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No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE DISSERTACAO FINAL.pdf: 1707887 bytes, checksum: 6ac3ae3cd5e8227b153ca18f3f0d264c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-09 / In this reseach we analyze the efficiency of signaling strategies in the context of extra-dyadic relationships. Aditionally, we measure both the declared preferences and revealed preferenced by individuals’ interactions in the virtual environment, comparing genders and countries. Previous researches about the extra-dyadic subject were based on methodologies with substancial gaps: low number of observations, samples restricted to college students, self-declared bias jeopardizing the precise interpretation of reality, and the absense of international comparisons. Suchs flaws were overcomed by this study. We analysed 100 thousand individuals, being 6 thousand men and 4 thousand women for each of the 10 countries of our sample: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Italy, Mexico, Spain, UK and USA. Therefore, we have a vast sample in terms os nations and number of observations. Empirical evidences here revealed show that men are more active in the extramarital conquest, rebutting the suggestion of an eventual behavioral convergence between genders. Men contacted an average of 30 different women during the time window of 3 months, against 13 in the opposite direction. In terms of physical preferences, we verified that individuals from both genders look for an idealized partner to consummate the relationship. Women show interest in tall and experienced men. Men desire good shaped and younger women. Shorter and younger men, as well as older and taller women, were the most rejected individuals from the sample. In relation to the declared and revealed preferences about the type of desired extra-dyadic encounter, both men and women showed more interest in a fast affair, indicating the will in a shallow, casual and physical-sexual contact only, with low emotional bonds. The least chosen option was a 'virtual affair', suggesting the effective intention to materialize the infidelity, and not to keep it restrict to the virtual environment. Finally, we verified that the analyzed signaling stratetegies (through photos, feedback and virtual gifts) were strongly effective. In all cases individuals that adopted such tactics achieved a substantial competitive advantage in relation to those who didn’t, and due to that were endowed with greater attractiveness, receiving a high portion of messages and contacts. / No presente trabalho analisamos a eficácia de estratégias de signaling no contexto do relacionamento extra-diádico. Adicionalmente, mensuramos tanto as preferências declaradas quanto as reveladas pelos indivíduos em suas interações no ambiente virtual, comparando gêneros e países. Pesquisas anteriores sobre a temática extra-diádica apoiaram-se excessivamente sobre metodologias com substanciais lacunas: baixo número de observações, universo amostral restrito a estudantes universitários, viéis auto-declaratório comprometendo a correta interpretação da realidade dos fatos, e ausência de comparativos internacionais. Todas essas ponderações foram superadas no presente estudo, no qual analisamos 100 mil indivíduos, sendo 6 mil homens e 4 mil mulheres para cada um dos 10 países da amostra: Argentina, Austrália, Brasil, Canadá, Chile, Itália, México, Espanha, Reino Unido e Estados Unidos. Assim, temos um universo amostral plúrimo em termos de nacionalidade e número de observações. As evidências empíricas aqui reveladas mostraram que indivíduos do sexo masculino são mais ativos na conquista extra-conjugal, refutando a sugestão de uma convergência comportamental. Homens contactaram em média per capita 30 mulheres diferentes no horizonte temporal de 3 meses, contra 13 na direção oposta. Em termos de preferências físicas, constatamos que indivíduos de âmbos os gêneros procuram consumar a relação com uma contraparte idealizada. Mulheres mostram interesse por homens altos e experientes. Os homens querem mulheres mais novas e em forma. Homens baixos ou novos, e mulheres altas ou velhas, foram os mais rechaçados da amostra. Com relação às preferências declaradas e reveladas sobre o tipo de encontro extra-diádico almejado, tanto homens quanto mulheres mostraram maior interesse por um 'caso rápido', indicando o intuito de estabelecer um contato pouco aprofundado, casual, de cunho físico-sexual e com baixa vinculação afetiva. A opção menos escolhida foi 'um caso virtual', sugerindo a efetiva intenção de concretizar a infidelidade, e não mantê-la restrita ao ambiente virtual. Por fim, verificamos que as estratégias de signaling analisadas (por meio de foto, feedback e presente virtual) foram fortemente eficazes. Em todos os casos indivíduos que adotaram tais sinalizações obtiveram substancial vantagem competitiva em relação aos demais e passaram a exercer maior atratividade, recebendo elevada parcela de mensagens e contatos.

