Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pelicia_vc_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 573771 bytes, checksum: fd2ce9d0178dd84d00ef53a5abc11196 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação da dieta com aditivos fitogênicos (AFs) e glutamina mais ácido glutâmico (GLn/Glu), associados ou não, como alternativa aos antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidianos (AMD/AC), sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça e partes de frangos de corte criados no sistema alternativo de produção. Foram alojados 500 pintos machos em galpão experimental na densidade de 10 aves/m2, conforme recomendação para criação alternativa de frangos de corte, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado com cinco tratamentos: dieta controle (DC); DC + AMD/AC; DC + Gln/Glu; DC + AFs; DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. Foram coletados dados de desempenho nos períodos acumulados de 1 a 7, 1 a 21 e 1 a 42 dias de idade. Os dados de rendimento de carcaça e partes foram obtidos aos 42 dias de idade. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para as variáveis de desempenho nos períodos analisados. O maior rendimento de carcaça (P<0,05) foi observado nos tratamentos DC + Gln/Glu e DC + Gln/Glu + AFs em relação ao DC, não diferindo do tratamento com AMD+AC e AFs que não diferiram entre si. O maior rendimento de peito (P<0,05) foi observado no tratamento DC + Gln/Glu em relação ao tratamento DC e AMD/AC, que não diferiram entre si, não diferindo dos demais tratamentos. Nas condições deste experimento, glutamina mais ácido glutâmico não diferem do controle e antibiótico melhorador de desempenho mais anticoccidiano quando se considera características de desempenho, porém melhoram o rendimento de carcaça e de peito de frangos de corte criados no sistema alternativo de produção / The objective of this work was evaluate the effect the diet supplementation with the phytogenics additives (AFs) and glutamine added glutamic acid (Gln/Glu), in association or not, as an alternative to antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial drugs (AMD/AC), in the performance and carcass and parts yield of the broilers created in the alternative system of production. It was housed 500 male chicks in the experimental aviary, the density was 10 chicks/m2, corresponding the recommendation of alternative breeding of broilers, which was allotted to completely randomized design, with 5 treatments: control diet (DC), DC + AMD/AC; DC + Gln/Glu; DC + AFs; DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. The datas of performance was collected in the accumulated periods of 1 at 7, 1 at 21 and 1 at 42 days of age. The datas of carcass and parts yield was obtained at 42 days of age. Did not have effect of the treatment to the performance on analysed periods. The biggest carcass yield (P<0,05) was observed in the DC + Gln/Glu and DC + Gln/Glu + AFs treatment compared with DC, did not have difference with the AMD/AC and AF which did not differ between. The biggest breast yield (P<0,05) was observed in the DC + Gln/Glu treatment compared to DC and AMD/AC treatments, which did not differ between, did not have differences to others treatments. In the condition of this experiment, glutamine added glutamanic acid do not differ from control and antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial drugs when it is considered that features of performance, but improve the carcass and breast yield of broilers created in alternative system of production

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:23:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00925.pdf: 4094460 bytes, checksum: c96e7617422d9bd6a8d1b96f8a26ea5f (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IEA/T / Faculdade de Farmacia e Bioquimica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - FB/USP

