En kostplan är ett bra verktyg för att nå tränings- och hälsomål. Denna studie undersökte vilka yttre respektive inre faktorer som kan underlätta och/ eller försvåra följandet av en kostplan för tränande individer, samt vilka copingstrategier som används för att hantera motgångar och för att lyckas hålla sig till kostplanen. En tematisk analys av 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer gjordes. Analysen visade på att planering och psykosocial miljö var centrala yttre faktorer som tydligt underlättade och/ eller försvårade följandet av kostplanen. Vad gäller inre faktorer var self-efficacy och motivation mest centrala. Den nya kunskap som studien bidragit till är de inre faktorerna inre kontroll och att kostplanen kan skapa stress, samt strategierna accepterande attityd, hantering av frestelser och stressreducering. Framtida studier föreslås undersöka dessa mer nya teman, samt skillnader mellan låg-, mellan- och höginkomsttagare samt individer som tränar i olika grad då de kan ha olika perspektiv på att följa en kostplan.

I evaluated the potential for interspecific competition for forage between elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison) in the 265.5-ha Elk & Bison Prairie enclosure at Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area in western Kentucky. I studied diet composition of elk and bison based on microhistological analysis of fecal samples collected monthly for 36 months from September 1996 through August 1999. Elk diet was more variable than that of bison, but no significant seasonal differences in diet composition were found for either species throughout the study. As expected, elk and bison differed significantly in their feeding habits. As seen in studies of wild sympatric populations, bison consumed more graminoids, less browse and fewer forbs than did elk, regardless of season. Dietary overlap varied considerably, but with little apparent seasonal pattern. Overlap did not consistently increase during winter, when quantity and quality of available forage might be reduced. Competition between elk and bison for available forage may have been alleviated by supplemental feeding and the ability of elk to adapt to alternative forages.

I evaluated diet and food selection of 5 species of spring-migrating female waterfowl including 3 dabbling ducks (Blue-winged teal, Anas discors, Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos, Gadwall, Anas strepera) and 2 diving ducks (Lesser Scaup, Aythya affinis, and Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris). Diet was evaluated with regards to the proportion of invertebrates and seeds consumed, and compared to forage availability data collected in habitats available to them at 6 study locations throughout the Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region. I found latitude (i.e., stage of migration), longitude, food availability, and date all influenced the diet of spring migrating waterfowl, with some factors having a stronger influence than others. I observed differing diet trends with regard to foraging guild (e.g., dabbling and diving ducks), as each foraging guild was represented by 1 species that was heavily dependant on invertebrates (dabbling duck - Blue-winged teal; diving duck - Lesser scaup) and 1 species that was heavily dependant on seeds (dabbling duck - Mallard; diving duck - Ring-necked duck). The proportion of invertebrate foods in the diet increased throughout spring for all species of waterfowl, suggesting the importance of invertebrate food sources during spring staging. Data from this study provides valuable information to habitat managers and conservationists wishing to improve spring habitat conditions for migrating waterfowl, which likely influences waterfowl productivity.

FERNANDES, Ubirajara Lima. Ecologia trófica de quatro espécies de peixes de um rio no semiárido, Pentecoste - Ceará. 2011. 75 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ecologia e recursos naturais)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-27T17:46:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_ulfernandes.pdf: 4583068 bytes, checksum: 382f8930c07bc2fd9ae98dba9aa7eb53 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-27T21:03:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_ulfernandes.pdf: 4583068 bytes, checksum: 382f8930c07bc2fd9ae98dba9aa7eb53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-27T21:03:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_ulfernandes.pdf: 4583068 bytes, checksum: 382f8930c07bc2fd9ae98dba9aa7eb53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The semiarid rivers present two patterns: the intermittent and the irregular one, with a single flowing off period per year, during the rainy season. In these rivers, the natural hydrological disturb acts as an important factor driving the organization of the system, in which feeding interactions are complex and modified by seasonality and system productiveness. Fishes often feed on autochthonous or allochthonous resources, with their diets varying according to the with seasonal variation of food availability. The hypothesis of this the present study is that in the semiarid river herbivorous/onivorous fish species present trophic resources partitioning. The major aim of this study the present investigation is was to determine the trophic resources partitioning for four species of fishes at in the Curu River. Field work collections were