<p>Education has become internationalised. Educational trends, concerns and debates exceed national and cultural borders, and ideas and innovations are being exchanged and transferred. Many curriculum programmes and reforms in education are influenced by international trends and by curricular ideas developed in a different educational context than the one in which they are put into practice. How does this affect the process of realisation and their effects in schools? Technology as a subject in compulsory education is one field where perspectives, concerns and ideas to a large extent are exchanged and transferred on the international arena. The importance of technology as a component of education for all is increasingly recognised, and the concept of technological literacy has emerged (Lewis & Gagel 1992, Liddament 1994, Barnett 1995, Ferreyra 1997, Jenkins 1997a, Jenkins 1997b, Petrina 2000). Though drawing on a variety of different traditions, technology as a specific and independent subject is a newcomer in the school curriculum in many countries. A range of curriculum initiatives is thus made in order to establish and develop technology as a subject of teaching.</p>

Education has become internationalised. Educational trends, concerns and debates exceed national and cultural borders, and ideas and innovations are being exchanged and transferred. Many curriculum programmes and reforms in education are influenced by international trends and by curricular ideas developed in a different educational context than the one in which they are put into practice. How does this affect the process of realisation and their effects in schools? Technology as a subject in compulsory education is one field where perspectives, concerns and ideas to a large extent are exchanged and transferred on the international arena. The importance of technology as a component of education for all is increasingly recognised, and the concept of technological literacy has emerged (Lewis &amp; Gagel 1992, Liddament 1994, Barnett 1995, Ferreyra 1997, Jenkins 1997a, Jenkins 1997b, Petrina 2000). Though drawing on a variety of different traditions, technology as a specific and independent subject is a newcomer in the school curriculum in many countries. A range of curriculum initiatives is thus made in order to establish and develop technology as a subject of teaching.

Yes / This paper explores teachers’ educational values and how they shape their judgements about physically active learning (PAL). Twenty one teachers from four primary schools in Norway participated in focus groups. By conceptualising PAL as a didaktikk approach, the findings indicated that teachers engaged with PAL in a way that reflected their professional identity and previous experiences with the curriculum. Teachers valued PAL as a way of getting to know pupils in educational situations that were different from those when sedentary. These insights illustrate how PAL, as a didaktikk approach to teaching, can shift teachers’ perceptions of pupils’ knowledge, learning, and identity formation in ways that reflect the wider purposes of education. The paper gives support to a classroom discourse that moves beyond the traditional, sedentary one-way transfer of knowledge towards a more collaborative effort for pupils’ development. / This work was supported by Norwegian Directorate for Higher Education and Skills: [Grant Number 2019-1-NO01-KA203-060324]. The authors of this manuscript were supported and funded by the European Union ERASMUS+Strategic Partnership Fund as part of the Activating Classroom Teachers (ACTivate) project.

Hensikten med oppgaven er å få innsikt i hvordan ulike gymnasielærere i hørelærefaget anser og jobber med teoretiske og praktiske moment i sin undervisning. I relasjon til dette fokuserer oppgaven vider på læreres syn på forholdet mellom hørelære og instrumentalspill og sang. Tidligere forskning knyttet til dette emnet, har vist at det er ulikheter mellom hørelærepedagogers hensikt med sin undervisning, og hva som utføres praktisk i undervisningen. Med dette som utgangspunkt, har jeg som hensikt å få en innsikt i hvordan ulike lærere jobber med disse aspektene i egen hørelæreundervisning, samt hvilke tanker de har om dette i relasjon til generell undervisning i faget. Oppgaven har sitt teoretiske utgangspunkt i et multimodalt perspektiv, som innebærer at mennesker tilegner seg kunnskap gjennom flere former for tegn og modaliteter. Videre har oppgaven også et didaktisk-pedagogisk perspektiv, med fokus på pedagogiske og didaktiske metoder i ulike læreres hørelæreundervisning. Undersøkelsen har blitt gjennomført i form av observasjoner og kvalitative intervjuer