Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Zollner / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T22:15:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Domingos_PriscilaPerez_D.pdf: 2379926 bytes, checksum: df7f068098f3454b58caf0a13e61f196 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O camundongo não obeso diabético (NOD) é caracterizado por desenvolver naturalmente diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM-1) com similaridade ao diabetes mellitus tipo 1 em humanos. A manifestação espontânea do diabetes neste modelo animal é caracterizado por infiltração progressiva das ilhotas de Langerhans por células mononucleares linfócitos T (CD4+ e CD8+) e destruição das células ß pancreáticas produtoras de insulina. O fator de crescimento neural (NGF) e algumas citocinas estão associados a regeneração neural, além de atuarem sobre células do sistema imune. Em adição a estes efeitos, NGF age na liberação de insulina pelas células betas das ilhotas pancreáticas, tornando-se foco de interesse com relação as suas propriedades moduladoras no processo inflamatório na ilhota pancreática. O gangliosídeo GM1 liga-se ao receptor de alta afinidade (TrkA) do NGF-ß, mimetizando seus efeitos. No presente trabalho, avaliamos a ação modulatória de GM1 e NGF em cultura de ilhotas pancreáticas, provenientes de camundongos NOD. Foram avaliados por meio de RT-PCR a expressão gênica de NGF-ß, TrkA e insulina e, por ensaio imunoenzimático, a concentração de citocinas IL-1ß, IL-12, TNF-a, INF-y e insulina. Nossos resultados sugerem ação moduladora similar entre GM1 e NGF sobre as ilhotas de NOD não diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. NGF e GM1 aumentam a expressão gênica de NGF e TrkA e diminuem a expressão gênica de insulina em NOD não diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. Além disso, aumentam a liberação de insulina e diminui a de citocinas inflamatórias IL-1ß, IL-12, TNF-a, IFN-y que caracterizam a resposta Th1. / Abstract: The non-obese diabetic mice (NOD) lineage is characterized by developing type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM-1) naturally, bearing a similarity to DM-1 in human beings. The spontaneous manifestation of diabetes is characterized by gradual infiltration in pancreatic islets by mononuclear cells lymphocytes T (CD4+ and CD8+) and destruction of the ß-cells producers of insulin. One consequence of this effect, is the release of neurotrophins trying modulate the insulin release by the ß cells of pancreatic islets. Thus, the neurotrophins have been the focus of interest in the modulation of the inflammatory process in the pancreatic islets. The ganglioside GM1 binds to the high affinity receptor (TrkA) of the NGF-ß, enhancing its effect. In the present work, we evaluate the immune modulation properties of GM1 and NGF in culture of pancreatic islets from NOD mice. The gene expression of NGF-ß, TrkA and insulin for immune enzymatic assay, the concentration of cytokines IL 1ß, IL-12, TNF-a, IFN-y and insulin were evaluated by RT-PCR and ELISA. Our results suggest similar modulation action between GM1 and NGF on islets of NOD non-diabetic and pre-diabetic. GM1 and NGF action increases the gene expression of NGF and TrkA and the decrease of insulin in mice NOD non-diabetic and pre-diabetic. Moreover, GM1 and NGF increase the insulin release and decrease inflammatory cytokines that characterize the Th1 reply. / Doutorado / Ciencias Basicas / Doutor em Clínica Médica

Introduction: Relation of diabetes mellitus (DM) to the diabetic keratopathy and various stages of corneal nerve fiber damage has been well accepted. A possible association between changes in the cornea of diabetic patients and diabetic retinopathy (DR), DM duration, and age at the time of DM diagnosis were evaluated. Neuropathies are among the most common long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. Good glycemic control is essential in prevention of this complication. DM patients with similar mean glucose levels or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels often exhibit differences in evaluation of diabetic complications. One reason for these differences may be the differences in glucose variability. DM patients with similar mean glucose levels or HbA1c levels often exhibit differences in glucose variability Hypothesis: Diabetes mellitus damages the subbasal nerve fibers of the corneal and affects the density of epithelial, endothelial and stromal cells. Corneal changes in patients with DM are dependent on the degree of diabetic retinopathy (DR), age at diagnosis, duration of DM, and compensation parameters. Purpose: To compare changes in cell density in individual layers of cornea and status of subbasal nerve fibers in patients with type 1 DM (DM 1) and in healthy subjects. To evaluate the dependence...