carried out throughout the rainy season, at the Curu River, in Pentecoste city town, in Ceará state. The stomach content of 197 individuals of the species Astyanax bimaculatus (27), Astyanax fasciatus (79), Poecilia vivipara (90) e Hypostomus jaguribensis (1) was analyzed through the volumetric method in order to obtain for the frequency of each feeding item, so that the Index of Alimentary Importance (IAi) could have been measured. The morphometric data were used to obtain the intestinal quotient (IQ), the niche breadth estimated for the Levins’ index and the trophic overlap for the Pianka’s index. Patterns of trophic niche overlap were calculated and statistically tested against a null model using the randomization algorithms RA3 and RA4. A. bimaculatus and A. fasciatus fed on 13 and 15 items, respectively. Both species presented feeding preferences for the filamentous algae Spirogyra sp., encompassing 89.34% and 96.86% of their diets, respectively. Poecilia vivipara’s diet comprised 60 items, mainly made up of algae (Bacillariophyta - 28.82%, Chlorophyta - 23.17% and Cyanophyta – 5.2%). Amongst the “green algae”, Spirogyra sp. (12.89%) and the Closterium sp. (8.85%) were the chief principal items eaten. Aquatic insects (39.18%) made up the second most important item. A total of 42 items compounded the diet of H. jaguribensis, which detritus (27,72%), the algae Spyrogira sp. (23.42%) and Compsopogon sp. (19%) were the foremost most important items. The diatom group comprised the most abundant item, with 21 taxa and 16.38% of IAi. According to the intestinal quotient, A. bimaculatus e A. fasciatus showed a typical carnivorous/omnivorous intestine, whereas P. vivipara showed a herbivorous one. The analysis of variance shows that the intestinal quotient varied among species (F = 3.50; d.f = 2; p < 0.05). The niche breadth was greater for P. vivipara (1.32), followed by A. bimaculatus (0.78) and A. fasciatus (0.426). The higher niche overlap occurred within the Astyanax species (0.98). The null model analysis carried out for the total and clustered grouped items indicated that the observed values were always higher than the expected ones for the RA3 and RA4 matrices. In addition, the mean observed variance was higher than the simulated one. The four studied fish species fed mainly on autochthonous items, chiefly on algae. The null models demonstrated that there is a resource partitioning amongst these herbivorous/omnivorous fish species, where competition seems not to be the structuring agent. / A maioria dos rios do semiárido apresentam regimes irregulares e intermitentes, com um só período anual de escoamento na chegada das precipitações pluviométricas que caracterizam o período chuvoso. Nesses rios, as perturbações hidrológicas naturais exercem forte influência na organização do sistema, sendo as interações alimentares complexas e modificadas pela sazonalidade e pela produtividade do sistema. A dieta de peixes pode variar de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares de origem autóctone ou alóctone, bem como em resposta à variação sazonal. A hipótese do presente estudo é de que em um rio do semiárido as espécies de peixes herbívoras/ onívoras apresentam partilha de recursos tróficos. O objetivo foi determinar a partilha de recursos tróficos a partir da dieta de quatro espécies de peixes no rio Curu. As coletas foram realizadas em um trecho do rio Curu (Pentecoste, Ceará), no período chuvoso de 2010. Foi analisado o conteúdo estomacal de 197 indivíduos das seguintes espécies: Astyanax bimaculatus (27), Astyanax fasciatus (79), Poecilia vivipara (90) e Hypostomus jaguribensis (1), pelo método volumétrico e frequência de ocorrência, para o cálculo do índice alimentar (IAi). Com os dados morfométricos foi obtido o Quociente Intestinal (QI). A amplitude de nicho foi estimada através do índice de Levins e a sobreposição trófica através do índice de Pianka. Padrões de sobreposição de nicho trófico foram calculados e estatisticamente testados contra um modelo nulo, através dos algoritmos de randomização RA3 e RA4. A dieta de A. bimaculatus foi constituída por 13 itens, e a de A. fasciatus constituída por 15, com preferência alimentar pela alga filamentosa Spirogyra em ambas as espécies, sendo a importância alimentar de 89,34% para A. bimaculatus e 96,86% A. fasciatus. A dieta de P. vivipara foi constituída por 60 itens, com maior importância para as algas diatomáceas (28,82%), clorofíceas (23,17%) e cianofíceas (5,2%), tendo as clorofíceas Spirogyra e Closterium, maior importância alimentar com 12,89% e 8,85%, respectivamente e fragmentos de insetos aquáticos com 39,18%. A dieta de H. jaguribensis esteve constituída por 42 itens alimentares, com maior importância para Spirogyra com 23,42%, e Compsopogon com 19%. O grupo diatomácea apresentou maior número de itens na dieta com 21 táxons e 16,38% de IAi, seguido pelo item alimentar detrito com 27,72% de importância. De acordo com o quociente intestinal A. bimaculatus e A. fasciatus apresentam intestino característico de carnívoro/onívoro e P. vivipara de herbívoro. A análise de variância (ANOVA) para os valores médios do quociente intestinal dos peixes analisados foi significativa com F= 3,50, df = 2, p< 0,05. A largura de nicho foi maior em P. vivipara com 1.32, seguido por A. bimaculatus com 0,78 e A. fasciatus com 0,426. Maior sobreposição de nicho ocorreu entre as espécies de Astyanax com o valor de 0,98. A análise dos modelos nulos realizados pelos itens totais e os itens agrupados indicou que os valores observados foram sempre maiores do que os esperados para a matriz RA3 e RA4. A variância média observada também foi maior do que a simulada. De acordo com a dieta das quatro espécies analisadas, destacam a importância de itens de origem autóctone, principalmente as algas. Os modelos nulos indicam que as espécies de peixes herbívoras/onívoras apresentam partilha de recursos tróficos, ou seja, a competição não é o agente estruturador dessa comunidade.