível de significância de 5%). Conclusão: Não há diferença nos resultados da BLS com uso de 99mTc-Dextran-500 no tempo pré-operatório em relação ao intraoperatório. Os dois métodos apresentaram-se eficazes e seguros. A utilização das imagens linfocintilográficas não parece ter influenciado o resultado final do exame. A injeção intraoperatória apresenta melhor logística, custo financeiro menor e extingue a dor e ansiedade do paciente. Logo, esta técnica deve ser preconizada. / Background: Early diagnosis of breast cancer has turned the sentinel node biopsy (SNB) into an increasingly advocated method. Radiopharmaceuticals are used for research and subsequent SNB, but there is still no standardized method. The time of injection, for example, can be intraoperative or preoperative. Objective: Compare the results of SNB of patients with breast cancer undergone intraoperative injection of 99mTc-Dextran-500 with patients underwent preoperative injection of the same radiopharmaceutical. Methods: Retrospective study through reviewing the medical records of patients with invasive breast cancer undergone SNB using 99mTc-Dextran-500, from January 2008 to August 2012, in a single institution. Patients were divided by the type of radiopharmaceutical injection: preoperative with lymphoscintigraphy (PO) or intraoperative (IO). All were subjected to analysis of the axilla with the aid of gamma probe during surgery. We analyzed clinical tumor staging, number of foci, peritumoral vascular invasion, pathological and histological results, number of lymph nodes removed and the presence of hormone receptors. Results: 221 patients included (IO group = 140; PO group = 81). The two groups had similar pathophysiological and etiological characteristics. The average number of lymph nodes removed was IO 2.20 (+ -1.13) and PO 2.07 (+ -1.33). The sentinel limph node (SLN) was positive for metastasis in 36% of IO and 35.8% of the PO. The successful identification of SLN during surgery was 96.42% in IO and 92.59% in PO. The false negative rate was 7.2% in the IO group and 11.1% in the PO. There was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: There is no difference in results between SNB using 99mTc-Dextran-500 intraoperative and preoperative. The use of intraoperative injection is effective and safe, and extinguishes the patient's pain and anxiety, improves logistics issue and costs less. Therefore, this technique can be envisaged.

O Brasil é atualmente o maior produtor e exportador mundial de açúcar e a aguardente de cana aqui produzida é a terceira bebida destilada mais consumida no mundo. Contudo, estes produtos ainda têm a sua qualidade afetada pela presença de Dextranas. Devido à sua origem (produto secundário do metabolismo bacteriano) e por conta das suas propriedades físico-químicas, as dextranas constituem um importante meio para a avaliação da qualidade do açúcar. No âmbito industrial, as dextranas podem causar diversos problemas ao setor alimentício que utiliza o açúcar como matéria-prima, além de estarem diretamente relacionadas à formação de precipitados na aguardente de cana adoçada. Este trabalho apresenta o primeiro perfil da distribuição de massa molar das dextranas presentes no açúcar brasileiro em função dos seus valores de Mn, Mw, Mz e polidispersividade, os quais exercem influência significativa sobre suas características físico-químicas. Estes parâmetros foram determinados via cromatografia líquida de exclusão por tamanho. O perfil de distribuição de massa molar traçado exibiu, majoritariamente, a presença de dois grupos de dextranas com valores de Mw médios de 5,0 x 106 e 4,8 x 104 Da, e, ocasionalmente, a presença de dextranas que foram classificadas num terceiro grupo com massas molares da ordem de 105 Da. Através deste perfil, foram avaliadas, em sistemas modelo aguardente-dextrana, as influências dos fatores temperatura, acidez, presença dos íons metálicos CuII, FeIII, CaII e MgII e incidência de luz sobre a velocidade de formação dos depósitos de dextranas na aguardente de cana. Demonstrou-se que a acidez e a temperatura foram os fatores que mais influenciam na velocidade de precipitação das dextranas em aguardentes de cana adoçadas. / Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of sugar in the world, and the cachaça is the third most produced distilled beverage in the world. However, these products have their quality affected by the presence of dextrans. Because of its origin (a secondary compound of bacterial metabolism) and due to its physical-chemical properties, the dextrans are an important indicator to assess the sugar quality. Dextrans can lead to problems in processed food production, and it has a strong relation with insoluble deposits in sugared sugar cane spirits. The dextran molecular mass distribution profile in terms of Mn, Mw Mz and polydispersity in Brazilian sugars are reported for the first time. The analyses were accomplished by Size-exclusion chromatography, using a refraction index detector. In most of the sugar samples, it was possible to identify two major groups of dextrans with Mw averages of 5.0 x 106 e 4.8 x 104 Da. A third group of dextrans with Mw of 105 was occasionally observed. With this data, model systems were built to assess the influence of the temperature, acidity, presence metalic ions CuII, FeIII, CaII, and MgII, light incidence in relation of dextran precipitation velocities. It is demonstrated that factors temperature and acidity are the most influential in the dextran precipitation velocity in sugar cane spirits.

