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The isothermal crystallization and melting temperatures of poly(ε-caprolactone) were correlated using fast differential scanning calorimetry. The melting kinetics was found to be independent of isothermal crystallization temperature and time. The conventional Hoffman-Weeks method could not be used to determine the equilibrium melting temperature because the observed melting temperatures were greater than the crystallization temperatures by a constant, so the Gibbs-Thomson method was used instead, yielding an equilibrium melting temperature of 103.4 ± 2.3°C. A modification was proposed to the non-linear Hoffman-Weeks equation that included a non-linear undercooling dependence for the kinetic fold surface free energy upon crystallization and permitted accurate modeling of the observed melting behavior. The isothermal crystallization rates of four narrow molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) fractions were characterized using fast differential scanning calorimetry for crystallization temperatures spanning 100°C range with the lower limit approaching the glass transition. A transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous primary nucleation was observed at −5°C. The kinetic analysis suggested that the crystal growth geometry depends strongly on temperature, where rod-like structures begin to appear near the glass transition temperature, highly branched solid sheaves grow throughout the homogeneous primary nucleation temperature range, and spherulites grow in the heterogenous primary nucleation range. Poly(δ-valerolactone) was synthesized using microwave-assisted techniques. Narrow molecular weight fractions were obtained using successive precipitation fractionation. Preliminary isothermal crystallization studies suggest that conventional thermal analysis methods are not adequate to measure the melting temperatures accurately due to reorganization during heating. / Doctor of Philosophy / Plastics may be classified into two general categories: those which form ordered domains upon solidification, i.e. undergo crystallization, and those which remain disordered upon solidification, i.e. form glasses. This work is focused on studying the crystallization and melting processes in two linear polymers, poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(ethylene oxide), using new experimental technology. In the case of poly(ε-caprolactone), the experimental data could not be rationalized by existing theories, and we have proposed modifications to these theories that explained the results. In the case of poly(ethylene oxide), the application of new experimental technology resulted in previously unreported data that indicated novel behavior at very low crystallization temperatures. In the last portion of this work, poly(δ-valerolactone) was made using a novel approach. Conventional experimental approaches to measuring the crystallization and melting behavior were shown to be inadequate.

It was found that laser modified wood surfaces can be bonded together to create a wood composite without the need of any additive. This bonding method removes the need of applying adhesive, potentially lowers cost, and eliminates off gassing of petroleum resins, creating a wood product with many eco-friendly attributes. This body of work outlines a) initial chemical analysis of the laser modified surface b) its bond strength and c) the optimization of factors that control the strength of the bond. Surface chemical analysis on laser modified wood was conducted using photo acoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (PA-FTIR) and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were utilized for surface topology analysis.Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) quantified the thermal properties of the modified wood surface. Screening of multiple factors that would contribute to surface modification and adhesion was performed utilizing mechanical testing. Optimization of significant factors that affect bond strength was determined statistically utilizing a design of experiment approach. Chemical analysis of the laser modified surface revealed changes in the carbonyl and aromatic regions indicating modification of the hemicellulose and lignin components, intensifying with increasing laser modification.The C1/C2 ratios found via XPS revealed that one or more of the following is occurring: more extractives have moved to the surface, condensation reactions among lignin units, and the loss of methoxy and breakage of aryl ether linkages occurred.Microscopy images showed color changes to a darker caramel color with a smoothing of surface topology, suggesting the occurrence of the softening and/or melting of wood polymers. DSC verified chemical and/or physical changes in the wood with the modified material now having a glass transition temperature between 130-150°C.DOE found that laser parameters (power and focus) as well as hot press parameters (temperature and pressure) were significant in optimizing the bond. The impact of the study is the first documentation of the ability to laser modifies wood surfaces and subsequently bond them together. The ability of the wood polymers at the surface to undergo flow at elevated temperature is implicated in the adhesion mechanism of the laser modified wood. / Master of Science

The acid and base catalyzed simultaneous twin polymerization (STP) of various 2,2′-disubstituted 4H-1,3,2-benzodioxasiline derivatives 2a–d with 2,2′-spirobi[4H-1,3,2-benzodioxasiline] (1) are presented in this paper. The products are nanostructured ternary organic–inorganic hybrid materials consisting of a cross-linked organic polymer, silica and a disubstituted polysiloxane. It can be demonstrated whether and in which extent the copolymerization of the two inorganic fragments of 1 and 2 takes place among the STP and how the molar ratio of the two components determines the structure formation of the resulting hybrid material. Steric and electronic effects of the substituents at the silicon center of 2 on the molecular structure formation and the morphology of the resulting hybrid material were investigated by means of solid state CP MAS 29Si and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). The mechanical properties (hardness and Young's modulus) of the hybrid materials were analyzed by means of nanoindentation measurements. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