av ulike lærere og deres undervisning. Resultatene viser at samtlige informanter anser det som viktig å ha balanse og sammenheng mellom teoretisk og praktisk arbeid i hørelæreundervisningen. Videre anser samtlige informanter forholdet mellom hørelære og instrumentalspill og sang som svært viktig. Inkludering av elevenes hovedinstrument i undervisningen trekkes fram som en gunstig metode for å tydeliggjøre dette. Benyttelsen av slikt arbeid er dog ulik i de respektive informantenes undervisning, da det krever forutsetninger som ikke ligger til rette hos et flertall av lærerne. / The purpose of this study is to gain insight into how different teachers in ear training consider and work with theoretical and practical elements, in their teaching in Swedish and Norwegian high schools. Furthermore, the study also focuses on how the teachers consider the relationship between ear training and instrumental playing and singing. Prior research on this topic shows that there are differences among ear training teachers, between the purpose of their teaching, and what is done practically. With this in mind, my aim is to gain an insight in how different teachers work with these aspects in their own teaching. I also wish to get more knowledge of how they view these aspects in relation to the general teaching of ear training. The study has its theoretical basis in a multimodal perspective, which means that people  acquire knowledge through multiple forms of signs and modalities. Furthermore, the study also has a didactic-pedagogical perspective, focusing on the pedagogical and didactic methods of different teachers in the subject of ear training.   The survey has been conducted in the form of qualitative interviews with various teachers, as well as observations of their teaching. The results indicate that all the informants consider it important to have balance and coherence between theoretical and practical work in ear training. Furthermore, all informants consider the relationship between ear training and instrumental music and singing as very important. Inclusion of the students own instruments in ear training lessons, is emphasized as a beneficial method for working with this aspect. The degree to which this method is utilized, is however expressed as different among the informants. Working so, however, requires certain conditions, that are sometimes missing.

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Studiens overordnede hensikt er å bidra til økt forståelse omkring sammenhengen mellom vurdering og skriving i fremmedspråkundervisningen. Det er særlig vurdering som læringsfremmende verktøy i forhold til elevenes utvikling av skrivekompetanse som er fokus i studien. Denne studien har både et elev- og lærerperspektiv, men særlig kommer lærerens vurderingskompetanse og betydningen av denne i elevenes læringsprosess til syne.   Skriveopplæringen i fremmedspråk i Norge foregår i all hovedsak i en skolekontekst, i et klasserom med én lærer og mange elever. Når læreren skal gi tilbakemeldinger på elevtekster, står hun overfor mange valg. Hvordan hun velger å respondere på tekstene, har betydning for hvordan eleven opplever sitt eget arbeid med å skape mening på et fremmedspråk og for hvordan forholdet mellom elev og lærer oppfattes. Denne konteksten er gjenstand for denne studien. Materialet, som består av observasjon, intervjuer, elevtekster og spørreskjemaer, har jeg hentet i en ungdomsskole, der en lærer gav meg tilgang til å observere hennes arbeid i klasserommet og med vurdering av elevtekster. Datainnsamlingen foregikk i en periode på halvannet år.   Et av hovedfunnene i studien er at formativ vurdering som medierende artefakt har betydning for elevenes skriveprosess. Så lenge elevene har forståelse for målet med skrivingen og hensikten med de tilbakemeldingene de får i skriveprosessen, vil de også arbeide grundigere med teksten på alle nivå i neste skrivefase. Samtidig bidrar en felles forståelse av målene for skrivingen til at læringsprosessen blir mer transparent og åpner opp for et bedre samarbeid mellom elevene i skriveprosessen.   