O gênero Aulacoseira Thwaites é exclusivo de águas continentais e possui ampla distribuição mundial. As espécies do gênero vêm sendo estudadas, principalmente para regiões temperadas da América do Norte e Europa. Atualmente, Aulacoseira conta com aproximadamente 60 espécies, dentre fósseis e atuais. No Brasil, apenas 17 espécies foram registradas e poucos trabalhos apresentaram informações sobre a ultra-estrutura da frústula. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve por objetivos analisar as características morfológicas e estruturais das espécies de Aulacoseira do Brasil e a distribuição geográfica das espécies em ambientes aquáticos brasileiros. O estudo baseou-se em 286 amostras de plâncton e perifíton, procedentes de diversos tipos de ambientes, como rios, lagos, lagoas e reservatórios, abrangendo 24 estados brasileiros. Exemplares de Aulacoseira foram analisados sob microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura e transmissão. Os táxons encontrados foram descritos, mensurados, ilustrados e comentados. Uma chave dicotômica foi providenciada para auxiliar na determinação das espécies e glossário para compreensão das estruturas. A análise do material permitiu a identificação de 23 táxons infragenéricos de Aulacoseira, sendo 18 espécies, três variedades não típicas e duas formas taxonômicas. Dentre estas, seis constituíram novas espécies para ciência (A. brasiliensis, A. calypsi, A. minuscula, A. pantanalensis, A. samariana e A. simoniae) e duas não foram determinadas em nível específico. Aulacoseira pseudoamericana e A. herzogii var. minor constituíram citação pioneira para o Brasil e A. gessneri teve sua ultra-estrutura documentada pela primeira vez. Dos 29 táxons infragenéricos de Aulacoseira já registrados para o Brasil, apenas 13 foram encontrados durante o estudo, alguns táxons foram reidentificados e outros puderam ser revistos devido há ausência de informações complementares nas publicações. Aulacoseira calypsi, A. gessneri, A. pantanalensis, A. pseudoamericana, A. samariana e A. herzogii var. minor apresentaram distribuição restrita à áreas de clima tropical enquanto que Aulacoseira cf. alpigena, A. granulata var. angustissima f. spiralis e Aulacoseira sp.2 ocorreram exclusivamente em regiões subtropicais. O elevado número de novas espécies encontradas ressalta a importância de estudos taxonômicos mais aprofundados para melhor conhecimento das características diacríticas das espécies que ocorrem em ambientes continentais brasileiros. Palavras-chave: ambientes continentais, diatomáceas cêntricas, taxonomia, ultra-estrutura. / The genus Aulacoseira Thwaites is exclusive of continental waters and has worldwide distribution. The species of this genus have been widely studied, mainly to temperate regions of North America and Europe, and the taxa that occur in South America are poorly known. Currently, Aulacoseira has approximately 60 species, among fossil and recent. In Brazil, only 17 species were recorded and few studies presents data on the ultrastructure of the frustule. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the structural and morphological features of the Aulacoseira genus and geographical distribution of species in aquatic environments in Brazil. The study was based on 286 samples of plankton and periphyton, collected in different types of environments such as rivers, lakes, ponds and reservoirs distributed in 24 states. Specimens of Aulacoseira were examined under light and electron microscopy. The taxa were described, measured, illustrated and discussed. Dichotomous key was provided to assist in determining the species and glossary for understanding the structures described. The analysis allowed the identification of 23 infrageneric taxa of Aulacoseira, with 18 species, three varieties and two non typical taxonomic forms. Among these, six new species for science were found (A. brasiliensis, A. calypsi, A. minuscula, A. pantanalensis, A. samariana e A. simoniae) and two were not determined at specific level. Aulacoseira pseudoamericana and A. herzogii var. minor were first recorded in Brazil and A. gessneri its ultrastructure was first revealed. Of the 29 taxa of Aulacoseira already recorded in Brazil, only 13 were found during the study, some taxa were reidentified and others could not be revised because there is no additional information in publications. Aulacoseira calypsi, A. gessneri, A. pantanalensis, A. pseudoamericana, A. samariana and A. herzogii var. minor present distribution restricted to tropical areas while Aulacoseira cf. alpigena, A. granulata var. angustissima f. spiralis and Aulacoseira sp.2 occurred exclusively in the subtropics.The high number of new species found highlights the importance of more detailed taxonomic studies to improve knowledge of diacritical features of the species occurring in Brazilian environments.