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis Van Beneden, 1864) é uma espécie de delfinídeo que ocorre em águas costeiras das Américas do Sul e Central, especialmente em ambientes estuarinos, baías e áreas protegidas. Estudos de ecologia alimentar podem prover informações sobre o comportamento das espécies e de suas presas. Nesse contexto, o conhecimento da dieta é o primeiro passo para entendermos como se dá as relações predador-presa do ambiente. Neste estudo são abordados aspectos do hábito alimentar do boto-cinza na Baía de Guanabara, com o objetivo caracterizar sua dieta, e realizar comparações intra e interespecíficas, utilizando para isso a análise do conteúdo estomacal de exemplares encalhados entre 1990 e 2009. Outras espécies de delfinídeos foram utilizadas para a comparação com o boto-cinza, estes apresentam hábitos costeiros e oceânicos, são elas: o golfinho-pintado-do-Atlântico (Stenella frontalis Cuvier, 1829), o golfinho-de-dentes-rugosos (Steno bredanensis Lesson, 1828), o golfinho-comum (Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758) e o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821), o golfinho-de-Fraser (Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956) e o golfinho-riscado (Stenella coeruleoalba Meyen, 1833). A metodologia empregada se baseia na triagem do conteúdo estomacal, e identificação dos itens alimentares recuperados (otólitos, vértebras de teleósteos e bicos de cefalópodes). O comprimento e biomassas das presas foram estimados com o uso de equações de regressão encontradas na literatura para essas espécies. Para verificar variações intraespecíficas na dieta do boto-cinza, as amostras foram separadas nas categorias: machos adultos, fêmeas adultas e juvenis, e também segundo a estação do ano em que os estômagos foram recuperados, classificados em estações quente/chuvosa (out-abr) e fria/seca (mai-set). Para a caracterização da dieta do boto-cinza e posteriores comparações intra e interespecíficas, foram utilizados os parâmetros: abundância, riqueza, ocorrência, comprimento e biomassa estimada das presas. Os teleósteos foram o grupo de presas mais freqüente e abundante na dieta do boto-cinza, seguido dos cefalópodes e por último dos crustáceos. Foi visto uma alta similaridade da dieta entre fêmeas, machos e juvenis com relação às espécies consumidas e ao perfil das presas, sendo o porte das presas diferente entre adultos e juvenis. Com relação a variações sazonais, foi visto que as espécies consumidas variaram em quantidade, porém, o tamanho e o perfil das presas se mantive o mesmo entre as épocas quente/chuvosa e fria/seca. A abundância, biomassa e riqueza de espécies foram maiores nas estações quentes/chuvosas que nas estações frias/secas, o que pode ser um reflexo da maior disponibilidade de presas nessa época. As demais espécies de delfinídeos consumiram maior variedade de presas que o boto-cinza, o que pode estar relacionado a uma maior movimentação dessas espécies ao longo da costa. Este estudo indica que o boto-cinza apresenta variações intra-específicas no seu hábito alimentar entre adultos e juvenis, e variações sazonais na composição de sua dieta. Seus hábitos alimentares diferiram das demais espécies de delfinídeos, e indicam que o boto-cinza encontra na Baía de Guanabara recursos alimentares suficientes para seu requerimento energético, não precisando sair da região da baía para sua alimentação ou realizando apenas pequenos deslocamentos. / In this work, aspects of feeding habits of the Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis (Van Beneden, 1864), were studied in Guanabara Bay (N = 26), with the aim of characterizing its diet and comparing the results with those from other species of the Delphinidae family (N = 31). The stomach contents analyzed were collected from specimens stranded on the beaches of Rio de Janeiro between 1990 and 2009. The methodology is based on washing stomach contents through 1 mm mesh sieves, as well as on the identification of the food items remained, such as teleost otoliths and cephalopod beaks. The length of the food items was used to estimate the length and weight of preys using regression equations found in the literature for these species. Teleosts constituted the most abundant prey in the stomachs of Guiana dolphin (N = 325), being followed by cephalopods (N = 76) and finally by crustaceans (N = 16). Were identified 17 species of teleosts belonging to 10 families, as well as two species of cephalopods from the Loliginidae family and one species of crustacean from the Penaeidae family. The most important species in Guiana dolphin diet, according to the index of relative importance were the whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri), the weakfish (Cynoscion jamaicensis) and atlantic midshipman (Porichthys porosissimus). Among cephalopods, the squid Loligo plei was the most representative