Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karina Jorge.pdf: 3084239 bytes, checksum: 3de3e9558aa23fb366967551b5a3e910 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-13 / The intention of this research was to investigate as in the city of S?o Paulo, in elapsing of century XIX, the co-participation of knowing doctors to them, of engineering, of the architecture and the performance of the administrators they had implied in the modification in the urban configuration of the city and had defined a new structure in organization and functioning. It investigates, over all, the debate and practical the relative ones to the implantation of the hospitals, isolation hospitals, cemeteries and saint marries of mercy through the urban historical study of the S?o Paulo city. It tried to perceive how the urban practice implemented by the administrators through the doctors and engineers were based on the miasma theory. These buildings, according to related theory, would contain organic substance that when decomposing, exhaled miasmas, and therefore, they would have to be situated outside of the urban defined borders at that time. The studies had been made under the point of view of the public health, investigating the origin and formation of the buildings relating them, and the relation of these buildings with the urban way. It is also distinguished in this research, how the prescriptions in the medicine and architecture treaties about the salubrious of the cities, had been transferred to the legislation, through the Municipal Laws. By means of the law off August 30th of 1828, that it extinguished the positions of Physicist and Surgeon, the City councils had started to be responsible for public health and, through the Imperial Decree of October 1st of 1828, established it form of the elections of the members of the City councils and included the first Code of Positions in the organic law of the respective Chambers. / O prop?sito dessa pesquisa foi o de investigar como na cidade de S?o Paulo, no decorrer do s?culo XIX, a co-participa??o dos saberes m?dicos, da engenharia, da arquitetura e a atua??o dos administradores implicaram na modifica??o no tecido urbano da cidade e definiram uma nova estrutura de organiza??o e funcionamento. Investiga, sobretudo, o debate e as pr?ticas relativas ? implanta??o dos hospitais, lazaretos, cemit?rios e casas de miseric?rdia atrav?s do estudo hist?rico urban?stico da cidade de S?o Paulo. Procurou-se perceber como as pr?ticas urbanas implementadas pelos administradores atrav?s dos m?dicos e engenheiros aos seus servi?os estavam fundamentadas na teoria miasm?tica. Estes edif?cios, segundo a referida teoria, conteriam mat?ria org?nica que ao se decompor exalavam miasmas e, portanto, deveriam se localizar fora do meio urbano definido na ?poca. Os estudos foram feitos sob o ponto de vista da sa?de p?blica, investigando a origem e forma??o dos edif?cios relacionados ? mesma e a rela??o desses edif?cios com o meio urbano. Destaca-se nessa pesquisa tamb?m, como as prescri??es presentes nos tratados de medicina e arquitetura sobre a salubridade das cidades foram transferidas para a legisla??o, atrav?s das Posturas Municipais. Mediante a lei de 30 de agosto de 1828, que extinguiu os cargos de F?sico-mor e Cirurgi?o-mor, as C?maras Municipais passaram a ser respons?veis pela sa?de p?blica e, atrav?s do Decreto Imperial de 1? de outubro de 1828, estabeleceu-se a forma das elei??es dos membros das C?maras Municipais e incluiu-se o primeiro C?digo de Posturas na lei org?nica das respectivas C?maras.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IedaNSM.pdf: 5948604 bytes, checksum: dbf245a349dd04cff535e8ba2e89601d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-06 / The aim of this work was to study a series of 11 different compositions of Ti-Zr binary alloys resistance to aggressive environment, i. e., their ability to keep their surface properties and mass when exposed to them as a way to evaluate their performance as biomaterials. The first stage was devoted to the fabrication of tablets from these alloys by Plasma-Skull casting method using a Discovery Plasma machine from EDG Equipamentos, Brazil. In a second stage, the chemical composition of each produced tablet was verified. In a third stage, the specimen were submitted to: as-cast microstructure analysis via optical and scanning electron microscopy (OM and SEM), x-ray dispersive system (EDS) chemical analysis via SEM, Vickers hardness tests for mechanical evaluation and corrosion resistence tests in a 0.9% NaCl solution to simulate exposition to human saliva monitored by open circuit potential and polarization curves. From the obtained results, it was possible to infer that specimens A1 (94,07 wt% Ti and 5,93% wt% Zr), A4 (77,81 wt % Ti and 22,19 wt % Zr) and A8 (27,83 wt% Ti and 72,17 wt% Zr), presented best