A biodiversidade e a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica na Zona Costeira Amazônica Brasileira foi avaliada com base em 272 publicações, relativas ao período entre 1861 e 2016, e a partir de oito cruzeiros oceanográficos realizados em diferentes fases do ciclo do Rio Amazonas entre os anos de 2013 a 2015. A seleção das publicações restringiu-se as que apresentaram identificação taxonômica, em diferentes níveis, e/ou quantificação, expressa em densidade celular, obtidas exclusivamente através de microscopia ótica. A composição específica e a densidade celular do fitoplâncton foram avaliadas através da metodologia Utermöhl (1958). As informações disponíveis, principalmente sob a forma de resumos em congressos (67%), monografias (13%) e artigos publicados em periódicos (11%), foram resgatadas de estudos desenvolvidos no litoral dos Estados do Pará (131), Maranhão (105) e Amapá (3), assim como na plataforma continental (36). Entre os ecossistemas mais bem estudados, estão os estuários (135 referências), plataforma continental (36 referências) e as praias (30), sendo o enfoque ecológico o principal objetivo das investigações científicas (96%). Atualmente, o inventário de espécies inclui 1157 táxons distribuídos em 612 diatomáceas, 252 dinoflagelados, 199 clorofíceas, 56 cianobactérias, 19 cocolitoforídeos, 19 euglenofíceas e uma criptofícea. Com base nesta revisão e nas amostragens realizadas neste estudo, a análise da estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica na Plataforma Continental Amazônica é característica de ambientes costeiros sob influência de plumas fluviais, com dois cenários ecológicos relacionados aos períodos de vazão do Rio Amazonas: um de maior influência, nos meses de abril e julho, e outro oposto, nos meses de outubro e janeiro. Observou-se uma distribuição em faixas, de acordo com as características ambientais e a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica, divididas em plataforma interna sob influência da pluma, zona de transição e plataforma externa com influência oceânica. As Diatomáceas são responsáveis pelas altas densidades (105 cel.L-1) na região costeira, especialmente sob influência da pluma, contribuindo para o incremento de Clorofila a (>10 &mu;g.L-1). Na porção oceânica, sem influência da pluma, as concentrações de Cla são baixas (<2 &mu;g.L-1) e predominam (104 cel.L-1) as cianobactérias filamentosas e cocolitoforídeos. A variabilidade temporal da descarga do Rio Amazonas e, consequentemente, da dinâmica espacial da pluma, é o principal fator responsável por mudanças na salinidade e disponibilidade de nutrientes, determinando a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica. Este estudo reforça a importância da manutenção de séries temporais e o levantamento da biodiversidade para a compreensão da dinâmica da comunidade fitoplanctônica em ambientes de alta complexidade, como a Plataforma Continental Amazônica. / Phytoplankton biodiversity and structure in the Brazilian Amazon Coastal Zone was evaluated based on 272 publications from the period between 1861 and 2016 and from eight oceanographic cruises carried out in different phases of the Amazon river hydrograph between the years 2013 to 2015. Selected publications were restricted to those which presented taxonomic identification at different levels, and / or quantification in terms of cell density, obtained exclusively by optical microscopy. Specific composition and phytoplankton cell density was evaluated by Utermöhl methodology (1958). Available information in the form of conference abstracts (67%), monographs (13%) and journal articles (11%) were rescued from studies developed on the coast of Pará (131), Maranhão (105) and Amapá (3), as well as on the continental shelf (36). Within these, the best studied ecosystems are estuaries (135 references), the continental shelf (36 references) and the beaches (30), with an ecological approach as the main research objective (96%). Currently, species inventories include 1157 taxa, distributed in 612 diatoms, 252 dinoflagellates, 199 chlorophytes, 56 cyanobacteria, 19 coccolithophorids, 19 euglenoids and one criptoficean. Based on this review and on the results obtained in this study, the structure of the phytoplankton community in the Amazon Continental Shelf is characteristic of coastal environments under the influence of river plumes, with two ecological scenarios related to the Amazon river discharge, one with greater influence in April and July and another with less influence in October and January. The distribution occurs in bands, according to the environmental characteristics and the structure of the phytoplankton community, divided into internal continental shelf under the influence of the plume, transition zone, and external continental shelf with oceanic influence. Diatoms are responsible for the high densities (105 cells.L-1) in the coastal region, especially under the influence of the plume, contributing with the increase of chlorophyll a (> 10 &mu;g.L-1). At the oceanic portion without influence of the plume, Cla concentrations are low (<2 &mu;g.L-1) and filamentous cyanobacteria (104 cells.L-1) and coccolithophorids dominate. The temporal variability of the discharge of the Amazon river and, consequently, the spatial dynamics of the plume, is the main factor responsible for changes in salinity and nutrient availability, determining the structure of the phytoplankton community. This study reinforces the importance of maintaining time series and biodiversity surveys to understand phytoplankton community dynamics in highly complex environments such as the Continental Amazon Shelf.