prey in the diet. Regarding the size of prey, most consumed teleosts had the length varying between 11 and 20 cm (15.4 5.5 cm), characterizing the consumption of juvenile fishes. The cephalopods mantle length ranged from 6 to 15 cm (11.8 4.2 cm). A great similarity was observed in the diet composition of females, males, and juveniles of Guiana dolphin, however, the mean length and biomass of fish differed between those consumed by adults and those preyed by juveniles (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0,05, posteriori comparison of medians). Species richness was higher in warm seasons, as well as the diversity and evenness index, which may be related to a greater availability of prey during these seasons. Proportions of the preys consumed varied, however, the composition of the diet, as well as the habits and size of prey, remained similar between seasons. While all species consumed by Guiana dolphin presented coastal habits, the other delphinids species consumed preys of larger distributions, which could be related to a greater movement of these species along the coast. This study showed that there are variations in food habits of Guiana dolphin in Guanabara Bay and indicates that this species feeds on the available resources in the region.

abstract: Diet quality is closely intertwined with overall health status and deserves close examination. Healthcare providers are stretched thin in the current stressed system and would benefit from a validated tool for rapid assessment of diet quality. The Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Participants Short Version (REAP-S) represents one such option. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the REAP-S and Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) for scoring the diet quality of omnivorous, vegetarian and vegan diets. Eighty-one healthy male and female subjects with an average age of 30.9 years completed the REAP-S as well as a 24-hour dietary recall. REAP-S and HEI-2010 scores were calculated for each subject and evaluated against each other using Spearman correlations and Chi Square. Further analysis was completed to compare diet quality scores of the HEI-2010 and REAP-S by tertiles to examine how closely these two tools score diet quality. The mean HEI-2010 score was 47.4/100 and the mean REAP-S score was 33.5/39. The correlation coefficient comparing the REAP-S to the HEI-2010 was 0.309 (p=0.005), and the REAP-S exhibited a precision of 44.4% to the HEI-2010 for diet quality. The REAP-S significantly correlated with the HEI-2010 for whole fruit (r=0.247, p=0.026), greens and beans (r=0.276, p=0.013), seafood proteins (r=0.298, p=0.007), and fatty acids (r=0.400, p<0.001). When evaluated by diet type, the REAP-S proved to have increased precision in plant-based diets, 50% for vegetarian and 52% for vegan, over omnivorous diets (32%). The REAP-S is a desirable tool to rapidly assess diet quality in the community setting as it is significantly correlated to the HEI-2010 and requires less time, labor and money to score and assess than the HEI-2010. More studies are needed to evaluate the precision and validity of REAP-S in a broader, more diverse population. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2015

abstract: College weight gain and obesity are significant problems impacting our society, leading to a considerable number of comorbidities during and after college. Gut microbiota are increasingly recognized for their role in obesity and weight gain. Currently, research exploring the gut microbiome and its associations with dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) is limited among this population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess associations between the gut microbiome, BMI, and dietary intake in a population of healthy college students living in two dorms at Arizona State University (n=90). Cross-sectional analyses were undertaken including 24-hour dietary recalls and anthropometrics (height, weight and BMI). High throughput Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples was performed to quantify the gut microbiome and analyses were performed at phyla and family levels. Within this population, the mean BMI was 24.4 ± 5.3 kg/m2 and mean caloric intake was 1684 ± 947 kcals/day. Bacterial community analysis revealed that there were four predominant phyla and 12 predominant families accounting for 99.3% and 97.1% of overall microbial communities, respectively. Results of this study suggested that a significant association occurred between one principal component (impacted most by 22 microbial genera primarily within Firmicutes) and BMI (R2=0.053, p=0.0301). No significant correlations or group differences were observed when assessing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in relation to BMI or habitual dietary intake. These results provide a basis for gut microbiome research in college populations. Although, findings suggest that groups of microbial genera may be most influential in obesity, further longitudinal research is necessary to more accurately describe these associations over me. Findings from future research may be used to develop interventions to shift the gut microbiome to help moderate or prevent excess weight gain during this important life stage. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2016

