Les apports de l’aquaculture représentent aujourd’hui la moitié des produits aquatiques destinés à la consommation humaine. La composition de l’aliment artificiel utilisé en élevage piscicole a fortement évolué ces 30 dernières années. Les produits d’origine végétale terrestre y ont progressivement remplacé les farines et les huiles de poisson lorsque les stocks de pêche minotière utilisés pour leur production se sont rapprochés de leur limite d’exploitation. Toutefois, l’usage exclusif de ces farines et huiles végétales conduit encore à la dégradation de la croissance et de la santé des salmonidés et des poissons marins. Dans le même temps, l’amélioration génétique en pisciculture a permis, depuis 1980, des gains importants sur les caractères de croissance, de santé et de qualité et dispose aujourd’hui de méthodes pour étudier les conséquences de cette profonde transition alimentaire sur les populations actuelles et futures issues des programmes de sélection. En privilégiant la comparaison entre un aliment composé de produits d’origine marine (M) et un aliment entièrement constitué de produits d’origine végétale terrestre (PB), nous avons étudié les voies d’amélioration génétique chez deux espèces majeures du secteur français : le bar européen (Dicentrarchus labrax) et la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Dans ce contexte, l’objectif était en particulier d’estimer les héritabilités des caractères d’intérêt et l’importance des interactions génotype-aliment, qui sont à l’origine de reclassement des génotypes en fonction l’aliment utilisé.Les essais réalisés ont confirmés l’effet de la substitution totale sur la croissance et la composition lipidique chez les deux espèces et sur la survie chez le bar. Les héritabilités estimées des poissons nourris avec l’aliment PB pour le poids, la croissance et les paramètres de transformation technologique (rendement carcasse, viscères, tête, filet) sont hautes chez la truite (respectivement 0,69 ; 0,65 ; 0,21-0,58) et modérées chez le bar (respectivement 0,18 et 0,11). Pour ces caractères, les interactions génotype-aliment sont modérées et les corrélations génétiques estimées entre les aliments M et PB sont élevées chez la truite (respectivement 0,90 ; 0,92 ; 0,65-0,96) et chez le bar (respectivement 0,96 ; 0,64). Les gains génétique attendus sont plus élevés avec l’aliment PB qu’avec l’aliment M chez la truite tandis qu’ils sont plus faible chez le bar. La mesure de la réponse à la sélection pour une aptitude à grandir et à survivre en utilisant l’aliment PB a confirmé des gains élevés pour le poids (+35%), la survie (+15,1%) et la biomasse produite (+54,4%) sans impact sur les paramètres de transformation technologique (carcasse, viscères, tête, filet). Les essais réalisés ont confirmé que cette meilleure aptitude était liée à des modifications de l’activité du métabolisme lipidique mais n’ont pas permis de conclure à des liens avec l’ingéré et efficacité alimentaire.Les plus fortes mortalités et le plus faible poids des lots PB durant les jours qui suivent les premières prises alimentaires ainsi que les reclassements familiaux plus importants en début de cycle de vie indiquent que les stades précoces ont une place prépondérante dans l’utilisation de l’aliment d’origine végétale aux niveaux phénotypique et génétique et devront être approfondis.A la vue des résultats obtenus, il semble donc possible d’exploiter la grande plasticité de certaines espèces de poissons pour concevoir des programmes de sélection prenant en compte l’évolution des environnements de production. La limitation mondiale des ressources alimentaire confronte les élevages à des modifications rapides de l’aliment et l’amélioration génétique des cheptels peut aider à faciliter ces transitions alimentaires. / Nowadays, aquaculture contributes to half of the aquatic products intended for human consumption. The composition of aquafeeds strongly evolved in the past 30 years. Terrestrial plant-based products gradually replace fish meal and fish oil, as fish stocks used for their production reach their exploitation limit. However, the use of diets containing vegetable oils and meals only still lead to growth and health degradation in salmonids and marine fish.Besides, breeding programmes