performance regarding to corrosion resistance, homogeneity and hardness which are necessary issues for biomaterials to be applied as orthopedic and odontological prosthesis / Este trabalho teve como finalidade estudar uma s?rie de onze ligas met?licas bin?rias, tit?nio zirc?nio, quanto ? capacidade de resistirem ?s deteriora??es sem sofrerem modifica??es de suas propriedades iniciais de massa e superf?cie quando expostas a meios agressivos, como condi??o fundamental para que as mesmas sejam aplicadas como biomateriais. A primeira etapa tratou da confec??o das amostras das ligas em forma de pastilhas, empregando-se o processo de fundi??o Plasma Skull realizado na m?quina Discovery Plasma, produzida no Brasil pela EDG Equipamentos. Na segunda etapa, as amostras confeccionadas foram submetidas aos ensaios para a determina??o da composi??o qu?mica resultante de cada liga da s?rie ap?s a fus?o. E durante a terceira etapa foram feitos os procedimentos de avalia??es das amostras quanto ? homogeneidade e apresenta??o da microestrutura de cada uma das ligas no estado bruto de fus?o, como resultados dos ensaios metalogr?ficos por microscopia ?ptica e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura acoplada a espectroscopia por energia dispersiva de raios-x; quanto ? propriedade mec?nica de dureza medida em escala Vickers (HV); e quanto ?s propriedades qu?micas de resist?ncia ? corros?o, quando expostas em solu??o de cloreto de s?dio 0,9 %, para simular a saliva, empregando-se o monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto e as curvas de polariza??o. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi poss?vel identificar as pastilhas de composi??es qu?micas A1 (94,07% de Ti e 5,93% de Zr), A4 (77,81% de Ti e 22,19% de Zr) e A8 (27,83% de Ti e 72,17% de Zr) que resultaram como maiores detentoras do conjunto de propriedades de resist?ncia ? corros?o, homogeneidade e dureza, as quais s?o mais necess?rias em biomateriais tipo pr?teses ortop?dicas ou odontol?gicas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OthonMMA.pdf: 955144 bytes, checksum: 29d720958ad489287500017f5cfaa75c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-23 / In Brazil, constitutional clauses regarding religious freedom have concrete applications in Private Law. Church-State Law, or "Ecclesiastical Law of the State," studies the legal principles which may be applicable to religious activity, exercised individually and collectively. The study of Church-State Law in Brazil lacks a thorough introduction to the constitutional and civil aspects of religious organizations: such an introduction is the main end of this work. Following a brief introduction, the main aspects of religious freedom and the principle of private autonomy as it concerns religious organizations are explained. A careful introductory analysis of Church-State Law in Brazil is thus developed: (1) the historical aspects, including a detailed account of the relations between Catholicism, the established religion up to 1889, and the government; (2) the current constitutional principles, as presented in the text of the federal Constitution of 1988, regarding the rights and claims of religious organizations; (3) how the same constitutional principles are to be used in the interpretation of Private Law (especially the Civil Code of 2002), fostering and preserving the uniqueness of religious organizations in the Brazilian legal system. A brief complementary chapter presents some aspects of the legal position of religious institutions in three other nations whose constitutional documents have influenced the current Brazilian federal Constitution (France, Spain, and the United States) / As garantias constitucionais de prote??o ? liberdade religiosa t?m aplica??o concreta no Direito Privado. O Direito Eclesi?stico do Estado (isto ?, o estudo das normas jur?dicas aplic?veis ao fen?meno religioso, em suas manifesta??es individuais ou coletivas) carece, no Brasil, de um estudo introdut?rio da posi??o constitucional e infraconstitucional das organiza??es religiosas, lacuna que o presente texto visa suprir. A breve an?lise abrangente do problema, segue-se apresenta??o dos princ?pios da liberdade religiosa e da autonomia privada aplicada ?s organiza??es religiosas. Um estudo cuidadoso sobre o hist?rico do Direito brasileiro do fen?meno religioso prefacia os pontos centrais da pesquisa: a defini??o dos princ?pios constitucionais estruturais do Direito Eclesi?stico no Brasil e a aplica??o pr?tica desses princ?pios no ?mbito do Direito Privado das pessoas jur?dicas de natureza religiosa (as organiza??es religiosas). Finalmente, apresenta-se a situa??o das pessoas jur?dicas religiosas no Direito Comparado, escolhidos ordenamentos jur?dicos nacionais que tamb?m guiam-se pela autonomia das esferas pol?tica e religiosa