O presente trabalho descreve as assembléias de diatomáceas, presentes em um perfil sedimentar na Lagoa do Peixe, Litoral Médio do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de efetuar a reconstrução paleoambiental e identificar os períodos de maior influência marinha e hidrodinâmica, como conseqüências das variações do nível do mar ocorridas durante o Holoceno. O testemunho de sondagem T09 foi selecionado para estudo, devido à boa recuperação e à presença de um espesso pacote de lama próximo à base. Os resultados da análise de diatomáceas revelaram a presença de 114 táxons, constituintes das assembléias fósseis, dominadas pelo complexo de Paralia (Paralia fenestrata, P.sulcata e Paralia sp.), associados à táxons marinhos, entre eles: Auliscus caelatus e Triceratium favus; e os táxons marinhos salobros: Cyclotella striata, Dimeregramma marinum, D. minor var. minor e Psamococconeis disculoides, entre outros. Os resultados da distribuição, tafonomia e paleoecologia do complexo de Paralia e das assembléias presentes ao longo do perfil, forneceram maior detalhamento evolutivo do sistema lagunar associadas à ocorrência de três oscilações de alta freqüência do nível do mar na PCRS, interligadas à períodos de maior influência hidrodinâmica, comprovando que a morfologia lagunar sofreu intensas modificações ao longo do tempo. Entre as idades de 7420-7020 e 5370-5340 anos AP, ocorreram duas oscilações de alta freqüência, que atingiram o sistema lagunar, afetando diretamente as assembléias presentes. Entre as idades de 5370-5340- 2340-2060 anos AP, ocorreu uma terceira oscilação de alta freqüência, concordando com o máximo transgressivo registrado para a região sul do Brasil. A distinta composição observada entre as assembléias fósseis e atuais (preservadas em sedimentos superficiais) é um indicativo de que durante o Holoceno, a Lagoa do Peixe comportou-se como um sistema lagunar, apresentando características morfosedimentares, geomorfológicas, hidrodinâmicas e ecológicas, totalmente diferente das condições atuais, onde assume configurações de lagoa costeira semi-fechada, de ligação restrita com o oceano por meio de um canal de ligação. / This paper describes the diatom assemblages present in a sediment profile in the Lagoa do Peixe, Middle Littoral of Rio Grande do Sul, in order to make the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and identify periods of increased marine influence and hydrodynamics, as a consequence of changes sea level occurred during the Holocene. The drill core T09 was selected for study due to good recovery and the presence of a thick pack of mud near the base. The results of diatom analysis revealed the presence of 114 taxa, constituents of fossil assemblages, dominated by complex Paralia (Paralia fenestrata, P.sulcata and Paralia sp.), associated with marine taxa: Auliscus caelatus and Triceratium favus, brackish and marine taxa: Cyclotella striata, Dimeregramma marinum, D. minor var.minor and Psamococconeis disculoides, among others. The results of the distribution, taphonomy and paleoecology of Paralia complex assemblages, present along the profile, provided a more detailed evolution of the lagoon system associated with the occurrence of three high-frequency oscillations in sea level in the PCRS, linked to periods of greater influence hydrodynamics, proving that the lagoon morphology underwent enormous changes over time. Between the ages of 7420- 7020 and 5370-5340 years BP, there were two high frequency oscillations, which reached the lagoon system, directly affecting the assemblages present. Between the ages of 5370-5340- 2340-2060 years BP, there was a third high frequency oscillation, in agreement with the transgressive maximum recorded for the southern region of Brazil. The difference in composition observed between the modern and fossil assemblages (preserved in surface sediments), is an indication that during the Holocene, the Lagoa do Peixe, behaved like a lagoon system, whose morphosedimentar, geomorphological, hydrodynamic and ecological characteristics were totally dissimilar from actual conditions representing semi-enclosed coastal lagoon which had restricted connection with the oceano through an inlet.

Diatomáceas do Quaternário são indicadoras úteis de alterações de habitats locais desde ambientes terrestres até ambientes marinhos profundos, produzindo conhecimento a respeito de alterações do nível da coluna d'água em lagos, mudanças do nível relativo do mar e química da água. Embora extensamente utilizadas por pesquisadores europeus e norte americanos, no Brasil, o potencial paleontológico das diatomáceas ainda é pouco explorado, haja vista o reduzido número de trabalhos publicados em que a análise deste grupo constituiu objetivo central. Para o caso da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, o papel suplementar das diatomáceas nos estudos paleoecológicos efetivados torna-se manifesto em função do inexpressivo número de espécies citadas. Além disso, no que tange ao processamento dos dados nestes estudos, a definição de intervalos fundamentou-se em critérios subjetivos dos pesquisadores já que, exceção à parte, não são mencionados procedimentos estatísticos de exame dos resultados quantitativos. Neste contexto, executou-se pesquisa visando reconstituir os sucessivos paleoambientes do sistema lacustre Pinguela-Palmital-Malvas na porção emersa norte da Bacia de Pelotas, durante o Holoceno a partir de 89 amostras do testemunho de sondagem PM-RS-D01 com 4,87 m de profundidade total, utilizando diatomáceas como descritores. Uma maior objetividade dentro deste enfoque foi obtida pela definição de espécies indicadoras de conjuntos de unidades amostrais oriundos de níveis de particionamentos significativos em análises de agrupamento, prática importada do estudo da ecologia de espécies atuais. Desta forma, um pequeno número de espécies representativas para determinado intervalo estratigráfico atuaram como descritoras, a partir das quais inferências paleoambientais puderam ser desenvolvidas. O poço revelou as assembléias de diatomáceas fósseis mais diversificadas para estudos até então conduzidos na Planície Costeira Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Estas refletiram essencialmente oscilações de habitats decorrentes de atores climáticos e eustáticos que marcaram de maneira evidente duas fases distintas da história evolutiva recente do Sistema Pinguela-Palmital-Malvas. Inicialmente, no período compreendido entre 4.600 +/-70 anos AP e 3.950 +/- 70 anos AP, ocorre alternância entre estratos compostos pela preponderância de tafocenoses mixohalinas e intervalos caracterizados pela supremacia de espécies dulciaqüícolas em um contexto transgressivo. Ali, os registros