The topic of the diploma thesis is the influence of a low-carbohydrate diet on the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. It is an autoimmune disease for which it is necessary for patients to administer insulin. The selection of suitable sports activities, good health and mental condition and, above all, the adjustment of eating habits also contribute to the successful compensation of diabetes. This work demonstrates a low-carbohydrate diet as one of the possibilities diabetics can eat. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part briefly describes the disease and presents the recommended and a low- carbohydrate diet. The following section also addresses physical activity. It describes the issues of sports for people with diabetes who are on a regular diet, as well as on low-carbohydrate diet. The practical part shows the results of glucose sensors (Free Style Libre, Dexcom G6 and Medtronic), which continuously measure blood sugar levels. In the practical part, eight respondents with type 1 diabetes, who switched the recommended diet for a low-carbohydrate diet, were surveyed in the form of a questionnaire. The purpose of the questionnaire was to assess the effects of switching to a low- carbohydrate diet on: the compensation of diabetes; the frequency of...

Diabetic vasculopathy (DV) is the most important consequence of chronic hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). This thesis explores the interaction of blood, bone and kidney in the pathogenesis of DV by i) reviewing the current understanding of pathogenesis of macrovascular and microvascular diseases in DM to identify gaps in literature and generate hypotheses relating to various facets of DV ii) undertaking a series of prospective studies to examine these hypotheses iii) analysing the findings and integrating any new information obtained from the clinical studies into the current knowledge base and iv) generating hypotheses upon which future work might be based. The literature search was carried out with the aim of understanding current concepts of pathogenesis of DV and its potential modulators. The original reviews resulting from this process are presented in chapters 2 to 4. A series of pilot studies reported in chapters 7 to 11, were then carried out to interrogate hypotheses originating from this process. The first study was carried out in healthy individuals to define the biological variation of potential modulators of DV, namely erythropoietin (EPO), parathyroid hormone, 25 hydroxyvitamin D and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D to facilitate the design and interpretation of subsequent studies. It revealed a wide biological variation of these modulators in the healthy population thus,emphasizing the need to have a control group in the subsequent study population. To examine whether tubulointerstitial dysfunction occurs before the onset of microalbuminuria, a measurement of the above mentioned parameters was carried out along with markers of tubulointerstitial injury in patients with type 1 and type 2 DM without microalbuminuria and in non-diabetic controls. It was found that tubulointerstitial dysfunction with low levels of EPO and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and higher excretion of tubular injury markers, occurs before the onset of microalbuminuria. Subsequently, diabetic and nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with EPO deficiency anaemia were examined to study the effects of EPO therapy on the excretion of tubular injury markers. However, in these patient groups, we were unable to demonstrate an effect of EPO therapy on the markers of tubular injury in spite of a beneficial haematological response. To examine whether vascular calcification (VC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were linked in patients with diabetes mellitus and to explore their relationship to modulators of DV, an assessment of VC and BMD was undertaken in patients with type 2 DM with different degrees of proteinuria and normoalbuminuria. VC was assessed by CT scan and BMD by a DEXA scan. Modulators of DV were measured including serum Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b-ligand (RANKL). The findings were i) a high prevalence of VC and osteopenia in normoalbuminuric type 2 DM patients with normal serum creatinine ii) a weak inverse relationship between VC and osteopenia iii) proteinuric patients had worse VC but not osteopenia iv) weak relationships between OPG levels and both VC and osteopenia, masked by age in multivariate analysis. The final study examined the relationship between modulators of DV, including OPG and RANKL, and the degree of CKD. It was found that abnormalities of OPG and RANKL occur before the onset of microalbuminuria and progress with deterioration of renal function. Compared to nondiabetics, DM patients have higher OPG levels in the predialysis phase and lower levels in haemodialysis phase, a phenomenon that might indicate endothelial exhaustion in dialysis patients with DM. The derangements associated with DV seem to occur earlier than previously thought. Further work is required to untangle these complexities and to define the contribution of factors such as the adverse blood milieu, the vasculature, abnormal bone and mineral metabolism, and early tubulointerstitial damage. The findings from the studies reported here may help in the formulation of new hypotheses, which might contribute to future work in this area.