Et annet viktig funn i denne studien er at det synes som lærerens vurderingskompetanse er svært sentral for elevenes utvikling av skrivekompetanse i tysk. Hele vurderingskulturen i klasserommet synes å utvikles når tolkningsfellesskap mellom lærer og elever oppstår, der prosessen, hensikten og konteksten er tydelig og forståelig for alle deltakerne i kunnskapskonstruksjonen. / The overriding aim of the study is to contribute to an increased understanding of the link between assessment and writing in foreign language teaching. There is a particular focus on assessment as a learning enhancing tool in relation to the students’ development of their writing skills. This study has been conducted from both student and teacher perspectives, but the teacher’s assessment skills and the significance of this in the student’s learning process is particularly prominent. The teaching of writing in foreign languages in Norway principally occurs in the school context. When the teacher has to give feedback on students’ texts, she is faced with many choices. How she chooses to respond to the texts has implications for how the students experience their own work in order to create meaning in a foreign language and for how the relationship between the students and the teacher is perceived. This context is the subject of this study. I obtained the data material, which consists of observations, interviews, students’ texts and questionnaires, in a junior secondary school observing one teacher and her students. The data was collected over a period of 18 months. One of the principal findings of the study is that formative assessment as a mediating artefact is significant to the students’ writing process. Provided that the students have an understanding of the purpose of the writing and the aim of the feedback they receive during the writing process, they will also work on the text more thoroughly on all levels in the next phase of writing. A shared understanding of the aims of the writing also contributes to the learning process becoming more transparent, opening up for a better collaboration on the writing process among the students. Another important finding of this study is that it appears that the teacher’s assessment ability plays a central role in the students’ development of writing skills in German. The whole assessment culture in the classroom appears to develop when teacher and students have a common reference of assessment and when the process, purpose and context is clear and understandable to all the participants while building knowledge. / Der übergeordnete Zweck der Studie besteht darin, zu einem besseren Verständnis für den Zusammenhang zwischen der Beurteilung und dem Erbringen von schriftlichen Leistungen im Fremdsprachenunterricht beizutragen. Im Mittelpunkt steht vor allem die Beurteilung als lernförderndes Mittel für die Entwicklung der Schreibkompetenz der Schüler. Die Studie besitzt sowohl eine Schüler- als auch eine Lehrerperspektive, zeigt aber vor allem die Wichtigkeit der Beurteilungskompetenz der Lehrkraft und deren Bedeutung für den Lernprozess der Schüler auf. Fremdsprachlicher Schreibunterricht findet in Norwegen hauptsächlich in einem schulischen Kontext statt, wobei eine Lehrkraft viele Schüler im fremdsprachlichen Klassenzimmer betreut. Wenn die Lehrkraft Rückmeldungen zu Schülertexten gibt, hat sie zahlreiche Wahlmöglichkeiten. Die gewählte Art der Rückmeldung zu schriftlichen Leistungen hat zweierlei Auswirkungen, zum einen darauf, wie die Schüler ihre eigenes Arbeiten und somit ihr Bemühen etwas Sinnvolles in der Fremdsprache auszudrücken erleben, und zum anderen wie das Verhältnis zwischen den Schülern und der Lehrkraft aufgefasst wird. Dieser Kontext ist Gegenstand der Studie. Das Material, bestehend aus Beobachtungen, Interviews, Schülertexten und Fragebögen, stammt aus einer norwegischen "ungdomssskole" (entspricht in etwa der Sekundarstufe I in Deutschland), wo mir eine Lehrkraft Gelegenheit gab, ihre Vorgehensweise während des Unterrichtens und bei der Beurteilung von schriftlichen Leistungen der Schüler zu beobachten. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte in einem Zeitraum von eineinhalb Jahren. Eines der Hauptergebnisse der Studie besteht darin, dass eine formative Beurteilung als mediierendes Artefakt für die Schreibprozesse der Schüler von Bedeutung ist. Solange die Schüler Verständnis für das Ziel des Schreibens und den Zweck der Rückmeldungen haben, die sie während des Schreibprozesses erhalten, arbeiten sie auch in der nächsten Schreibphase auf allen Ebenen gründlicher mit dem Text. Gleichzeitig trägt ein gemeinsames Verständnis für die Ziele des Schreibens dazu bei, den Lernprozess transparenter zu machen und eine bessere Zusammenarbeit der Schüler untereinander während des Schreibprozesses zu fördern. Ein weiteres wichtiges Ergebnis dieser Studie ist, dass die Beurteilungskompetenz der Lehrkraft sehr wichtig für die Entwicklung der Schreibkompetenz der Schüler im Fach Deutsch zu sein scheint. Die gesamte Beurteilungskultur im Unterricht wird weiterentwickelt, wenn eine Deutungsgemeinschaft zwischen Lehrkraft und Schüler entsteht, in der der Prozess, der Zweck und der Kontext für alle an der Wissenskonstruktion Beteiligten deutlich und verständlich werden.