determinados por Actinocyclus normanii, Cyclotella striata e Diploneis smithii refletem períodos de clima mais seco, quando o volume de água doce drenado para a bacia era menor e a evaporação mais intensa. De forma inversa, Aulacoseira cf. agassizii determinou o esclarecimento de etapas de incremento do afluxo lótico por variação positiva do regime pluviométrico intensificado em decorrência do estabelecimento de condições provavelmente relacionados à vigência do fenômeno El niño. Após 3.950 +/- 70 anos AP, alterações sedimentológicas e bióticas significativas como o estabelecimento de fácies com predomínio de areias e a maior diversidade e abundância de vestígios de espécies perifíticas, caracterizam o início do processo de regressão correlacionável com o registro de diversos pesquisadores do Holoceno da Planície Costeira gaúcha. No entanto, a análise diatomológica revelou heterogeneidade ambiental inédita para o trecho, comprovando a existência de um processo constituído por, pelo menos, cinco rompimentos da tendência predominantemente regressiva bem como de momentos de russurgência de período climático úmido e seco. A manutenção da coerência das interpretações paleoambientais obtidas, quando confrontadas a estudos pregressos, e a detecção de processos originais para a região, assinalam a eficiência dos procedimentos estatísticos empregados baseados no estabelecimento de agrupamentos significativos e destaque à espécies reguladoras destes particionamentos. / Quaternary diatoms are useful indicatives of alterations occurred in local habitats, since terrestrial as well as deep marine environments, producing knowledge concerning alterations of the water column level in lakes, changes in sea level and the chemistry of the water. Although extensively utilized by European and North American researchers, the paleontologic potential of diatoms is still little explored in Brazil, taking into account the small number of papers published on the subject. In the case of the Coastal Plains of Rio Grande do Sul, the supplementary role of diatoms in paleoecological studies is expressed through the inexpressive number of species mentioned in paleolimnological publications. Furthermore, as far as data processing is concerned, the definition zones in these studies was based on subjective criteria once statistical procedures of quantitative results were not mentioned. In this context, a research was conducted aiming to reconstitute paleoenvironments of the lacustrine Pinguela-Palmital-Malvas System, on the emerged portion north of Pelotas Basin during the Holocene. This study is based on 89 subsurface samples from the PM-RSDO1 core (4,87 m of total depth), using diatoms- as descriptors. Thus, a better objectivity was obtained by defining the species indicative of sets of sampling units originated from levels of significant partitioning in grouping analyses, a practice imported from the study of actual ecology. This way, a small number of representative species of a certain stratigraphic interval acted as descriptors, from which paleonenvironmental inferences were drawn. The core revealed the most diversified assemblages of fossil diatoms for studies conducted on the Coastal Plains North of Rio Grande do Sul. Essentially, they reflected oscillations of habitats resulting from climatic and eustatic actors that clearly set two distinct phases of recent evolutionary history of the Pinguela-Palmital-Malvas System. Initially, between 4.600 +/- 70 years BP and 3.950 +/- years BP, an alternation occurred between strata constituted predominantly by mixohaline taphocenoses and intervals characterized by supremacy of freshwater species in a transgressive context. There, records of Actinocyclus normanii, Cyclotella striata and Diploneis smithili reflect periods of a drier climate as the volume of fresh water drained into the basin was smaller and evaporation was more intense. On the contrary, Aulacoseira cf. agassizii determined the clarification on stages of increment of the lotic influx through positive variation of intensive pluviometric regime due to conditions probably related to El niño phenomenon. After 3.950 +/- 70 years AP, significant sedimentological and biotic alterations, like the establishment of facies with sandy and greater diversity and abundance of signs of periphytic species characterize the beginning of the regression process likely to be correlated with the record of several researchers of the Holocene of these Coastal Plains. However, the diatomalogic analysis revealed an environmental heterogeneity unusual for that stretch, proving the existence of a process constituted of at least five ruptures on a predominantly regressive tendency, as well as moments of resurgence of a humid and dry climatic period. The maintenance of these coherent paleoenvironmental interpretations, compared with previous studies, and the discovery of original processes for the region show the efficiency of the statistical procedures here used, based on the establishment of significant groupings and the prominence of regulating species from this partitioning.

Submitted by Natalia de Souza Gonçalves (natalia.goncalves@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-19T14:40:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DESCRITORES DA QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL DO SISTEMA ESTUARINO DO RECIFE (PE) O PAPEL DO FITOPLÂNCTON.pdf: 2208267 bytes, checksum: c2b5f36208eafe2193b88e29c8e6fc13 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T14:40:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DESCRITORES DA QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL DO SISTEMA ESTUARINO DO RECIFE (PE) O PAPEL DO FITOPLÂNCTON.pdf: 2208267 bytes, checksum: c2b5f36208eafe2193b88e29c8e6fc13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / CAPES / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar os descritores do fitoplâncton no Sistema Estuarino do Recife (PE) e determinar os fatores que contribuem para as flutuações sazonais e espaciais dos grupos funcionais. As amostragens foram feitas em três pontos fixos (P1, Bacia Portuária; P2, estuário do rio Beberibe; P3, estuário do rio Capibaribe) nos período