This master thesis deals with the using of microcalorimetry in the study of hydration of biopolymers. Lactose has been selected together with the other biopolymers although it is not among biopolymers but disaccharides. Selected biopolymers are alginate, dextrane, chitosan and hyaluronan of two molecular weights. Lactose has been selected for these purposes mainly because it is a model example to determine whether or not the reaction to moisture between the other samples and the saturated salt solution occurs. The biopolymer hydration study, as opposed to the commonly used perfusion calorimetry method using the possibility of measuring with adjustable moisture has been used an isothermal microcalorimetry method where at two constant temperatures the reaction of the sample to the different moisture released by the saturated salt solution was monitored.

Presented master's thesis focuses on the study of hydration of selected biocolloid substances, specifically humic substances (humic acids and fulvic acids), hyaluronic acid with three different molecular weight, chitosan and dextran. Interaction of biocolloids with water was studied by different methods. The effect of solubility, structure, functional groups in molecule on sorption and hydration ability of these biocolloids was investigated. In the case of hyaluronan the influence of molecular weight was also study. Differential scanning calorimetry DSC and perfusion calorimetry give results of heat of hydration, enthalpies and temperature of crystallization and melting. Thermogravimetric analysis TGA was used to determine the original moisture content of the samples.

No description available.

<i>Orobanche</i> species are parasitic weeds that subsist on the roots of many dicotyledonous plants. These parasites form symplastic and apoplastic connections with their hosts and act as strong sinks for the uptake of water, minerals, and photosynthates, often causing severe damage to the hosts. Although the uptake of small molecules such as sugars and herbicides by <i>Orobanche</i> has been documented, movement of macromolecules between host and parasite has not been characterized. The objectives of this research were to 1) determine whether, and by what route, host macromolecules can be translocated to the parasite, and 2) engineer host resistance based on inducible expression of sarcotoxin IA, an anti-microbial peptide from the flesh fly (<i>Sarcophaga peregrina</i>). To address the first objective, transgenic plants expressing GFP localized to either the host cell cytosol (symplast) or secreted to the extra-cellular space (apoplast) were parasitized by <i>O. aegyptiaca</i>. Observations of green fluorescence in <i>O. aegyptiaca</i> tubercles growing on these plants indicate that the 27 kDa GFP molecule was translocated to the parasite via both symplastic and apoplastic routes. This work was supported by studies with xylem- and phloem-specific dyes, which showed that fluorescent dextrans as large as 70 kDa moved into the parasite through xylem connections. The second objective was addressed using tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> L. cv. Xanthi) plants expressing the sarcotoxin IA transgene under control of the parasite-inducible <i>HMG2</i> promoter. In soil experiments, transgenic tobacco plants had greater height and biomass, and showed up to 90% reduction in <i>O. ramosa</i> parasitism as measured by the fresh weight of parasite tubercles. In a semi-hydroponic growth system, where <i>Orobanche</i> tubercles can be visualized at early stages of growth, <i>O. aegyptiaca</i> parasites growing on plants expressing sarcotoxin IA were smaller and had an increased number of senescent tubercles compared to those growing on non-transformed plants. Considering the relatively small size of sarcotoxin IA (4 kDa), it is likely that this peptide moves from host to the parasite, where it accumulates to phytotoxic concentrations. In addition to increasing our knowledge of host-<i>Orobanche</i> interactions, this research used an antibiotic peptide to engineer partial <i>Orobanche</i> resistance into a highly susceptible crop. This strategy has broad implications for the control of other parasitic weeds. / Ph. D.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Despite recent advances in stem cell biology, immunotherapy and transplantation, substantial barriers still exist in the large-scale specific separation of a discrete population of human therapeutic cells from a cell suspension. The ideal purification technique should combine high cell purity, yield and function, with fast processing and affordability. Currently, fluorescence-activated cell sorting with flow cytometry (FACS) and magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS®) are the most used methods for cell separation and purification and have been employed extensively in molecular biology, diagnostic and cell sorting applications, because they are considered to be gentle, fast and scalable. However, these methods have several key disadvantages; they are invariably expensive, yield low log cell reduction (LCR) rates, and suffer from drawbacks when applied to niche cell populations, such as those requiring multiple tandem separation steps and/or involving combined positive and negative cell selection steps. To address this challenge, a new cell affinity selection system was developed. The selectivity is based on the reversible monomeric avidin biotin interaction and it is primary designed for positive selection. The initial studies were performed on flat, nonporous, glass coverslips and the technology was then successfully transferred on high grade smooth non-porous glass beads (with a diameter of 79.12 to 118.59 μm). The multi-step layer-by-layer deposition procedure culminating in dextran-coated supports bearing monomeric avidin was rigorously characterized and subsequently employed in packed bed chromatography experiments with human erythrocytes isolated from cord blood and B lymphocytes from cell lines. The developed affinity selection platform was highly selective, efficient and, most importantly, resulted in high yields, cell purity and viability comparable with MACS® technology. Additionally scale up is possible and could be easily transferred to another chromatographic matrix with the appropriate structure.