INTRODUÇÃO: Fatores associados à etiopatogenia das complicações diabéticas, incluindo hiperglicemia e estresse oxidativo, podem causar alterações epigenéticas que modificam a expressão de genes em células-alvo, sem alterar sua sequência de DNA. São considerados mecanismos epigenéticos: (1) as modificações pós-traducionais das histonas; (2) a metilação do DNA e (3) a ação dos micro-RNAs (miRNAs); todos já foram reconhecidos na patogênese da \"memória metabólica\", situação na qual a hiperglicemia continua a exercer efeitos deletérios prolongados mesmo depois de ser normalizada. A sirtuína-1 é uma enzima que causa modificações pós-traducionais das histonas por sua atividade de histona desacetilase, silenciando a transcrição gênica. O silenciamento gênico também pode ocorrer pela ação da DNA metiltransferase 1 (DNMT1), enzima que adiciona um grupamento metil (CH3) na posição 5 de resíduos de citosina localizadas em ilhas CpG presentes nas regiões promotoras dos genes. Os miRNAs constituem uma classe de pequenos RNAs não codificadores com cerca de 19 a 25 nucleotídeos que controlam a expressão gênica por meio da repressão da tradução ou da degradação do RNA mensageiro-alvo. As hipóteses do presente estudo são (1) que exista um perfil sérico de miRNAs associado à presença ou ausência de complicações crônicas e (2) que existam variantes em genes relacionados à desacetilação das histonas e à metilação de citosinas que poderiam predispor ao aparecimento das complicações diabéticas, o que se constituiria na \"genética da epigenética\". OBJETIVOS: (1) caracterizar e comparar o perfil de miRNAs sérico de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) sem nenhuma complicação microvascular versus aqueles com três complicações microvasculares: retinopatia diabética (RD), doença renal diabética (DRD) e neuropatia diabética, para identificar vias epigeneticamente moduladas nesses dois grupos de pacientes e (2) avaliar a frequência de polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo nos genes que codificam as enzimas DNMT1 e sirtuína-1 e suas associações com cada uma das complicações microvasculares em pacientes com DM1. MÉTODOS: O perfil sérico de 381 miRNAs foi avaliado com o uso do estojo comercial Taqman® Human MicroRNA Array A em 10 pacientes bem caracterizados clínica e laboratorialmente divididos em dois grupos: Pacientes com DM1 sem complicações [sem DRD (Clearance de creatinina > 90 ml/min/1,73 m2 e excreção urinária de albumina < 20 mg/g de creatinina), sem polineuropatia sensitivo-motora distal (ausência de sintomas sugestivos de neuropatia, sensibilidade térmica e dolorosa e reflexo aquileu normais), sem neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular (NAC) e sem RD] e Pacientes com DM1 com complicações [DRD (Clearance de creatinina < 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 e excreção urinária de albumina > 200 mg/g de creatinina), com polineuropatia sensitiva-motora distal, com NAC instalada e RD moderada ou grave]. Os cinco miRNAs mais diferencialmente expressos foram validados em uma casuística bem caracterizada de 20 pacientes com DM1 sem nenhuma complicação e 27 com todas as complicações microvasculares, com o emprego do estojo comercial TaqMan(TM) Advanced miRNA cDNA Synthesis. A avaliação da frequência de polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo nos genes que codificam as enzimas DNMT1 (rs8112895, rs7254567, rs11085721, rs17291414, rs10854076) e sirtuína-1 (rs10997870; rs12766485) foi realizada após a genotipagem por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real, em uma casuística composta por 466 pacientes com DM1. RESULTADOS: Do total de 377 miRNAs-alvo avaliados no soro dos pacientes com DM1, um total de 21 miRNAs estava superexpresso no grupo com complicações. Dos 5 miRNAs para os quais foi realizada a validação na casuística de 47 pacientes com DM1, dois foram confirmados como superexpressos na população com complicações (hsa-miR-518d-3p e hsa-miR-618). O polimorfismo rs11085721 no gene que codifica a DNMT1 associou-se à presença de NAC no sexo feminino, sendo o alelo raro C considerado de risco e conferindo um odds ratio (intervalo de confiança de 95%) de 2,44 (1,26-5,28). Nenhum polimorfismo da sirtuína-1 associou-se