Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-12-06T18:30:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Priscila Bacellar Monteiro.pdf: 11820301 bytes, checksum: 5fc5efa34227fecb541d3d0765866099 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T18:30:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Priscila Bacellar Monteiro.pdf: 11820301 bytes, checksum: 5fc5efa34227fecb541d3d0765866099 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study is built on the results that showed that the mistakes children make solving operations using the conventional technique are due to the lack of comprehension of the rules of the numeral system we use nowadays. The researches also indicated that premature introduction of denominations of “ones”, “tens”, “hundreds”; conventional technique; and the use of objects to materialize base-10 don’t necessarily lead to the comprehension of rules and often keep the children from making meaning of mathematic knowledge. This study aims to analyze the strength of a didactic sequence elaborated by Lerner and her staff and focused on the teaching of the positional numeral system. The proposed activities involved the anticipation of calculation results and the elaboration of valid rules that would lead to the understanding of decimal grouping. The research was conducted in three classes of second grade of elementary school of a public school in São Paulo. Participated 91 students between seven and eight years and three teachers of their classes. The activities were previously discussed with the teachers; they were responsible for conducting classes and observed by the researcher. The developed sequence proved to be powerful for the advancement of the children in the understanding of what is hidden in the numeral system we use and indicated that a rupture on the current didactical contract is necessary so that they take responsibility for solving the proposed problems and advance in their conceptualizations / O presente estudo partiu dos resultados de pesquisas que apontam que os erros que as crianças cometem ao resolver operações por meio da técnica convencional são frutos da não compreensão das regras que regem o sistema de numeração que utilizamos hoje. Indicam também que a apresentação prematura das ordens e classes, da técnica convencional e o recurso à materialização dos agrupamentos da base não conduzem, necessariamente, ao êxito na compreensão dessas regras e, muitas vezes, impedem que as crianças construam o sentido dos conhecimentos matemáticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a potência de uma sequência didática, elaborada por Lerner e equipe, voltada para o ensino do sistema de numeração posicional. As atividades propostas envolviam a antecipação de resultados de cálculos e a elaboração de regras válidas que conduzissem à compreensão do agrupamento decimal. A pesquisa foi realizada em três turmas de 2o ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola estadual da cidade de São Paulo. Participaram 91 estudantes, entre 7 anos e 8 anos, e as três professoras das turmas. As atividades foram previamente discutidas com as professoras, responsáveis pela condução das aulas e observadas pela pesquisadora. A sequência desenvolvida se mostrou potente para o avanço das crianças na compreensão do que está oculto no sistema de numeração que utilizamos e indica que é necessária uma ruptura do contrato didático vigente para que elas assumam a responsabilidade pela resolução dos problemas propostos e avancem em suas conceitualizações

Research on the mathematical behavior of children over the past forty decades has considerably renewed and augmented the body of evaluative tests of the results of learning (Lester, 2007). Research however, has provided very little knowledge about the means of improving students’ performance on these tests. Nevertheless teachers, students, and others are being pressured to improve students’ performance, but in order to concentrate on basic skills, the learning itself is made more difficult and slower. The combination of requirements has led to a variety of uncontrolled phenomena such as meta-didactical slippage (Brousseau, 2008). The purpose of this study was to: (a) understand the nature of meta-didactical slippage that occurred in a ninth grade predominantly African American mathematics classroom; and (b) describe how these meta-didactical slippages affect students conceptual understanding on a unit of study of ninth grade mathematics. The study was a descriptive, qualitative, case study that employed ethnographic techniques of data collection and analysis. The theory of didactical situations in mathematics (Brousseau, 1997) served as the theoretical lens that grounded the interpretation of the data, because it enabled the researcher to isolate moments of instruction, action, formulation, validation, and institutionalization in the mathematics teaching and learning process. The study was conducted over a period of 15 weeks in one, ninth grade class of 23 predominantly African American students at a high school in a southeastern state. Data was crystalized using multiple data collection techniques: (a) collection of document artifacts, which included student work samples and teacher lesson plans; (b) interviews conducted with the teacher; (c) researcher introspection; and (d) direct observation. Data was analyzed using ethnographic and discourse analysis techniques, including domain analysis, coding, situated meaning, and the big “D” discourse tool. The study found four themes, which illustrated the nature meta-didactical slippages: (a) over-teaching, (b) situational bypass, (c) language and symbolic representation, and (d) the design of didactical situations.

Matematikundervisningen har en flera hundra år lång historia och matematik är idag ett av de ämnen i grundskolan som det undervisas mest i. Trots det visar resultatet från den internationella undersökningen PISA 2022 att elever i den svenska skolan presterar lågt i jämförelse med tidigare PISA-studier i ämnet matematik. Forskning visar att det är lärarens kompetens som är den mest väsentliga faktorn för elevernas lärande och därmed behövs nya perspektiv på lärarens undervisning i matematik. Något som har väckt stort internationellt intresse under de senaste femton åren är den franska undervisningen i matematik där Brousseaus teori om didaktiska situationer i matematik är en central del. Därför är syftet med denna litteraturstudie att lyfta teorin samt hur forskningen använder den. Resultatet visar att teorin kan användas som undervisningsdesign för att främja elevernas lärande och som ett framgångsrikt verktyg för att observera och analysera lärares roll i undervisningen. Dessutom används teorin som grund för ett undervisningsprogram.