chuvoso e de estiagem de 2010, 2011 e 2012, durante as baixa-mares e preamares. A temperatura, transparência da água e profundidade foram medidos in situ, enquanto a salinidade, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), material particulado em suspensão (MPS), oxigênio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquímica do oxigênio (DBO5) e sais nutrientes foram coletados com garrafa Kitahara e analisados no Laboratório de Oceanografia Química da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Para coleta do plâncton, foram utilizados dois tipos de amostradores (rede de plâncton com 45 e 64 μm de abertura de malha e garrafa Kitahara). As amostras para o estudo qualitativo foram fixadas com formol a 4%, enquanto para o estudo quantitativo foram fixadas com lugol a 2% e posteriormente analisadas no Laboratório de Fitoplâncton da UFPE. A partir destas amostras foram determinados a riqueza específica, clorofila a, biovolume celular, biomassa em carbono, densidade fitoplanctônica e os grupos funcionais foram determinados. A temperatura, salinidade, OD e fosfato apresentaram variação sazonal significativa. A variação sazonal indicou que a profundidade, MPS e os nutrientes foram elevados no período chuvoso enquanto transparência, temperatura, salinidade, OD e pH no período de estiagem. A clorofila a variou de 2,4 a 60,77 mg.m-3. Foram identificados 226 táxons fitoplanctônicos, tendo sido o período chuvoso quantitativamente e qualitativamente mais rico em decorrência da variabilidade hidroclimática. A densidade celular oscilou entre 46.667 e 723.333 cél.L-1, com maiores valores no período chuvoso. Os táxons descritores foram Planktothrix agardhii, Planktothrix isothrix, Bellerochea malleus, Cyclotella sp., Cylindrotheca closterium, Coscinodiscus sp. e Nitzschia longissima. O biovolume celular variou sazonalmente de 0,2 a 213,9 mm3 L-1, enquanto a biomassa em carbono de 0,07 a 93,62 pgC L-1. Os principais produtores nos estuários estudados foram Planktothrix isothrix, Oscillatoria sp. (período chuvoso) e Coscinodiscus sp. (período de estiagem). Foram registrados 17 grupos funcionais (A, C, D, P, MP, I, II, III, VI, J, TD, H1, LO, SN, S1, S2, F), dos quais, H1, S2, C e III caracterizaram o período chuvoso, enquanto I, II e F caracterizaram o período de estiagem, com o predomínio dos relacionados a ambientes eutróficos, rasos e de águas turvas. Os grupos H1 e I (P1), S2, II e III (P2) e C (P3) foram exclusivos para cada estuário. A precipitação pluviométrica e as marés influenciaram a abundância e a distribuição destes grupos e condicionaram as maiores densidades algais registradas. A utilização dos grupos funcionais, do biovolume e da biomassa em carbono demonstrou que são ferramentas válidas e eficientes para serem utilizadas em estuários tropicais. Com base na distribuição sazonal do fitoplâncton no presente estudo, sugere-se o monitoramento periódico do Sistema Estuarino do Recife, para constatar o efeito das variáveis ambientais sobre o fitoplâncton em longo prazo, bem como para o conhecimento da dinâmica das cianobactérias Planktotkrix agardhii e Planktothrix isothrix, devido ao potencial tóxico dessas espécies. / This study aimed to characterize phytoplankton descriptors in the Estuarine System of Recife (PE) and determine the factors that contribute to seasonal and spatial fluctuations of the functional groups. Samples were collected in three fixed points (P1, Port Basin; P2, Beberibe River estuary; P3, Capibaribe River estuary) in rainy and dry seasons 2010, 2011 and 2012, during the low and high tide. Temperature, water transparency and depth were measured in situ, while salinity, hydrogenionic potential (pH), suspended particulate matter (SMP), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen dissolved (BOD5) and nutrients were collected with a Kitahara bottle and analyzed at the Chemical Oceanography Laboratory of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. To collect the plankton, two types of samplers were used (plankton net with 45 and 64 μm of mesh opening and Kitahara bottle). Samples for the qualitative study were fixed with 4% formaldehyde, while for the quantitative study were fixed with 2% lugol and posteriorly analyzed at the Phytoplankton Laboratory of UFPE. From these samples were determined the species richness, chlorophyll a, cell biovolume, carbon biomass, phytoplankton density and the functional groups were determined. The temperature, salinity, DO and phosphate showed significant seasonal variation. The seasonal variation indicated that the depth, SPM and nutrients were high in the rainy season and transparency, temperature, salinity, DO and pH in the dry season. The chlorophyll a varied between 2.4 to 60.77 mg.m-3. 226 phytoplankton taxa were identified, being the rainy season qualitatively and quantitatively richer as result of the hydroclimatic variability. The cell density varied between 46.667 and 723.333 cells.L-1, with highest values in rainy season The descriptors taxa were Planktothrix agardhii, Planktothrix isothrix, Bellerochea malleus, Cyclotella sp., Cylindrotheca closterium, Coscinodiscus sp. and Nitzschia longissima. The cell biovolume ranged from 0.2 to 213.9 mm3 L-1, while the carbon biomass from 0.07 to 93.62 pgC L-1. The main producers in the studied estuaries were Planktothrix isothrix, Oscillatoria sp. (rainy season) and Coscinodiscus sp. (dry season). 17 functional groups were recorded (A, C, D, P, MP, I, II, III, VI, J, TD, H1, LO, SN, S1, S2, F), of which, H1, S2, C and III characterized the rainy season, while I, II and F characterized the dry season, with the predominance of related to eutrophic, shallow and muddy water environments. The groups H1 and I (P1), S2, II and III (P2) and C (P3) were unique to each estuary. The rainfall and the tides influenced the abundance and distribution of these groups, hindered the establishment of blooms and conditioned the largest algal densities recorded. The use of functional associations, biovolume and biomass carbon showed that they are valid and efficient tools for use in tropical estuaries. Based on the seasonal distribution of phytoplankton in the present study, it is suggested the periodic monitoring of the Estuarine System of Recife to observe the effect of environmental variables on phytoplankton long-term, as well as for understanding the dynamics of cyanobacteria Planktotkrix agardhii and Planktothrix isothrix due to the toxic potential of these species.