in fish farming allowed strong genetic progress, since 1980, on growth, health and quality traits. An important issue for fish breeders is now to understand the consequences of this deep dietary change on the current and future selected populations and to adapt breeding programs accordingly.Focusing on the comparison between two experimental diets, a diet containing marine products (M) and a diet containing only plant-based products, (PB), we investigated the possible impact of the dietary changes on the organization and the objectives of breeding programs in two major species of the French sector: the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A key objective was to estimate the heritabilities of the main traits of economic interest and the importance of genotype by diet interactions, which may cause genotypes rerankings according to diet used. We also sought the potential origin of the variability for ability to use the PB diet and proposed scenarii for evolution of breeding programs.The trials confirmed that substitution of marine ingredients by vegetal ones decreased growth and lipid composition in both species, as well as survival in sea bass and, to a lesser extent in rainbow trout. The estimates of heritabilities for weight, growth and processing traits (carcass viscera, head and filet yields only measured on trout) when fish were fed with the PB diet were high in rainbow trout (respectively 0.69; 0.65; 0.21-0.58) and weak in sea bass (respectively 0.18 and 0.11). In trout and sea bass, these estimates were respectively higher and lower than those obtained when fish were fed the M diet. For these traits, genotype by diet interactions were moderate and the genetic correlations between the M and PB diets were variable in trout (respectively 0.67-0.90; 0.92; 0.65-0.96) and sea bass (respectively 0.51-0.96; 0.64) but could involve important family rerankings according to the period of survey. According to heritability estimates, expected genetic gains would be higher in trout for fish fed the PB diet than for fish fed the M diet when they would be weaker in sea bass. In trout, the measurement of the response to one generation of selection for the ability to grow and survive when fed the PB diet confirmed the results, and provided high genetic gains for body weight (+35%), survival rate (+15,1%) and produced biomass (+ 54,4%) without any impact on the processing traits (carcass, viscera, head, filet). We showed that this ability was associated to modifications in the lipid metabolism activities but could not establish links with feed intake or feed efficiency from our trials. Higher mortality rate and lower body weight in the PB batches during the first days following distribution of PB diet as well as stronger family rerankings in early steps of the survey indicate than the early stages play a key role in the use of plant-based diet at both phenotypic and genetic levels. Further insights dedicated to these particular stages are strongly needed.Based on present results, it seems possible to exploit the great plasticity of some fish species to conceive breeding programs taking into account a changing dietary environment. Facing the world limitation in food resources, genetic improvement of fish livestock can be a useful lever to facilitate dietary transitions.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 N47 / Master of Science / Human Nutrition

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg / Renewed interest in cannabinoid compounds arose since the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in the early 1990’s and its role in mediating the body’s energy balance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an organic Cannabis sativa (hereafter referred to as C. sativa) extract on β-cell secretory function using an in vivo diet-induced obese rat model and an in vitro isolated rat pancreatic islet model and to determine the associated molecular changes within the pancreatic tissue. Materials and methods: Diet-induced obese Wistar rats and rats fed on standard pellets were subcutaneously injected, over a 28 day period, with an organic C. sativa extract or the vehicle (1% Tween 80® in saline). The effect of diet and treatment was evaluated using