às complicações microvasculares avaliadas. CONCLUSÃO: o perfil de miRNAs séricos difere entre pacientes com DM1 com e sem complicações. O achado de uma variante em um gene que codifica a enzima de uma via epigenética conferir suscetibilidade a uma complicação crônica sugere que também exista a \"genética da epigenética\" modulando o desenvolvimento das complicações / INTRODUCTION: Factors associated with the etiopathogenesis of diabetic complications, including hyperglycemia and oxidative stress, may cause epigenetic changes that modify the expression of genes in target cells without altering their DNA sequence. The following mechanisms are considered epigenetics: (1) post-translational modifications of histones; (2) methylation of DNA and (3) action of micro-RNAs (miRNAs); all have already been recognized in the pathogenesis of \"metabolic memory\", a situation in which hyperglycemia exerts prolonged deleterious effects even after its normalization. Sirtuin-1 is an enzyme that causes post-translational modifications of histones by their histone deacetylase activity, silencing gene transcription. Gene silencing may also occur through the action of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), an enzyme that adds a methyl group (CH3) at position 5 of cytosine residues located in CpG islands from gene-promoter regions. miRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs with about 19 to 25 nucleotides that control gene expression by promoting translation repression or degradation of target messenger RNAs. The hypotheses of the present study are (1) there is a serum profile of miRNAs associated with the presence or absence of chronic complications and (2) there are variants in genes related to histone deacetylation and cytosine methylation that could predispose to diabetes complications, which would constitute the \"genetics of epigenetics\". OBJECTIVES: (1) to characterize and compare the serum miRNA profile of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) without any microvascular complications versus those with three microvascular complications: diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic neuropathy to identify signaling pathways epigenetically modulated in these two groups of patients and (2) to assess the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding DNMT1 and sirtuin-1 and their associations with each of the microvascular complications in T1D patients. METHODS: The serum profile of 381 miRNAs was evaluated using the Taqman® Human MicroRNA Array A kit in 10 clinical and laboratory well-characterized patients divided into two groups: Patients without microvascular complications: without DKD (creatinine clearance> 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 and urinary albumin excretion < 20 mg / g creatinine), without distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy (absence of symptoms suggestive of neuropathy and normal thermal and pain sensitivity and Achilles reflex), without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and without DR; and T1D patients with complications: with DKD (creatinine clearance < 60 ml / min / 1.73 m2 and urinary albumin excretion> 200 mg / g creatinine), with distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy, with CAN and with DR moderate or severe. The five most differentially expressed miRNAs were validated in a well-characterized case series of 20 patients with no complications and 27 patients with all microvascular complications using the TaqMan (TM) Advanced miRNA cDNA Synthesis kit. The evaluation of the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding the DNMT1 (rs8112895, rs7254567, rs11085721, rs1729414, rs10854076) and sirtuin-1 (rs10997870; rs12766485) was performed by genotyping using real-time polymerase chain reaction in a sample of 466 T1D patients. RESULTS: Of the total of 377 target miRNAs evaluated in the serum of T1D patients, 21 miRNAs were overexpressed in the group with complications. Of the 5 miRNAs for which validation was performed in 47 patients, two were confirmed as overexpressed in the group with complications (hsa-miR-518d-3p and hsa-miR-618). The polymorphism rs11085721 in the gene encoding DNMT1 was associated with the presence of CAN in female patients, with the minor allele C being considered of risk and conferring an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 2.44 (1.26 - 5.28). Polymorphisms in the gene encoding Sirtuin-1 did not associate with microvascular complications. CONCLUSION: the serum miRNA profile differs between patients with and without microvascular complications. A variant in a gene encoding a enzyme of an epigenetic pathway conferring susceptibility to a chronic complication suggests that there is also the \"genetics of epigenetics\" modulating the development of complications