La presente investigación de tipo descriptivo-correlacional tiene el objetivo de determinar la relación entre ajuste diádico y soledad en parejas adultas limeñas. La muestra está compuesta por 195 participantes en una relación de pareja heterosexual, seleccionados a través de una técnica no probabilística de muestreo intencional y de participación voluntaria. Los instrumentos aplicados son la Escala de Ajuste Diádico de Spanier (1976) y la Escala de Soledad De Jong-Gierveld (1985), para luego establecer la relación existente entre ambas variables. El análisis y procesamiento de los datos aplicó técnicas de estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Las correlaciones más significativas, en sentido negativo, se hallaron entre cohesión y las dimensiones de soledad, y expresión de afecto y las dimensiones de soledad. En ambas escalas no se hallaron diferencias significativas con relación al sexo y al estado civil. La soledad sería un factor que influye en el nivel de ajuste diádico de la pareja. / The present descriptive-correlational research aims to determine the relationship between dyadic adjustment and loneliness in Lima adult couples. The sample was made up of 195 participants in a heterosexual couple relationship, selected by a non-probabilistic technique of intentional sampling and voluntary participation. The instruments used for this research were the Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale (1976) and the De Jong-Gierveld Solitude Scale (1985), both investigations helped to establish the relationship between both variables. The analysis and processing of the data applied descriptive and inferential statistics techniques. The most significant correlations, in a negative sense, were found between cohesion and the dimensions of loneliness, and expression of affection and the dimensions of loneliness. In both scales, no significant differences were found in relation to sex and marital status. Loneliness would be a factor that influences the level of dyadic adjustment of the couple. / Tesis

En el present treball analitzem el maltractament contra les dones exercit per la parella o el cònjuge a través d'un estudi de naturalesa exploratòria, transversal i descriptiu. Hem avaluat a un total de 43 dones amb l'Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II, Millon, 1999), la Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS, Spanier, 1976), i una adaptació de l'Entrevista Semiestructurada sobre Maltractament Domèstic (Echeburúa, Corral, Sarasua, Zubizarreta i Sauca, 1994). Concloíem que: 1) es tractava d'un conjunt de dones maltractades que es caracteritzaven per haver patit experiències de maltractament greus en les seves relacions de parella, pel que fa a intensitat, duració, freqüència i extensió, 2) si bé per una banda el grup de dones maltractades valorava la qualitat i l'ajustament de les seves relacions de parella d'una forma deficient i insatisfactòria; per l'altra, alguns aspectes de la relació quedaven preservats, 3) no es constatava la presència clínicament significativa de simptomatologia ansiosa i depressiva en més de la meitat de les dones estudiades. No s'observaren diferències simptomatològiques entre les dones d'ambdós recursos assistencials, 4) trobàrem alteracions en els seus estils de personalitat on predominaven els perfils esquizoides, dependents, i evitatius i 5) les dones que havien patit maltractament en la seva infantesa es diferenciaven de les que no respecte a algunes circumstàncies del maltractament i en determinades escales de personalitat i clíniques, mostrant major gravetat psicopatològica. Caldrà que futures recerques amb mostres més àmplies determinin l'abast d'aquesta aportació. / En el presente trabajo analizamos el maltrato contra las mujeres ejercido por la pareja o el cónyuge a través de un estudio de naturaleza exploratoria, transversal y descriptivo. Hemos evaluado a un total de 43 mujeres con el el Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II, Millon, 1999), la Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS, Spanier, 1976), y una adaptación de la Entrevista Semiestructurada sobre Maltrato Doméstico (Echeburúa, Corral, Sarasua, Zubizarreta y Sauca, 1994). Concluíamos que: 1) se trataba de un conjunto de mujeres maltratadas que se caracterizaban por haber sufrido experiencias de malos tratos graves en sus relaciones de pareja, respecto a su intensidad, duración, frecuencia y extensión, 2) aunque por un lado el grupo de mujeres maltratadas valoraba la calidad y el ajuste de sus relaciones de pareja de forma deficiente e insatisfactoria; por otro lado, algunos aspectos de la relación quedaban preservados, 3) no se constataba la presencia clínicamente significativa de sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva en más de la mitad de las mujeres estudiadas. No se observaron diferencias sintomatológicas entre las mujeres de ambos recursos asistenciales, 4) hallamos alteraciones en sus estilos de personalidad, predominando los perfiles esquizoides, dependientes, y evitativos, y 5) las mujeres que habían sufrido malos tratos en su infancia se diferenciaban de las que no respecto a algunas circunstancias del maltrato y en determinadas escalas de personalidad y clínica, mostrando mayor gravedad psicopatológica. Futuras investigaciones con muestras más amplias deberán determinar el alcance de esta aportación. / In this work we analyse mistreatment towards women by their partner or spouse. This is an exploratory study, and we use a descriptive transversal design. 43 battered women were assessed in total, with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II, Millon, 1999), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS, Spanier, 1976), and an adapted version of the Semi-structured Interview on Domestic Mistreatment (Echeburúa, Corral, Sarasua, Zubizarreta, and Sauca, 1994). We concluded that: (1) the sample was a group of mistreated women characterised by having suffered from severe mistreatment experiences in their couple relationships, concerning intensity, length, frequency, and extension; (2) although on the one hand the group of mistreated women assessed the quality and adjustment of their couple relationship as deficient and dissatisfactory, on the other hand, some aspects of their relationships were protected; (3) there was no clinically significant presence of anxious and depressive symptomatology in more than half the women under study. There were no symptomatological differences between women in both heath care services groups; (4) there were alterations in their personality styles, with a predominance of schizoid, dependent and avoidant profiles; and (5) women that had been mistreated during their childhood were distinguished from those who had not with regards to some circumstances of mistreatment and to certain personality and clinical scales, showing higher psychopathological severity. Future research should deal with wider samples to delimit the scope of this contribution.