the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTTs) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis on rat pancreata. In vitro studies were conducted using isolated rat islets exposed to 11.1 (representative of normoglycemic conditions) and 33.3 mM glucose levels (representative of hyperglycemic conditions) over a 24-(D1; acute) and 96-hour (D4; chronic) period, and treated with C. sativa extract containing an equivalent of 2.5 (T1) and 5 ng/mL (T2) tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), immunohistocytochemistry for apoptosis and proliferation detection and western blotting for detection of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), CB2 receptors and specific transduction factors were undertaken. Antagonist studies were conducted using AM251 (A1) and AM630 (A2) to block CB1 and CB2, respectively, to determine the role of cannabinoid receptors in insulin secretion. Results: The overall increase in body weight in the experimental groups occurred at a significantly slower rate than the control groups (P < 0.01), irrespective of diet. In the lean group, the area under the curve for glucose (AUCg) was significantly higher compared to the diet-induced obese group (P < 0.001), while C. sativa treatment significantly improved the AUCg in the lean rats (P < 0.05). The cafeteria diet did not induce hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in the obese rats and C. sativa treatment maintained a plasma glycemic profile similar to the obese control rats. The lower AUCg values in the obese group may, in part, be due to the inclusion of milk products (shown to be beneficial in reducing diabetes) in the cafeteria diet. qPCR analysis showed that the cafeteria diet induced down-regulation of the following genes in the obese control group, relative to lean controls: UCP2 (P < 0.01), c-MYC (P < 0.05) and FLIP (P < 0.05), and upregulation of CB1 (P < 0.01), GLUT2 (P < 0.001), UCP2 (P < 0.001) and PKB (P < 0.05), relative to the obese control group, while c-MYC levels were down-regulated (P < 0.05), relative to the lean control group. In the in vitro study, results showed C. sativa treatment decreased chronic insulin secretion in islets cultured under normoglycemic condition for D1 (P < 0.05), but not for D4. In islets cultured under hyperglycemic conditions, C. sativa treatment for the D4 period showed a significant increase in their chronic insulin secretion (HD4T1, P = 0.07; HD4T2, P < 0.001), increase in basal insulin secretion (HD4T1, P < 0.001; HD4T2, P < 0.001), increase in GSIS (HD4T1, P < 0.05; HD4T2, P < 0.001), reduction in glucose-stimulated:basal insulin production (HD4T1, P < 0.05; HD4T2, P < 0.05), reduction in insulin content (HD4T1, P < 0.001), increase in the percentage basal : content ratio (HD4T1, P < 0.001; HD4T2, P < 0.01) and increase in the percentage GSIS : content ratio (HD4T1, P < 0.001; HD4T2, P < 0.05), relative to ND4C islets. In antagonist studies, A2 preconditioning did not affect suppress the stimulatory effect of C. sativa treatment on chronic insulin secretion under normo- and hyperglycemic conditions, relative to the NC and HC islets, respectively. qPCR studies showed that C. sativa exposure induced a 2.2-fold increase in CB1 gene expression, relative to normoglycemic control islets (P < 0.05), while c-MYC and FLIP expression was significantly reduced by 12% (ND4T1, P < 0.05) and 37% (HD4T1, P < 0.05), respectively. C. sativa treatment also induced increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines under hyperglycemic conditions. Conclusion: These results suggest that C. sativa protects pancreatic islets against the negative effects of obesity (in vivo studies) and hyperglycemia (in vitro studies). In light of these findings, further investigation into the potential of C. sativa as a complementary therapeutic agent in the treatment of the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia in diabetic patients is warranted. In addition, the significant effect of C. sativa treatment on adipose tissue in experimental rats needs further investigation to determine how the cannabinoids affect the mechanisms of adipogenesis and lipolysis in diet-induced obesity. Keywords: Diet-Induced Obesity, Cannabinoids, C. sativa, THC, β-cell, AM251, AM630.