abstract: Craniofacial morphology in primates can vary on the basis of their diet because foods are often disparate in the amount and duration of force required to break them down. Therefore diet has the potential to exercise considerable selective pressure on the morphology of the masticatory system. The zygomatic arch is a known site of relatively high masticatory strain and yet the relationship between arch form and load type is relatively unknown in primates. While the relative position and robusticity of the arch is considered a key indicator of craniofacial adaptations to a mechanically challenging diet, and central to efforts to infer diet in past species, the relationships between morphology and diet type in this feature are not well established. This study tested hypotheses using two diet categorizations: total consumption percent and food material properties (FMPs). The first hypothesis that cortical bone area (CA) and section moduli (bone strength) are positively correlated with masticatory loading tests whether CA and moduli measures were greatest anteriorly and decreased posteriorly along the arch. The results found these measures adhered to this predicted pattern in the majority of taxa. The second hypothesis examines sutural complexity in the zygomaticotemporal suture as a function of dietary loading differences by calculating fractal dimensions as indices of complexity. No predictable pattern was found linking sutural complexity and diet in this primate sample, though hard object consumers possessed the most complex sutures. Lastly, cross-sectional geometric properties were measured to investigate whether bending and torsional resistance and cross-sectional shape are related to differences in masticatory loading. The highest measures of mechanical resistance tracked with areas of greatest strain in the majority of taxa. Cross-sectional shape differences do appear to reflect dietary differences. FMPs were not correlated with cross-sectional variables, however pairwise comparisons suggest taxa that ingest foods of greater stiffness experience relatively larger measures of bending and torsional resistance. The current study reveals that internal and external morphological factors vary across the arch and in conjunction with diet in primates. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating these mechanical differences in models of zygomatic arch mechanical behavior and primate craniofacial biomechanics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Appendix A / Appendix B / Appendix D / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2017

The global occurrence of metabolic syndrome has reached epidemic proportions and is a contributing factor in the rising incidence of cognitive decline in the aging population. While pre-clinical research has advanced our understanding of many of the mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome, animal models often do not reflect the complexity of human disease. For example, animal models that investigate the role played by diet in metabolic syndrome have generally focused on a single macronutrient, in particular fat or carbohydrate. As a result, although a balanced diet and increased physical activity are commonly recommended to treat metabolic syndrome symptomatology, their long-term cerebrovascular benefits are uncertain. To address these gaps in knowledge, a “Cafeteria” diet consisting of 16 common ultra-processed grocery store food items was used to model human metabolic syndrome in the rat. I compared rats fed a Cafeteria diet (CAF) to those fed “standard” chow (SD) as well as to a third group that underwent a switch to chow after chronic exposure to the Cafeteria diet (SWT). In a first study, I showed that three months of exposure to the Cafeteria diet produced metabolic syndrome as well as hippocampal neuroinflammation with increased microglial proliferation. These were fully reversed in SWT rats. Nonetheless, the Cafeteria diet did not worsen spatial learning and memory performance as assessed using the Barnes maze. In a second study, brain perfusion was examined using continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (CASL MRI). Cortical and hippocampal resting perfusion was increased in CAF rats while cerebrovascular reactivity in response to a 10% CO2 vasodilatory challenge was reduced. Furthermore, while resting perfusion improved in SWT rats, cerebrovascular reactivity remained impaired. These cerebral blood flow outcomes were not accompanied by alterations in microvascular architecture or integrity as determined by rat endothelial cell antigen-1 (RECA-1) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) histology. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the Cafeteria diet is an effective model of metabolic syndrome that negatively impacts brain hemodynamic function. Moreover, while a dietary lifestyle intervention can recover peripheral features of metabolic syndrome, neuroinflammation, and resting perfusion, it is insufficient to completely reverse deficits in cerebrovascular reactivity. These findings are compelling as they speak to the detrimental effects of ultra-processed food consumption on cerebrovascular reserve capacity, believed to be an important factor in cognitive decline.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00822.pdf: 1477974 bytes, checksum: 5fab683e00fb93c844b67abbe1a837d9 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IEA/T / Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo - CF/USP