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-11-22T18:07:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Cinthia_Favaretto_2018.pdf: 2179148 bytes, checksum: ecff784c58c19dda7ee6b23ade555ce2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-22T18:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Cinthia_Favaretto_2018.pdf: 2179148 bytes, checksum: ecff784c58c19dda7ee6b23ade555ce2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Eunotia species from a stream located in the surrounding area of the Iguaçu National Park conservation unit was analyzed. Samples were monthly collected from September 2012 to August 2013. The periphytic material, manually obtained by squeezing an aquatic macrophyte, was oxidized and analyzed under optical and scanning electron microscopy. Twenty-one infrageneric taxa of Eunotia were identified, measured, and illustrated. Eunotia caniculoides Favaretto, Tremarin, Bueno & T. Ludwig is proposed as a new species, and eight taxa are new records for the state of Paraná: E. georgii Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot, E. glacialifalsa Lange-Bertalot, E. guianense (Ehrenberg) de Toni, E. pileus Ehrenberg, E. pseudoimplicata Lange-Bertalot, L.F.Costa & C.E.Wetzel, E. pseudosudetica var. rotundata Cavalcante, Tremarin & T.Ludwig, E. sedina Lange-Bertalot and E. tropico-arcus Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot. Keywords: Bacillariophyta, Diatoms, Periphyton, Southern Brazil, Taxonomy. / Espécies de Eunotia Ehrenberg de um ambiente lótico localizado em área adjacente à unidade de conservação Parque Nacional do Iguaçu foi analisada. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente de setembro de 2012 a agosto de 2013. O material perifítico obtido do espremido manual de uma macrófita aquática foi oxidado e analisado sob microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Vinte e um táxons infragenéricos foram identificados, medidos e ilustrados. Eunotia caniculoides Favaretto, Tremarin, Bueno & T. Ludwig é proposta como uma nova espécie e oito táxons constituem novos registros para o estado do Paraná: E. georgii Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot, E. glacialisfalsa Lange-Bertalot, E. guianense (Ehrenberg) de Toni, E. pileus Ehrenberg, E. pseudoimplicata Lange-Bertalot, L.F.Costa & C.E.Wetzel, E. pseudosudetica var. rotundata Cavalcante, Tremarin & T.Ludwig, E. sedina Lange-Bertalot e E. tropico-arcus Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot

En environnement marin, la colonisation des surfaces solides par les microorganismes est progressive et suit une logique taxonomique et/ou fonctionnelle des espèces. Les biofilms ainsi formés représentent des systèmes multi-cellulaires entourés d’une matrice de substances polymériques extracellulaires (SPE). L’objectif de ce travail était de comprendre comment des acteurs microbiens (bactéries et diatomées) interagissent dans deux types de biofilms marins (biofilm benthique et biofilm sur structures métalliques portuaires). Dans cette étude, des modèles bactériens isolés de ces biofilms ont été identifiés et caractérisés. Dans un premier volet, leur capacité à former des biofilms stables a été évaluée dans différentes conditions. Quatre souches ont été ainsi sélectionnées : Flavobacterium sp. II2003, Roseobacter sp. IV3009, Roseovarius sp. VA014 et Shewanella sp. IV3014. Dans un deuxième volet, les effets des sécrétomes des bactéries marines issues du même habitat ont été évalués sur ces modèles. Deux souches se distinguent par leur capacité à produire des molécules influençant négativement la formation de biofilms : Pseudoalteromonas sp. IIIA004 produit un peptide de 2224 Da présentant une activité antibiofilm vis-à-vis de Roseovarius sp. VA014 et Pseudomonas sp. IV2006 inhibe la formation de biofilm de Flavobacterium sp. II2003. Dans les deux cas, les antibiofilms sont actifs contre un large spectre de bactéries suggérant ainsi plusieurs applications potentielles dans les domaines marin et médical. Dans le dernier volet, les effets des sécrétomes de la diatomée Navicula phyllepta ont été évalués sur les modèles de bactéries benthiques. Cette diatomée s’est distinguée par sa capacité à sécréter des polysaccharides inhibant ou stimulant la formation de biofilms selon les souches cibles. / In the marine environment, solid surface colonization by microorganisms is progressive and follows a taxonomic and/or functional logic. Biofilms formed are multi-cellular systems surrounded by a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The objective of this work was to understand how microbial actors (bacteria and diatoms) interact in two types of marine biofilms (benthic biofilm and biofilm on metallic structures of a harbor). In this study, bacterial models isolated from these biofilms have been identified and characterized. In a first part, their ability to form stable biofilms was evaluated under various conditions. Four strains were selected: Flavobacterium sp. II2003, Roseobacter sp. IV3009, Roseovarius sp. VA014 and Shewanella sp. IV3014. In a second part, the effects of secretomes of the marine bacteria from the same habitat were evaluated on these models. Two strains are distinguished by their ability to produce molecules negatively influencing biofilm formation: Pseudoalteromonas sp. IIIA004 produces a 2224 Da peptide with an antibiofilm activity toward Roseovarius sp. VA014 and Pseudomonas sp. IV2006 inhibits the biofilm formation of Flavobacterium sp . II2003. In both cases, the antibiofilms are active against a broad spectrum of bacteria suggesting several potential applications in marine and medical fields. In the last part, the effects of secretomes of the Navicula phyllepta diatom were evaluated on benthic bacteria models. This diatom was distinguished by its ability to secrete polysaccharides stimulating or inhibiting biofilm formation by target strains.