Thesis advisor: Thomas N. Seyfried / Epilepsy is a prevalent disabling chronic and socially isolating neurological disorder that involves recurrent abnormal discharges of neurons. Despite seizures afflicting about 10% of people worldwide, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are largely unable to manage seizures in many persons with epilepsy. As an alternative to AEDs, dietary therapies possess a broad therapeutic potential in both humans and animals models of various neurological and neurodegenerative disease etiologies. My research focus was to identify the therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanism(s) of action of calorie restriction (CR) and the ketogenic diet (KD) in both the epileptic EL mouse model and the Mecp2<super>308/y<super/> mouse model of Rett syndrome. My findings indicate that both the KD and CR can reduce seizure susceptibility in EL mice, a natural model for multifactorial idiopathic generalized epilepsy. CR and circulating glucose and ketone levels significantly influence the therapeutic efficacy of the KD. A concurrent reduction in circulating plasma glucose levels and elevation in circulating plasma &beta-hydroxybutyrate levels was predicted to associate with the anticonvulsant effect of these diets in EL mice. For the first time, I was able to show that a KD fed in unrestricted amount is able to reduce seizure threshold in EL mice. Interestingly, supplementation of calories in the form of carbohydrate in the water of calorie-restricted EL mice results in a diminished anticonvulsant efficacy of the KD. In my effort to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism(s) associated with these changes in metabolite availability, I started investigating the complex alterations occurring in multiple integrated neural and metabolic processes. Furthermore, I showed that a restricted KD diet improves aspects of the behavioral abnormalities seen in Rett mice, in particular with respect to anxiety. Finally, for the first time, I provide a standardized protocol for the implementation of diet therapies in the management of an array of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, which ultimately may help elucidate the complex neuroprotective mechanism(s) of CR and the KD. This research overall has provided a new understanding in the therapeutic efficacy of diets in epilepsy and Rett Syndrome. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Os sulfitos, representados pelo SO2, fazem parte de um importante grupo de aditivos utilizados, há séculos, como conservantes em frutas secas, sucos de frutas, vinhos. No Brasil não existem dados sobre sua utilização pelas indústrias de alimentos e pesquisas sobre o seu consumo pela população. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi estimar a ingestão de sulfitos em dois grupos de alunos do ensino médio, respectivamente de escola particular e pública. Os dados foram coletados por meio de R24, que permitiu relacionar as fontes de sulfitos presentes na dieta. Para o cálculo do consumo deste aditivo foi utilizado o MPL, definido pela legislação brasileira para cada uma das fontes. Nenhum dos escolares ultrapassou a IDA de 0,70 mg SO2/kg pc/dia, com média de consumo de 0,07 mg SO2/kg pc/dia (p<0,001), sem diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,643) entre as escolas particular e pública. Os grandes consumidores (consumo de mais de 50% da IDA, ou seja, 0,35 mg SO2/kg pc/dia, até o limite 0,52 mg SO2/kg pc/dia) representaram 4,5% da amostra pesquisada e alcançaram estes níveis de ingestão devido ao consumo acima de 500 mL/dia de sucos industrializados e similares, e, na escola particular, por associar ao seu consumo bebidas alcoólicas, como cerveja e vinho. / The sulphites, represented for the SO2, are part of an important group of additives, have used for centuries as preservatives in dry fruits, fruit juices, wines. In Brazil there are no data on use of sulphites by the food industry and research on their consumption by population. Thus, the objective of this research was to estimate the ingestion of sulphites in two groups of high school students, one of privative school and another of public school. The data were collected through 24-hour dietary recall, that allowed to relate the sources of sulphites in the diet. For calculation of the consumption of this additive the MPL, stabilished by the Brazilian legislation was used for each sources. None of students exceeded the ADI of 0.70 mg SO2/kg bw/day, with average of consumption of 0.07 mg SO2/kg bw/day (p < 0.001), without statistical difference (p = 0.643) between privative and public school. Heavy consumers (consumption of more than 50% of the ADI, or either, 0.35 mg SO2/kg bw/day, until 0.52 mg SO2/kg bw/dia) represented 4.5% of the searched sample and reached these levels of ingestion due to the consumption above 500 mL/day of fruit industrialized juices, and, in privative school, for associating with its consumption alcoholic beverages, as beer and wine.