INTRODUÇÃO: Fatores associados à etiopatogenia das complicações diabéticas, incluindo hiperglicemia e estresse oxidativo, podem causar alterações epigenéticas que modificam a expressão de genes em células-alvo, sem alterar sua sequência de DNA. São considerados mecanismos epigenéticos: (1) as modificações pós-traducionais das histonas; (2) a metilação do DNA e (3) a ação dos micro-RNAs (miRNAs); todos já foram reconhecidos na patogênese da \"memória metabólica\", situação na qual a hiperglicemia continua a exercer efeitos deletérios prolongados mesmo depois de ser normalizada. A sirtuína-1 é uma enzima que causa modificações pós-traducionais das histonas por sua atividade de histona desacetilase, silenciando a transcrição gênica. O silenciamento gênico também pode ocorrer pela ação da DNA metiltransferase 1 (DNMT1), enzima que adiciona um grupamento metil (CH3) na posição 5 de resíduos de citosina localizadas em ilhas CpG presentes nas regiões promotoras dos genes. Os miRNAs constituem uma classe de pequenos RNAs não codificadores com cerca de 19 a 25 nucleotídeos que controlam a expressão gênica por meio da repressão da tradução ou da degradação do RNA mensageiro-alvo. As hipóteses do presente estudo são (1) que exista um perfil sérico de miRNAs associado à presença ou ausência de complicações crônicas e (2) que existam variantes em genes relacionados à desacetilação das histonas e à metilação de citosinas que poderiam predispor ao aparecimento das complicações diabéticas, o que se constituiria na \"genética da epigenética\". OBJETIVOS: (1) caracterizar e comparar o perfil de miRNAs sérico de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) sem nenhuma complicação microvascular versus aqueles com três complicações microvasculares: retinopatia diabética (RD), doença renal diabética (DRD) e neuropatia diabética, para identificar vias epigeneticamente moduladas nesses dois grupos de pacientes e (2) avaliar a frequência de polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo nos genes que codificam as enzimas DNMT1 e sirtuína-1 e suas associações com cada uma das complicações microvasculares em pacientes com DM1. MÉTODOS: O perfil sérico de 381 miRNAs foi avaliado com o uso do estojo comercial Taqman® Human MicroRNA Array A em 10 pacientes bem caracterizados clínica e laboratorialmente divididos em dois grupos: Pacientes com DM1 sem complicações [sem DRD (Clearance de creatinina > 90 ml/min/1,73 m2 e excreção urinária de albumina < 20 mg/g de creatinina), sem polineuropatia sensitivo-motora distal (ausência de sintomas sugestivos de neuropatia, sensibilidade térmica e dolorosa e reflexo aquileu normais), sem neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular (NAC) e sem RD] e Pacientes com DM1 com complicações [DRD (Clearance de creatinina < 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 e excreção urinária de albumina > 200 mg/g de creatinina), com polineuropatia sensitiva-motora distal, com NAC instalada e RD moderada ou grave]. Os cinco miRNAs mais diferencialmente expressos foram validados em uma casuística bem caracterizada de 20 pacientes com DM1 sem nenhuma complicação e 27 com todas as complicações microvasculares, com o emprego do estojo comercial TaqMan(TM) Advanced miRNA cDNA Synthesis. A avaliação da frequência de polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo nos genes que codificam as enzimas DNMT1 (rs8112895, rs7254567, rs11085721, rs17291414, rs10854076) e sirtuína-1 (rs10997870; rs12766485) foi realizada após a genotipagem por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real, em uma casuística composta por 466 pacientes com DM1. RESULTADOS: Do total de 377 miRNAs-alvo