Orientador: Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante / Resumo: Na produção animal o planejamento nutricional inadequado desencadeia grandes prejuízos ao sistema produtivo, trazendo consequências adversas aos animais e menores lucros ao criador. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da suplementação alimentar sobre a imunidade dos cordeiros, biologia e patogenia de Haemonchus contortus e Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Quarenta e quatro cordeiros machos da raça Dorper com aproximadamente quatro meses e 31,5±3,24 kg de peso corporal foram alocados aleatoriamente em quatro dietas à base de feno triturado, Cynodon dactylon (cv. Tyfton), acrescido de 0%, 25%, 50% ou 75% de concentrado. Em cada dieta sete animais foram infectados com 1.000 larvas infectantes (L3) de H. contortus e 1.000 L3 de T. colubriformis a cada três dias ao longo de 12 semanas. Em cada dieta, quatro animais permaneceram como grupo controle, Não-Infectados. Os grupos experimentais foram: 0%-Infectado, 0%-Não-Infectado, 25%-Infectado, 25%-Não-Infectado, 50%-Infectado, 50%-Não-Infectado, 75%-Infectado e 75%-Não-Infectado. Quanto maior a suplementação, menor a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) de H. contortus (P < 0,0001), porém sem influência sobre contagem de OPG de T. colubriformis. O número de fêmeas de H. contortus foi maior no grupo 0% infectado que nas demais dietas (P = 0,0052). Em nenhuma fase parasitária de T. colubriformis houve efeito da Dieta (P > 0,05). Animais da dieta 0%-Infectado tiveram menor volume globular (VG) que seu grupo controle... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Orientador: Robson Waldemar Ávila / Resumo: A Caatinga é um ecossistema a ser investigado, pois apresenta distintos ambientes e uma fauna endêmica de lagartos. Ameivula pyrrhogularis é um teídeo encontrado no Nordeste, na zona de transição entre Caatinga, Cerrado e floresta estacional decidual e, até o presente momento, nenhum estudo parasitológico foi conduzido para esta espécie. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo registrar o parasitismo em A. pyrrhogularis procedentes de quatro áreas do Ceará. É apresentado um inventário das espécies de helmintos, o qual foi constituído de nove taxa: Oochoristica travassosi (Cestoda), cistacantos (Acanthocephala), larvas de nematoide não identificadas, Cruzia sp., Oswaldofilaria sp., Physaloptera sp. e espécimes adultos de Parapharyngodon sp., Pharyngodon cesarpintoi e Physalopteroides venancioi (Nematoda). Para estes parasitas, foram verificados os parâmetros de infecção, trazendo a informação dos hospedeiros em que estas espécies já foram registradas. Foi observado que fatores biológicos (ontogenia, tamanho e sexo) do hospedeiro não influenciaram a abundância parasitária, mas significativas diferenças foram constadas de acordo com as estações e localidade analisadas, sendo que as maiores abundâncias de parasitas foram registradas em período de estiagem e em área conservada, indicando que os helmintos podem ser favorecidos em seus ciclos biológicos pela condição ambiental. Foi caracterizada a dieta de A. pyrrhogularis e demonstrado que a mesma sofre influencia espacial, o que re... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Caatinga is a Brazilian ecosystem still to be investigated due to its different environments and an endemic fauna of lizards. Ameivula pyrrhogularis belongs to the Teiidae and is found in the Northeast of Brazil, in the transition area between Caatinga, Cerrado, and temporary deciduous forest. To date, any parasitological study has been performed for this species. This research aimed to record the parasitism in A. pyrrhogularis from four areas of Ceará State, Brazil. An inventory of the helminth species is presented, which was composed by nine taxa: Oochoristica travassosi (Cestoda), cystacanths (Acanthocephala), larvae of unidentified nematode, Cruzia sp., Oswaldofilaria sp., Physaloptera sp., and adult specimens of Parapharyngodon sp., Pharyngodon cesarpintoi, and Physalopteroides venancioi (Nematoda). Infection parameters were verified for these parasites, bringing information on the hosts in which these species have already been registered. It was observed that biological factors (ontogeny, size, and sex) of the hosts did not influence the parasite abundance, but significant differences were recorded according to stations and locations, with the greatest parasite abundance reported in the dry season, indicating that the helminths can be favored in their biological cycles by environmental conditions. The diet of A. pyrrhogularis was characterized and showed that it is spatially influenced, which reflects the availability of prey. Moreover, it is suggested that food ite... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