Thesis (MTech (Consumer Science: Food and Nutrition))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Objective: To determine the association between the dietary fat knowledge and consumption of foods rich in fat among first-year students in self-catering residence at a university of technology, Cape Town, South Africa. Design: The two concepts – the dietary fat knowledge (represented by dietary fat food knowledge and dietary fat nutrition knowledge) and the consumption of foods rich in fat – were assessed separately. Two norm-referenced, valid and reliable knowledge tests and an intake screening questionnaire were used for the assessments (as subsidiary objectives), before the associations between the concepts were determined (main objective). The dietary fat food and nutrition knowledge as assessed was categorised in the range poor or below average, average and good or above average, and the consumption of foods rich in fat as high, quite high, the typical Western diet, approaching low or desirable. The Pearson‟s chi-square test was applied to these categorical findings to determine if associations (five percent significance) existed between the concepts. Results: The stratified sample included 225 first-year students. Nearly half (48.4%) of them achieved an average fat food knowledge score, while the majority (80.9%) achieved a poor fat nutrition knowledge score. More than half (52.5%) either followed a typical Western diet, a diet quite high in fat or high in fat. While no significant (p > 0.05) association was found between the students‟ dietary fat food knowledge and consumption of foods rich in fat, significant results were found in the association between the students‟ dietary fat nutrition knowledge and consumption of foods rich in fat (p < 0.05) and between their fat food knowledge and fat nutrition knowledge (p < 0.001). Conclusions: An inverse association was found between the students‟ dietary fat nutrition knowledge and fat consumption, a positive association between their dietary fat food knowledge and dietary fat nutrition knowledge, and no association between their dietary fat food knowledge and fat consumption.

Introdução: As taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade vêem aumentando nos últimos anos e esta tendência se reflete também nos trabalhadores. O ambiente de trabalho é um local estratégico para ações de incentivo a adoção de estilos de vida saudáveis, através da alimentação, atividade física e controle de peso. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção nutricional no local de trabalho sobre a qualidade da dieta de trabalhadores adultos no município de São Paulo. Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio comunitário controlado que teve duração de 6 meses, envolvendo 279 trabalhadores de 4 empresas da cidade de São Paulo. A intervenção foi baseada no automonitoramento de peso com apoio de um programa de computador denominado Programa Peso Saudável, em que o trabalhador enviava seu peso, via e-mail, e recebia um gráfico de acompanhamento com mensagens de estímulos a comportamentos saudáveis de alimentação e atividade física. A dieta foi avaliada por meio de recordatório alimentar de 24h e a Qualidade Global da Dieta foi avaliada pelo Índice de Qualidade da Dieta (IQDa) adaptado para ajuste energético. Este índice é composto por 10 componentes (1-Cereais e tubérculos; 2- Verduras e legumes; 3- Frutas; 4- Leite e produtos lácteos; 5- Carnes e ovos e 6- Leguminosas; 7- Gordura total; 8- Gordura saturada; 9- Sódio e 10- Variedade), itens que receberam pontuação de 0 (consumo inadequado) a 10 (consumo dentro do recomendado). Para avaliar o impacto da intervenção foi utilizada a média do consumo energético, o IQDa total e seus componentes antes e após intervenção e o delta da variação entre os grupos para avaliar o efeito bruto do impacto da intervenção. O impacto foi ajustado pelas variáveis sexo, estado civil, escolaridade e idade. Resultados: A intervenção resultou em melhora no impacto bruto do componente cereais e tubérculos. Em relação ao IQDa observou-se piora no grupo controle, enquanto que o grupo intervenção não sofreu diferença significativa. Observou-se efeito positivo da intervenção entre os participantes que apresentaram pior qualidade da dieta no início do estudo (+6,38 pontos no IQDa). Conclusão: A intervenção apesar de não ter sido efetiva na promoção da melhora da qualidade global da dieta, resultou em melhora do componente cereais, raízes e tubérculos do IQDa, com incremento de 0,73 ponto após a intervenção. O efeito mais expressivo da intervenção foi observado entre os trabalhadores que tinham, inicialmente, a pior qualidade da dieta, com um impacto superior a 6 pontos no IQDa / Introduction: The rates of overweight and obesity have increased in recent years and this trend also reflect in the workers. The workplace is a strategic point for actions to encourage the adoption of healthy lifestyles through nutrition, physical activity and weight control. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a nutritional intervention at the workplace on the quality of adult workers diet. Methods: This is a randomized community trial and it ran for 6 months, involving 279 employees of four companies in the city of São Paulo. Intervention was based on self-monitoring of weight with the help of software Healthy Weight Program, where a worker sent the weight, by email, and received an accompanying graph with messages of encourage to healthy behaviors of diet and physical activity. Diet was assessed by 24h dietary recall and overall diet quality was assessed by the Diet Quality Index (DQIa) adapted to energy requirements. This index is composed of 10 components (1-Cereals and tubers; 2- Vegetables and legumes, 3- Fruit 4- Milk and dairy products; 5- Meat and eggs 6- Beans; 7- Total Fat: 8- Saturated Fat , 9- Sodium and 10- Variety), items that received scores of 0 (inadequate intake) to 10 (recommended intake). To evaluate the impact of the intervention was used a mean of energy consumption, the DQIa total and its components before and after intervention and the difference between groups to determine the effect of raw impact of the intervention. The impact was adjusted for sex, marital status, education and age. Results: The intervention resulted in improvement in the raw impact of the component grains and tubers. After the intervention there was a decrease in the DQIa in the control group, while the intervention group had no significant difference. Observed positive effect of intervention among participants who had a poorer quality of diet at baseline (+6.38 points in DQIa). Conclusion: The intervention was not effective in promoting the improvement of overall diet quality, resulted in improved component cereals and tubers of DQIa, an increase of 0,73 point after the intervention. The expressive effect of the intervention was observed among workers who were initially the worst quality of the diet, with an impact of more than 6 points in DQIa

Introduction: Excessive consumption of high fat, high sugar foods may precipitate cognitive decline. This effect may be more pronounced during cognitive development. The present single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to examine the effect of a moderate fat, low added sugar (MF/LS) dietary intervention on cognitive function in 8-11 yr old preadolescents with a pre-established high fat, high sugar (HF/HS) dietary pattern. Participants included 17 non-obese (BMI Percentile: 25.4 - 91.3) low to middle income preadolescents randomized to 2 weeks of their usual HF/HS diet (control) or a MF/LS intervention diet. Method: The MF/LS intervention diet was restricted to 25% of calories/day from total fat and <10% of calories from added sugar while the HF/HS control diet was maintained at > 40% of calories/day from total fat and >15.9% of calories from added sugar. All food served was measured to the tenth of a gram. Any uneaten portion of food was weighed to obtain accurate measures of actual intake. NDSR dietary analysis software was used to assess macronutrient, micronutrient and added sugar intakes. Participants were weighed weekly to ensure they remained in energy balance throughout the duration of the study. Pre-post cognitive assessment served as the primary outcome measure. A battery of age appropriate tests from the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB) as well as the widely used and a previously validated Trail Making task were selected to assess executive function, speed of processing, working memory, attention and spatial ability. Results: Both ANCOVA and a repeated measures approach were used to evaluate the mean difference of post-intervention scores between conditions, controlling for pre-intervention scores and other covariates including age, gender, sleep and mood. For each statistical approach, 10 tests were run, encompassing each of the cognitive assessments given and, for some, their delayed counterpart. Based on the ANCOVA analysis, participants randomized to the MF/LS intervention had a faster median response time (RT) for correct responses on 2 of the 10 tests analyzed, including the initial facial recognition task and its delayed counterpart. Compared to controls, the intervention group displayed 1) a faster total correct RT while controlling for gender (p = 0.02), 2) a faster true negative RT when controlling for gender and age (p = 0.012), and 3) a faster delayed task median total correct RT when controlling for gender and age (p = 0.005). No significant differences between groups were detected for the other assessments. Based on a repeated measures approach, none of the 10 tests analyzed