avaliados no soro dos pacientes com DM1, um total de 21 miRNAs estava superexpresso no grupo com complicações. Dos 5 miRNAs para os quais foi realizada a validação na casuística de 47 pacientes com DM1, dois foram confirmados como superexpressos na população com complicações (hsa-miR-518d-3p e hsa-miR-618). O polimorfismo rs11085721 no gene que codifica a DNMT1 associou-se à presença de NAC no sexo feminino, sendo o alelo raro C considerado de risco e conferindo um odds ratio (intervalo de confiança de 95%) de 2,44 (1,26-5,28). Nenhum polimorfismo da sirtuína-1 associou-se às complicações microvasculares avaliadas. CONCLUSÃO: o perfil de miRNAs séricos difere entre pacientes com DM1 com e sem complicações. O achado de uma variante em um gene que codifica a enzima de uma via epigenética conferir suscetibilidade a uma complicação crônica sugere que também exista a \"genética da epigenética\" modulando o desenvolvimento das complicações / INTRODUCTION: Factors associated with the etiopathogenesis of diabetic complications, including hyperglycemia and oxidative stress, may cause epigenetic changes that modify the expression of genes in target cells without altering their DNA sequence. The following mechanisms are considered epigenetics: (1) post-translational modifications of histones; (2) methylation of DNA and (3) action of micro-RNAs (miRNAs); all have already been recognized in the pathogenesis of \"metabolic memory\", a situation in which hyperglycemia exerts prolonged deleterious effects even after its normalization. Sirtuin-1 is an enzyme that causes post-translational modifications of histones by their histone deacetylase activity, silencing gene transcription. Gene silencing may also occur through the action of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), an enzyme that adds a methyl group (CH3) at position 5 of cytosine residues located in CpG islands from gene-promoter regions. miRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs with about 19 to 25 nucleotides that control gene expression by promoting translation repression or degradation of target messenger RNAs. The hypotheses of the present study are (1) there is a serum profile of miRNAs associated with the presence or absence of chronic complications and (2) there are variants in genes related to histone deacetylation and cytosine methylation that could predispose to diabetes complications, which would constitute the \"genetics of epigenetics\". OBJECTIVES: (1) to characterize and compare the serum miRNA profile of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) without any microvascular complications versus those with three microvascular complications: diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic neuropathy to identify signaling pathways epigenetically modulated in these two groups of patients and (2) to assess the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding DNMT1 and sirtuin-1 and their associations with each of the microvascular complications in T1D patients. METHODS: The serum profile of 381 miRNAs was evaluated using the Taqman® Human MicroRNA Array A kit in 10 clinical and laboratory well-characterized patients divided into two groups: Patients without microvascular complications: without DKD (creatinine clearance> 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 and urinary albumin excretion < 20 mg / g creatinine), without distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy (absence of symptoms suggestive of neuropathy and normal thermal and pain sensitivity and Achilles reflex), without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and without DR; and T1D patients with complications: with DKD (creatinine clearance < 60 ml / min / 1.73 m2 and urinary albumin excretion> 200 mg / g creatinine), with distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy, with CAN and with DR moderate or severe. The five most differentially expressed miRNAs were validated in a well-characterized case series of 20 patients with no complications and 27 patients with all microvascular complications using the TaqMan (TM) Advanced miRNA cDNA Synthesis kit. The evaluation of the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding the DNMT1 (rs8112895, rs7254567, rs11085721, rs1729414, rs10854076) and