“Cartas al editor” / Revisión por pares

Due to habitat degradation and overharvest (Colombo et al. 2007) sturgeon populations are declining throughout their global distribution (Pikitch et al. 2005). In North America, five sturgeon species are listed as endangered or threatened due to overharvest and habitat degradation. One species of direct concern is the pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus ) (Boreman 1997). The morphologically similar shovelnose sturgeon (S. platorynchus) is not listed as endangered but has become a cause for concern due to poor reproductive success and declining recruitment of their offspring to the adult population, likely a result of lack of proper spawning habitat and early life foraging opportunities (Wildhaber et al. 2007). Despite listing the pallid sturgeon as endangered and increasing concern about population decline, little information is available about the foraging ecology of age–0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon. To ensure these sturgeon populations persist in the Middle Mississippi River, a better understanding of sturgeon foraging success during early life is imperative. I quantified age–0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon (total length (TL) range: 14–200 mm; small < 50 mm TL, large 50–200 mm TL) diets during 2004–2008 to determine whether foraging behavior changed as a function of stage height, water temperature, water velocity, size class of sturgeon, and macrohabitat. I also examined whether energy density (cal/g) and selection of prey varied across size class and macrohabitat. Age–0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon were collected from the Middle Mississippi River during spring (March, April, May), summer (June, July, August), and fall (September, October, November). Each prey item in diets was identified to family and measured to calculate dry weight. Ephemeroptera, Diptera pupae, and Chironomidae were the dominant taxa that were consumed across all years and seasons. Large sturgeon had a broader diet, consuming more non–dominant taxa. Abiotic factors differed across macrohabitats and thus influenced foraging behavior. Sturgeon occupying the island upstream tip (IUT) macrohabitat had the largest mean mass in diet and those at the island downstream tip (IDT) had the lowest mean mass in diet. Conversely, energy density of sturgeon was highest at IDT and lowest at IUT. Small sturgeon avoided macroinvertebrates that were outside the dominant prey taxa whereas large sturgeon selected for Chironomidae across all macrohabitats. Diets of age–0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon vary as a function of size and are influenced by interacting of abiotic and biotic factors at each macrohabitat. As age–0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon grow, their diet broadens. Diet of young sturgeon interacts with energy condition in counterintuitive ways that requires more study. Because foraging success differs among habitats and is likely linked to recruitment, habitat quality and quantity in the Middle Mississippi River is likely critical for sturgeon population density and growth.

Primarily synthesised via cutaneous exposure to solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, serum vitamin D concentrations, measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), fluctuate according to solar availability. Seasonal variations in vitamin D are common in areas of high or low latitude determined by the distance from the sun. Seasonal variations in blood pressure, immune markers and some diseases including influenza, have also been reported. However, the contributions of UVB light or vitamin D on the immune markers have not been fully determined. Against this background, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of UVB light therapy and dietary vitamin D supplementation on markers of immune function. The D SIRe1 study aimed to assess whether dietary-derived 25(OH)D could have similar effects on immune function as light-derived 25(OH)D. The study was an 8-week comparative intervention trial in healthy adults randomised to receive either 3 times weekly UVB radiation (equivalent to doses received during a Grampian-summer) for 4 weeks; or oral vitamin D3 (1000 IU a day for 8 weeks). Total 25(OH)D was measured by dual tandem mass spectrometry of serum samples following removal of protein and de-lipidation, whilst regulatory T cells (Tregs), known for maintaining immune system homeostasis, by flow cytometry. The study showed similar short-term effects between oral vitamin D and UVB exposure on measured outcomes. However, study interpretation was limited by the lack of a placebo group, yet, to our knowledge, this was the first study to directly compare dose-matched UVB therapy and vitamin D supplementation in healthy participants. Using similar laboratory techniques, the D-SIRe2 study, a placebo-controlled trial, assessed short-term (12 weeks) and long-term (43 weeks) effects of vitamin D supplementation on immune markers. Commencing in spring (March) and finishing in winter (January) 2015/2016, the study showed seasonal fluctuations in most immune markers. The fluctuations did not change according to variations in 25(OH)D concentrations nor were they correlated with solar UVB doses, with the exception of T cell proliferative responses, which were positively correlated with daily solar UVB doses. An interesting finding from this study was the prevention of increases in pro-inflammatory IFN-γ cytokine concentrations in the spring and summer time in the vitamin D3 supplemental group versus placebo. IFN-γ concentrations were raised from 7940 pg/mL at baseline in March, to roughly 12400 pg/mL at week 4 and to 13909 pg/mL at week 12 in the placebo group. The concentrations were roughly 1.3 times the mean concentrations measured in the vitamin D group at the timepoints following baseline concentrations of 10678 pg/mL, and 10013 pg/mL and 10233 pg/mL at weeks 4 and 12, respectively. The interactions between solar light or seasonal effects and oral vitamin D supplementation, as well as their individual and combined effects on immune function, are yet to be fully determined. Moreover, the metabolic and physiological implications of seasonal variation in serum 25(OH)D concentration and markers of immune function are currently unknown, requiring further investigation.