Les diatomées (Stramenopiles, Bacillariophyceae) jouent un rôle important sur le plan écologique et sont l'un des groupes phytoplanctoniques les plus divers, avec environ 1800 espèces planctoniques estimées. Bien que largement étudiées, leurs modèles de diversité et de distribution biogéographique ne sont pas bien connus. L'avènement du séquençage de l'ADN à haut débit a révolutionné les études de biodiversité moléculaire facilitant la compréhension de la biogéographie, de la structure des communautés et des processus écologiques. Les deux principaux objectifs de cette thèse sont (1) d'enquêter sur les modèles de la biodiversité mondiale et la structure des communautés de diatomées planctoniques à travers les océans du monde, et (2) de comprendre les mécanismes et processus déterminants la structure de la communauté. Cette thèse présente également une première tentative de discerner la répartition des espèces rares dans les communautés de protistes. L'étude a été réalisée en utilisant les données de metabarcoding générées à partir des échantillons biologiques et des données environnementales associées recueillies au cours de la campagne Tara Oceans (2009-2013), une circumnavigation globale couvrant toutes les principales provinces océaniques. Le matériel d’étude pour cette thèse est constitué d’un total de 12 millions de séquences de la sous unité V9 du 18S ribosomal (barcode), récoltées à partir de 46 stations soit 293 échantillons. Basée sur 63371 metabarcodes de diatomées uniques, cette étude présente une évaluation approfondie de la distribution mondiale des diatomées et de leur diversité. Les analyses révèlent des faits marquants liées à la biogéographie des diatomées, par exemple une nouvelle estimation du nombre total d'espèces de diatomées planctoniques, une diversité considérable inconnue, une diversité exceptionnellement élevée en haute mer, et des patrons de diversité complexes entre les provinces océaniques. La thèse examine ensuite les facteurs qui déterminent les modèles de bêta-diversité. Les résultats suggèrent que les diatomées sont des communautés structurées et réglementées par l'hétérogénéité de l'environnement et des processus spatiaux. Néanmoins, la majorité de la variation totale dans la composition de la communauté ne peut être expliquée ni par les facteurs environnementaux, ni par les distances spatiales, ce qui justifie les analyses futures se concentrant sur les interactions biologiques, les événements historiques, et d'autres facteurs qui ne sont pas considérés. La thèse décrit en outre une approche pour caractériser les clusters significativement associés de ribotypes concomitants. Enfin, une étude préliminaire de communautés de protistes fractionnées par taille révèle que la queue (de leurs distributions rang abondance) semble suivre un comportement en loi de puissance dans presque toutes les communautés de protistes. Cette observation peut indiquer un mécanisme universel potentiel qui peut expliquer l'organisation de communautés planctoniques marines. De façon générale, ce travail présent une perspective globale et complète de la distribution et de la diversité des diatomées dans les océans du monde. La thèse propose un cadre global pour l'évaluation de la diversité mondiale basée sur le metabarcoding, qui pourra être utilisé pour étudier la distribution et la diversité des autres lignées taxonomiques. Par conséquent, ce travail fournit un point de référence pour explorer comment les communautés microbiennes feront face à la variation des conditions environnementales. / Diatoms (Stramenopiles, Bacillariophyceae) are an ecologically important and one of the most diverse phytoplanktonic groups, with an estimated ~1,800 marine planktonic species. Although widely studied, their diversity and biogeographic distribution patterns are not well known. The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing has revolutionized molecular biodiversity studies facilitating the understanding of biogeography, community assembly and ecological processes. The two major goals of this thesis are (1) to investigate global biodiversity patterns and structure of marine planktonic diatom communities across the world’s oceans, and (2) to understand the mechanisms and processes determining their community structure and assembly. This thesis also presents an initial attempt to discern the distribution of rare species in protist communities. The study was conducted using the metabarcoding data generated from the biological samples and associated environmental data collected during the Tara Oceans (2009-2013) global circumnavigation covering all major oceanic provinces. A total of ~12 million diatom V9-18S rDNA tags from 46 sampling stations, constituting 293 size fractionated samples represent the study material for the thesis. Using 63,371 unique diatom metabarcodes, this study presents an in-depth evaluation of global diatom distribution and diversity. The analyses study draw a number of revelations related to diatom biogeography, e.g. a new estimate of the total number of planktonic diatom species, a considerable unknown diversity, exceptionally high diversity in the open ocean, complex diversity patterns across oceanic provinces. The thesis then looks into the factors determining the beta-diversity patterns. The results suggest that diatoms represent biogeographically structured ecological communities regulated by both environmental heterogeneity and spatial processes. Nonetheless, the majority of the total variation in community composition remained unexplained by either the examined measured environmental factors or spatial distances, which warrants future analyses focusing on biological interactions, historical events, and other factors that are not considered. The thesis further outlines an approach to characterize significantly associated clusters of co-occurring ribotypes. Finally, a preliminary study of size-fractionated protistan communities reveals that the tail (of their rank-abundance distributions) appears to follow a power-law behavior in almost all protistan communities. This observation may indicate a potential universal mechanism which can explain the organization of marine planktonic communities. In general, this work has presented a global comprehensive perspective on diatom distribution and diversity in the world’s oceans. The thesis offers an overall framework for metabarcoding-based global diversity assessments which in turn can be employed to study distribution and diversity of other taxonomic lineages. Consequently, this work provides a reference point to explore how microbial communities will respond/change in response to environmental conditions.