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:54:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HelianaBS_da_capa_ate_cap4.pdf: 2361373 bytes, checksum: 3e1e43e8ba1aadc274663b8b8e3de72f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The skin cancer is the most common of all cancers and the increase of its incidence must, in part, caused by the behavior of the people in relation to the exposition to the sun. In Brazil, the non-melanoma skin cancer is the most incident in the majority of the regions. The dermatoscopy and videodermatoscopy are the main types of examinations for the diagnosis of dermatological illnesses of the skin. The field that involves the use of computational tools to help or follow medical diagnosis in dermatological injuries is seen as very recent. Some methods had been proposed for automatic classification of pathology of the skin using images. The present work has the objective to present a new intelligent methodology for analysis and classification of skin cancer images, based on the techniques of digital processing of images for extraction of color characteristics, forms and texture, using Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) and learning techniques called Support Vector Machine (SVM). The Wavelet Packet Transform is applied for extraction of texture characteristics in the images. The WPT consists of a set of base functions that represents the image in different bands of frequency, each one with distinct resolutions corresponding to each scale. Moreover, the characteristics of color of the injury are also computed that are dependants of a visual context, influenced for the existing colors in its surround, and the attributes of form through the Fourier describers. The Support Vector Machine is used for the classification task, which is based on the minimization principles of the structural risk, coming from the statistical learning theory. The SVM has the objective to construct optimum hyperplanes that represent the separation between classes. The generated hyperplane is determined by a subset of the classes, called support vectors. For the used database in this work, the results had revealed a good performance getting a global rightness of 92,73% for melanoma, and 86% for non-melanoma and benign injuries. The extracted describers and the SVM classifier became a method capable to recognize and to classify the analyzed skin injuries / O c?ncer de pele ? o mais comum de todos os c?nceres e o aumento da sua incid?ncia deve-se, em parte, ao comportamento das pessoas em rela??o ? exposi??o ao sol. No Brasil, o c?ncer de pele n?o melanoma ? o mais incidente na maioria das regi?es. A dermatoscopia e ideodermatoscopia s?o os principais tipos de exames para o diagn?stico de doen?as da pele dermatol?gicas. O campo que envolve o uso de ferramentas computacionais para o aux?lio ou acompanhamento do diagn?stico m?dico em les?es dermatol?gicas ainda ? visto como muito recente. V?rios m?todos foram propostos para classifica??o autom?tica de patologias da pele utilizando imagens. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma nova metodologia inteligente para an?lise e classifica??o de imagens de c?ncer de pele, baseada nas t?cnicas de processamento digital de imagens para extra??o de caracter?sticas de cor, forma e textura, utilizando a Transformada Wavelet Packet (TWP) e a t?cnicas de aprendizado de m?quina denominada M?quina de Vetor de Suporte (SVM Support Vector Machine). A Transformada Wavelet Packet ? aplicada para extra??o de caracter?sticas de textura nas imagens. Esta consiste de um conjunto de fun??es base que representa a imagem em diferentes bandas de freq??ncia, cada uma com resolu??es distintas correspondente a cada escala. Al?m disso, s?o calculadas tamb?m as caracter?sticas de cor da les?o que s?o dependentes de um contexto visual, influenciada pelas cores existentes em sua volta, e os atributos de forma atrav?s dos descritores de Fourier. Para a tarefa de classifica??o ? utilizado a M?quina de Vetor de Suporte, que baseia-se nos princ?pios da minimiza??o do risco estrutural, proveniente da teoria do aprendizado estat?stico. A SVM tem como objetivo construir hiperplanos ?timos que apresentem a maior margem de separa??o entre classes. O hiperplano gerado ? determinado por um subconjunto dos pontos das classes, chamado vetores de suporte. Para o banco de dados utilizado neste trabalho, os resultados apresentaram um bom desempenho obtendo um acerto global de 92,73% para melanoma, e 86% para les?es n?o-melanoma e benigna. O potencial dos descritores extra?dos aliados ao classificador SVM tornou o m?todo capaz de reconhecer e classificar as les?es analisadas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JacksonGS.pdf: 1963039 bytes, checksum: ed3464892d7bb73b5dcab563e42f0e01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-28 / Image segmentation is one of the image processing problems