Diabetes is a global epidemic that has unfortunately been significantly increasing in number of cases annually. It is currently the 7th leading cause of death in the United States and leads to many further complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, and kidney failure. With the increase in Western dietary patterns there has been a subsequent rise in both obesity and diabetes. In fact, type 2 diabetes makes up 90% of diabetes cases and is, in most cases, preventable with lifestyle changes and weight loss. The aim of this review is to look at the option of a plant-based diet as a means of prevention and treatment for type 2 diabetes. In order to understand type 2 diabetes the basics of pathophysiology, risk factors, statistic, complications and current treatments is discussed. Based on an analysis of a low-fat, plant-based diet compared to current conventional type 2 diabetes treatments there is evidence that a vegan diet increases insulin sensitivity, decreases body weight, lowers cardiovascular risk factors, and decreases need for oral antidiabetic treatments. A review of the efficacy of a plant-based diet for treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes is also discussed in-depth. Further studies may be helpful to validate adopting a low-fat, plant-based diet in treatment of type 2 diabetes. Overall, it is important for physicians to address the individual needs of their patients and allow for the option of lifestyle changes with adequate guidance and support.

abstract: Modern primate diet is well-studied because of its considerable influence on multiple aspects of morphology, including the shape of the facial skeleton and teeth. It is well-established that differences in craniofacial form influence feeding abilities by altering the nature of bite force production. Tooth morphology, likewise, has been shown to vary with diet across primates, particularly in the details of occlusal form. It has also been suggested that tooth form (e.g., tooth root size and shape and crown size) reflects, in part, the demands of resisting the stresses generated during feeding. However, while they are central to our efforts to infer diet in past species, the relationships between bite force production, craniofacial morphology and tooth form are not well-established. The current study is separated into two parts. In Part I, the hypothesis that crown size and root surface area are adapted to resist masticatory stress is evaluated by testing whether these features show correlated variation along the tooth row in a taxonomically diverse sample of primates. To further explore the adaptive nature of this correlation, pair-wise comparisons between primates with mechanically resistant diets and closely-related species consuming less resistant foods are performed. If crown size and root surface area covary along the tooth row, past research suggests they may be related to bite force. To test this hypothesis, Part II examines the variation of these dental characteristics in comparison to theoretically-derived bite force patterns along the tooth row. Results suggest that patterns of maximum bite force magnitude along the tooth row are variable both within and between species, underscoring the importance of individual craniofacial variation on masticatory force production. Furthermore, it is suggested that some adaptations traditionally associated with high bite force production (i.e., facial orthognathy) may increase anterior biting force at the expense of posterior biting force. Taken together, results from the current study reveal that both tooth root and crown size vary in conjunction with the mechanical properties of diet and with bite force patterns along the tooth row in anthropoids. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2012

Climate change is expected to have a profound impact on freshwater fish communities, especially at higher latitudes. In this study I investigated potential effects of climate change on the niche structure of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) by looking at their diet across a latitudinal gradient and at varying light climate. Dietary niche width of Eurasian perch did not differ significantly between boreal and temperate latitudes. Additionally, no significant difference in the prevalence of specialist individuals was found along the latitudinal gradient and water transparency levels. Habitat was the main factor that significantly affected niche width and level of specialization with both being significantly higher in the littoral habitat. Taken together my results suggest that climate change might indirectly affect niche patterns by altering fish densities through changes in productivity resulting in niche and specialization variation among habitats.