Pour préciser l’architecture du système turbiditique du Congo (marge Ouest-Africaine, Atlantique Sud-Est), et les variations climatiques et paléocéanographiques de la zone au cours du dernier million d’années, on a étudié les variations de la productivité des diatomées sur deux carottes de référence, KZAI-02 et RZCS-26, prélevées respectivement à 248 et 800 Kms de l’embouchure du fleuve. Cette étude est intégrée au projet REPREZAÏ, REtrogradation/PRogradation dans l’Eventail du ZAÏre, Les périodes de forte productivité diatomique sont observées vers le milieu du stade MIS6, le MIS 5d, et durant le MIS 3, liées à l’apport de nutriments, notamment la silice dissoute, par le fleuve. Les faibles taux d’accumulation en diatomées sont enregistrés au début et à la fin du MIS 6, le MIS 5e, le début du MIS 4 et l’Holocène, quand la charge terrigène dans les eaux de surface empêche la mise en place d’une forte productivité. Au large il faut un apport conséquent de silice dissoute via les décharges du fleuve, et une faible consommation de ce nutriment en amont, pour avoir une forte productivité. L’intensification des conditions d’upwelling océanique favorise la productivité diatomique. L’abondance des diatomées d’estuaires saumâtres coïncide avec l’augmentation de l’influence des décharges fluviatiles vers ~230 ka BP, période de mise en place de l’édifice axial du système turbiditique du Congo. Deux études exploratoires ont été menées en complément: L’étude de la variabilité morphométrique de l’espèce Fragilariopsis doliolus qui montre une variation importante de la surface valvaire au cours du Quaternaire ; l’étude des isotopes de la silice qui s’est avérée complexe, à cause du mélange important de silice biogénique et lithogénique dans nos échantillons. / To precise the evolution of the Congo deep sea fan (western African margin, eastern tropical South Atlantic), and the paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic conditions of the zone during the last million years, variations of diatom productivity have been studied on two reference cores, KZAI-02 and RZCS-26, located respectively at 240 and 800 Kms of the Congo river mouth. This study is part of the REPREZAI project, REtrogradation/PRogradation in the ZAÏre deep-sea fan. High diatom accumulation rates were registered during the mid-part of MIS 6, the cold substage MIS 5d and the MIS 3-2, sustained essentially via nutrients, including dissolved silica, injected by the Congo River into the ocean. Low diatom accumulation rates were recorded during the early and late MIS 6, the MIS 5e, the early MIS 4 and the Holocene, when the terrigenous load in surface waters prevent a strong productivity. Further offshore, a substantial dissolved silica input by the discharges of the Congo river, but also a low consumption of this nutrient upstream, are required to have a strong productivity. The intensification of oceanic upwelling conditions also favors the siliceous productivity. The increasing influence of fluvial discharges, marked by a greater abundance of brackish diatoms off the mouth, corresponds fairly well to the establishment of the axial edifice of the Congo deep sea fan around ~ 230 ka BP. Two exploratory studies were conducted in complement: The study of morphometric variability of the diatom species Fragilariopsis doliolus, that highlighted important variation of the valvar surface during the Quaternary; the study of the silica isotopes that proved to be complex, because of important mix of biogenic and lithogenic silica in the samples.

Les bactéries et microalgues marines sont acteurs clés du fonctionnement des écosystèmes océaniques et leur contribution dans les cycles biogéochimiques majeurs est largement reconnue. Dans ce contexte, il apparaît essentiel de mieux comprendre les interactions existant entre bactéries et microalgues. Dans l’environnement marin, les interactions spécifiques entre microorganismes nécessitent une forte proximité qui n’est souvent rendue possible que par un attachement cellulaire. La première partie de ce travail de thèse a consisté à sélectionner les microalgues qui présentaient des bactéries physiquement attachées. Deux diatomées appartenant aux genres Thalassiosira et Chaeoceros ont été retenues afin d’étudier leur microflore épibionte issue d’associations à long terme (culture de microalgues établies depuis plusieurs années) et à court terme (microalgues prélevées directement dans l’environnement). Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence une forte ressemblance des communautés épibiontes dans les associations à long terme, qui s’opposait à la forte différence des épibiontes issus des associations à court terme. Les communautés d’épibiontes bactériens étaient majoritairement composées d’alpha- et gammaprotéobactéries, mais aussi de Bacteroidetes et d’actinobactéries. Cette étude a également permis de mettre en évidence que la surface des microalgues représentait un écosystème particulier puisque près de la moitié des épibiontes isolés correspondaient à de nouveaux taxons (genres et espèces). Une de ces souches qui constitue un nouveau genre a été complètement caractérisée, contribuant à l’enrichissement de la diversité bactérienne décrite. Enfin, la nature des interactions entre les deux diatomées et leurs bactéries épibiontes a été analysée par l’intermédiaire de co-cultures, afin d’identifier une interaction forte, qui pourra être examinée par transcriptomique. De très nombreuses interactions commensalismes ont été mises en évidence, reflet de la reminéralisation de la matière organique par les bactéries. Cependant, un faible impact des bactéries sur la croissance des microalgues a été observé. Les conditions expérimentales qui excluent au maximum les stress abiotiques et biotiques, masquent peut-être les interactions qui pourraient se produire dans un environnement naturel plus fluctuant. Ces résultats témoignent de la complexité des interactions biotiques, fournissent des méthodes et des organismes modèles permettant de les étudier et soulèvent de nombreuses hypothèses exaltantes pour les travaux futurs. / Marine microalgal and bacterial contribution to the global biogeochemical cycles is largely recognized and lead to define them as key actors of oceanic ecosystems. In this context, it is essential to better understand the interactions occurring between bacteria and microalgae. In the marine environment, specific interactions between microorganisms require tight physical association that is made possible by cellular attachment. In this work, we first selected microalgae with physically attached bacteria. Two diatoms belonging to the genus Thalassiosira and Chaetoceros were selected to study the epibiotic microflora from long-term (microalgae in culture) and short-term (microalgae directly collected from natural communities) associations. This work highlighted strong similarities between epibiotic assemblages from long-term associations and a higher difference for epibiotic communities from short-term associations. The bacterial epibiotic assemblages were mainly composed of Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria but also Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. This study also highlighted that the surface of microalgae represented a peculiar ecosystem where nearly half isolates constituted new taxa (genera and species). One of them representing a new genus has been completely characterized, contributing to the enrichment of the described bacterial diversity. Finally, the nature of interactions between diatoms and their epibiotic bacteria was analyzed by co-culturing to identify strong interactions, to be further examined by transcriptomics. Numerous commensal interactions have been identified, corresponding to the bacterial remineralization of organic matter. However, only small effects of bacteria on microalgal growth were observed. The experimental conditions that exclude a maximum of abiotic and biotic stresses may mask potential interactions that could occur in an unstable natural environment. These results reflect the complexity of biotic interactions, provide methods and model organisms to study them, and raise many exciting hypotheses for future work.