that deserves special attention from the scientific community. This work studies unsupervised methods to clustering and pattern recognition applicable to medical image segmentation. Natural Computing based methods have shown very attractive in such tasks and are studied here as a way to verify it's applicability in medical image segmentation. This work treats to implement the following methods: GKA (Genetic K-means Algorithm), GFCMA (Genetic FCM Algorithm), PSOKA (PSO and K-means based Clustering Algorithm) and PSOFCM (PSO and FCM based Clustering Algorithm). Besides, as a way to evaluate the results given by the algorithms, clustering validity indexes are used as quantitative measure. Visual and qualitative evaluations are realized also, mainly using data given by the BrainWeb brain simulator as ground truth / Segmenta??o de imagens ? um dos problemas de processamento de imagens que merece especial interesse da comunidade cient?fica. Neste trabalho, s?o estudado m?todos n?o-supervisionados para detec??o de algomerados (clustering) e reconhecimento de padr?es (pattern recognition) em segmenta??o de imagens m?dicas M?todos baseados em t?cnicas de computa??o natural t?m se mostrado bastante atrativos nestas tarefas e s?o estudados aqui como uma forma de verificar a sua aplicabilidade em segmenta??o de imagens m?dicas. Este trabalho trata de implementa os m?todos GKA (Genetic K-means Algorithm), GFCMA (Genetic FCM Algorithm) PSOKA (Algoritmo de clustering baseado em PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) e K means) e PSOFCM (Algoritmo de clustering baseado em PSO e FCM (Fuzzy C Means)). Al?m disso, como forma de avaliar os resultados fornecidos pelos algoritmos s?o utilizados ?ndices de valida??o de clustering como forma de medida quantitativa Avalia??es visuais e qualitativas tamb?m s?o realizadas, principalmente utilizando dados do sistema BrainWeb, um gerador de imagens do c?rebro, como ground truth

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:15:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioFM.pdf: 1459636 bytes, checksum: 4f2bb557c6a5bddb80e46f325bd5b4dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this work we study the spectrum (bulk and surface modes) of exciton-polaritons in infinite and semi-infinite binary superlattices (such as, ???ABABA???), where the semiconductor medium (A), whose dielectric function depends on the frequency and the wavevector, alternating with a standard dielectric medium B. Here the medium A will be modeled by a nitride III-V semiconductor whose main characteristic is a wide-direct energy gap Eg. In particular, we consider the numerical values of gallium nitride (GaN) with a crystal structure wurtzite type. The transfer-matrix formalism is used to find the exciton-polariton dispersion relation. The results are obtained for both s (TE mode: transverse electric) and p (TM mode: transverse magnetic) polarizations, using three diferent kind of additional boundary conditions (ABC1, 2 e 3) besides the standard Maxwell's boundary conditions. Moreover, we investigate the behavior of the exciton-polariton modes for diferent ratios of the thickness of the two alternating materials forming the superlattice. The spectrums shows a confinement of the exciton-polariton modes due to the geometry of the superlattice. The method of Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) and Raman scattering are the most adequate for probing this excitations / Neste trabalho estudamos o espectro (modos de volume e de superf?cie) dos polaritons de exciton em uma super-rede bin?ria infinita e semi-infinita (tal como, ???ABABA???), onde um meio semicondutor (A), cuja fun??o diel?trica depende da frequ?ncia e do vetor de onda, alterna-se com um diel?trico comum (B). Aqui, o meio A ser? modelado por um semicondutor da fam?lia dos nitretos (semicondutor III-V) que tem como caracter?stica principal um gap de energia (Eg) direto e largo. Em particular, consideramos os valores num?ricos para o nitreto de g?lio (GaN) com uma estrutura cristalina tipo wurtzite. A t?cnica da matriz de transfer?ncia ? utilizada para encontrarmos a rela??o de dispers?o do polariton de exciton. Os resultados s?o obtidos para os modos de polariza??o s (ou modo TE: transversal el?trico) e p (ou modo TM: transversal magn?tico), usando tr?s diferentes condi??es de contorno adicionais (ABC1, 2 e 3), mais as condi??es de contorno padr?es de Maxwell. Al?m disso, investigamos o comportamento dos modos do polariton de exciton para diferentes raz?es entre as espessuras das camadas dos dois materiais que comp?em a super-rede Os espectros encontrados evidenciam um comportamento de confinamento dos polaritons de exciton devido ?s geometrias empregadas. As t?cnicas experimentais ATR ("Attenuated Total Reflection") e o espalhamento Raman s?o as mais adequadas para a caracteriza??o dessas excita??es