sirtuin-1 (rs10997870; rs12766485) was performed by genotyping using real-time polymerase chain reaction in a sample of 466 T1D patients. RESULTS: Of the total of 377 target miRNAs evaluated in the serum of T1D patients, 21 miRNAs were overexpressed in the group with complications. Of the 5 miRNAs for which validation was performed in 47 patients, two were confirmed as overexpressed in the group with complications (hsa-miR-518d-3p and hsa-miR-618). The polymorphism rs11085721 in the gene encoding DNMT1 was associated with the presence of CAN in female patients, with the minor allele C being considered of risk and conferring an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 2.44 (1.26 - 5.28). Polymorphisms in the gene encoding Sirtuin-1 did not associate with microvascular complications. CONCLUSION: the serum miRNA profile differs between patients with and without microvascular complications. A variant in a gene encoding a enzyme of an epigenetic pathway conferring susceptibility to a chronic complication suggests that there is also the \"genetics of epigenetics\" modulating the development of complications

Introduktion: Diabetes är ett samlingsnamn för en typ av sjukdomar som orsakar förhöjda sockervärden i blodet. Typ 1-diabetes uppkommer vanligen hos barn och ungdomar, men vissa får sjukdomen först i vuxen ålder. Det finns förutom typ 1-diabetes även graviditetsdiabetes och typ 2-diabetes, LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in The Adults), MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes in The Youth) och några mer ovanliga diabetessjukdomar. Syfte: Syftet med examensarbete är att undersöka vilka faktorer som bidrar till den stora ökningen av typ 1-diabetes hos barn som sker i många länder världen över. Metod: Den metod som används i detta arbete är en strukturerad litteraturstudie baserad på vetenskapliga originalartiklar från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Artiklarnas vetenskapliga kvalitet granskades med hjälp av CASP. Elva artiklar inkluderades i studien och analyserades med hjälp av Fribergs analysmodell. Resultat: I detta arbete söktes svaret på frågan: Vilka faktorer kan förklara den ökande förekomsten av typ 1-diabetes bland barn och unga? Nedan presenteras resultatet uppdelat på fyra huvudteman som framkommit i analysen av materialet. Dessa teman är: immunologiska faktorer, kostens påverkan, livsstil och miljö samt föräldrarnas roll. Slutsats: Flertalet möjliga riskfaktorer utöver genetiska kan ses bidra till ökning av typ 1-diabetes bland barn och unga. Bland dessa kan nämnas tidig tillväxt på grund av felaktig eller överdriven mängd kost, virusinfektioner samt föräldrars utbildningsnivå och sociala status. / Diabetes is a group of diseases that cause elevated blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes typically develops in children and adolescents, but some people may develop the disease later in adulthood. In addition to type 1 diabetes, there is also gestational diabetes, type 2 diabetes, LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults), MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes in Youth), and a few other rare forms of diabetes. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate thefactors contributing to the significant increase in type 1 diabetes among children in many countries worldwide. Method: The method used in this study is a structured literature review. The literature review only includes scientific original articles with 11 scientific articles being carefully examined. Results : This study aimed to answer the question: What factors can explain the increasing prevalence of type 1 diabetes among children and adolescents? The results are presented below, divided into four main themes that emerged from the analysis of the material. These themes are immunological factors, the influence of diet, lifestyle and environment, and the role of parents. Conclusion: Several possible risk factors in addition to genetics can be seen as contributing to the increase in type 1 diabetes among children and young people. Among these risks are early growth due to incorrect or excessive amount of diet, viral infections and parents level of education and social status.