reached statistical significance. Multiple regression analyses revealed a dose response effect on face recognition RT based on % intake of daily calories from total sugar, added sugar, total fat and saturated fat such that a 10% increase in % calories from total sugar, added sugar and saturated fat decreased processing speed for total correct responses on the initial facial recognition task by 0.58 seconds whereas a 10% increase in % total fat decreased processing speed on the same task by 0.44 seconds. The multivariate regression analyses controlled for gender and pretest scores. Conclusions: A 2-week MF/LS dietary intervention may improve delayed face recognition in low to middle income preadolescents with a pre-established HF/HS dietary pattern. Although the intervention appeared to demonstrate a positive effect on 2 measures of cognitive function (initial and delayed facial recognition), after Bonferroni correction, these results only remained significant for the delayed task median total correct RT when controlling for gender and age (p = 0.005). Thus, study results must be interpreted with caution as they may simply be an artifact of chance finding in the ANCOVA statistical analysis. Further investigation of benefits proffered by decreasing % total sugar, % added sugar, % total fat and % saturated fat intake to preadolescent cognition is warranted. Future work should focus on replicating the present study in a larger sample, using hippocampal-dependent specific tasks.

O impacto do diabetes mellitus como sério problema de saúde pública está no fato de que a maioria das complicações crônicas inerentes a doença é incapacitante para a realização das atividades diárias e produtivas, compromete a qualidade de vida e é onerosa para o sistema de saúde. A terapia nutricional é parte fundamental do cuidado do diabetes e tem como principal alvo manter a glicemia mais próxima possível do valor normal, balanceando dieta, medicamentos e exercício físico. É comum o uso de adoçantes dietéticos em substituição ao açúcar por pessoas com diabetes, pois possuem alto poder adoçante conferindo ao alimento pouca ou nenhuma caloria. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar o uso de adoçantes e alimentos dietéticos por pessoas diabéticas cadastradas em um Serviço de Medicina Preventiva ? SEMPRE do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, os dados foram obtidos por meio de um questionário composto de variáveis sócio-demográficas, variáveis relacionadas à doença e referentes ao consumo de adoçantes e alimentos dietéticos. Os dados foram registrados em planilhas construídas no MS Excel e a análise estatística foi realizada através do programa SPSS. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de novembro e dezembro de 2005. Participaram do estudo 65 pessoas diabéticas, sendo 57 (87,7%) do tipo 2 e 5 (7,7%) do tipo 1. Respondem aos objetivos específicos deste estudo os seguintes resultados: houve predomínio de usuários do sexo feminino, idosos, casados, com ensino superior completo e renda familiar elevada. O tempo de diagnóstico médio foi de 13,9 anos. Quanto ao conhecimento acerca da doença, as respostas mais freqüentes foram: diabetes como excesso de açúcar no sangue e defeito do pâncreas para produzir quantidade adequada de insulina. Constatou-se consumo maior de aspartame em relação a outros edulcorantes. O fator que mais influenciou os usuários na escolha do adoçante foi o sabor. Verificou-se que os diabéticos deste estudo controlam a quantidade de seu adoçante no momento do uso. O refrigerante dietético é o produto dietético mais consumido pelos entrevistados, seguido pela gelatina. Alguns fatores que interferem no uso de adoçantes e alimentos dietéticos para esta população são: informações incorretas a respeito de tais produtos, preferência pelo sabor doce e a desconfiança e custo elevado dos alimentos dietéticos industrializados. Conclui-se que são necessários maiores esclarecimentos às pessoas diabéticas quanto ao uso de adoçantes e alimentos dietéticos, através de informações nutricionais mais completas nos rótulos destes produtos e por intermédio da orientação por parte dos profissionais de saúde que acompanham essas pessoas. / The diabetic mellitus impact as a serious problem to the public health is in fact that the disease major chronic complication is the incapability to realize daily and productive activity, compromise the life quality and is costly to the health-system. The nutritional therapy is a fundamental part of diabetic care and has as a main target to keep the glicemia closer as possible to the normal value, balancing diet, medicine and physical activity. It is common use diet sweeteners as a replacement for sugar by diabetic persons, since they have a high sweetening level giving the food little or no calorie. The present study has a aim to check the use of diet sweeteners and diet foods by diabetics registered in the Serviço de Medicina Preventiva (Preventative Medicine Service) ? SEMPRE, in the countryside of São Paulo State. In order to achieve this, data were obtained by means of a questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables, variables related to the disorder and referring to the consumption of diet sweeteners and food. The data was registered in MS Excel worksheets and the statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. The gathering of said data took place between November and December of the year of 2005. Sixty five diabetic patients took part in the study, 57 (87,7%) being of type 2 and 5 (7,7%) being of type 1. The following results respond to the specific goals of this study: there was a predominance of female users, elderly, married, with completed college education courses and high familiar income. The average time of diagnosis was 13,9 years. As far as knowledge about the disorder was concerned, the most frequent answers were diabetes as an excess of sugar in the blood; and the pancreas failing to produce the adequate amount of insulin. A higher consumption of aspartame was found, compared to other sweeteners. Users were most influenced by taste when choosing a sweetener. It was verified that the diabetics participating in this study control the amount of sweetener consumption when using it. The diet soft drink is the most consumed diet product, followed by jelly. Some factors that interfere with the use of sweeteners in this population are: incorrect information about such products, a preference to sweet tastes and the distrust and expensive cost of manufactured diet products. It is concluded that better clarification is necessary to diabetics when it comes to the use of diet sweeteners and food, by means of more throughout nutritional information on the labels of such products and through health professionals caring for these people.

Based on the consideration of variation in diet habits and food sources among respondents, two different FFQs- FFQ-BS and FFQ-HK---were developed for use in the two mainland cities and in Hong Kong. / Developing and validating new dietary assessment methods such as food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) is necessary for the Chinese population. China has conducted 4 nation-wide nutrition and health surveys since 1959. However, a brief semi-quantitative FFQ was not used until in the 2002 Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey. Meanwhile, the telephone interview is a very practical and respected tool, making surveys more rapid and cost-effective and adopted in many health surveys in other countries, but yet not in China. Under these circumstances the author chose the development of these dietary assessment methods for the Chinese population as the research interest. / For the FFQ-BS, paired t-tests showed that the mean daily calcium intake was 591.7 mg measured by the FFQ-BS and 582.9 mg by 24-hour recall (P=0.6), with no significant difference found. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / Paired-sample t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficients, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients and Bland-Altman measure of Agreement were used in the agreement assessments. / The overall goal of this study was to identify, test, and evaluate valid, reliable food frequency and telephone methods of collecting and processing Chinese dietary intake information, and analyze and disseminate survey results. / The subjects were 334 healthy women aged 20--49, recruited from Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong during June--July 2002. Three dietary intake survey waves one month apart were conducted by trained interviewers using a calcium-specific FFQ. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups, with each receiving either a telephone or in-person interview during the first wave interview. The randomization allowed a cross-over design through the three interview waves. The 50% of subjects (n=171) receiving the in-person interview first additionally was administered a 24-hour dietary recall interview following each FFQ. / The validity of the FFQs was assessed by comparing results with those of 3-day dietary recalls as a reference method, and the reliability assessment was performed by comparing two administrations of FFQs. / We attempted to reach the above goal by carrying out a comprehensive dietary survey comparing two administration modes (telephone and in-person) and two dietary intake assessment tools (FFQ and 24-hour recall). / by Li Ying. / "May 2005." / Adviser: Georgia S. Guldan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0186. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-158). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.