L’amidon, biopolymère de réserve, composant majeur des céréales et des plantes de grande culture, trouve de nombreuses applications industrielles après transformation hydrothermique. L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier les modifications des propriétés structurales et fonctionnelles de l’amidon de maïs standard modifié par traitement physique, de type hydrothermique à l’aide de trois procédés. L’intensification des traitements, dans un contexte où le développement durable apparaît comme une priorité majeure, s’inscrit dans la large thématique de la valorisation des agro-ressources et du développement des procédés de transformation consacrés aux ressources carbonées renouvelables. La caractérisation des modifications des propriétés physicochimiques de l’amidon,générées par les traitements a été réalisée, dans l’objectif de relier les différences aux comportements thermique(transitions de phase, empesage) et rhéologique (comportement à l’écoulement et viscoélasticité) des amidons hydrotraités. Les traitements physiques appliqués aux amidons ont conduit à des modifications plus ou moins importantes de leurs structures. La maîtrise de l’utilisation de l'amidon nécessite la bonne connaissance des transitions de phase impliquées et des structures résultantes, fonction principalement de la teneur en eau et de la température. Dans cet objectif, une partie des travaux de thèse a été consacrée à la compréhension des phénomènes physiques à l’origine des transferts de matière et de chaleur dans le matériau amylacé pendant son hydrotraitement, ainsi que les équations régissant ces transferts. Un modèle phénomènologique de transfert couplé de masse et de chaleur a été développé, tenant compte des réactions biochimiques qui ont lieux simultanément dans le matériau, en présence d’eau et de chaleur. Les résultats de la modélisation numérique, à l’aide de la méthode des éléments finis, a permis de définir la répartition spatiale, des paramètres variables(température, teneur en eau,…), dont l’influence est déterminante sur la progression des réactions de fusion. / Starch, biopolymer of reserve, is the major component of cereals and of crop plants, has many industrial applications after hydrothermal processes. The objective of this work is to study the structural and function almodifications of standard maize starch by physical processes, as hydrothermal treatments (action of heat and moisture). The intensification of treatments, in a context of sustainable development, is nowadays a major challenge. This action belongs to the themes linked to the agri-resources valorisation and the development of the transformation processes devoted to the renewable carbonaceous resources. The impact of hydrothermaltreatments on starch physicochemical properties is extensively studied with the aim to connect the modificationof hydrotreated starches to their thermal (phase transitions, pasting) and rheological (flow and viscoelasticity)behaviours. The physical treatments applied to starches lead to important modifications of their structures,according to the processing conditions. The mastering of starch use requires the knowledge of implied phase transitions and resulting structures, which are mainly function of water content and temperature. In this aim, apart of this work was devoted to the comprehension of the physical phenomena responsible of the heat and mass transfer in the starch layer, during the treatment. A coupled heat and mass transfer model was developed, taking into account the biochemical reactions, which take place in the material simultaneously in presence of water and heat. Using the finite element method, the numerical simulation allowed to define the space distribution of the variable parameters (temperature, water content,…), which have a great influence on the progression of fusion reactions.

La cucurbitacine E et l'érythrodiol sont des triterpènes naturels oxygénés ayant respectivement un squelette tétra et pentacyclique. Ils sont reconnus pour leurs diverses propriétés biologiques. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous étudions leur interaction avec les membranes des vésicules lipidiques dans le but de mieux comprendre leur pharmacodynamie. Nous avons préparé des liposomes en absence et en présence de la cucurbitacine E et de l'érythrodiol par les techniques d'évaporation en phase inverse suivie d'une extrusion, d'hydratation du film lipidique et d'injection d'éthanol. Les caractéristiques physicochimiques des vésicules lipidiques incorporant ou non la molécule triterpénique ont été étudiées par des techniques adéquates. Les analyses de la cucurbitacine E et de l'érythrodiol par la chromatographie liquide à haute performance ont montré que leurs taux d'incorporation dans les liposomes sont élevés. Les mesures de taille obtenues par la diffusion dynamique de la lumière ont démontré que les liposomes incorporant les triterpènes présentent une taille moyenne inférieure à celle des liposomes témoins. Les images obtenues par la microscopie électronique à transmission ont confirmé la formation de vésicules sphériques. Les mesures des dimensions des vésicules observées par la microscopie à force atomique (AFM), ont révélé que les liposomes incorporant la cucurbitacine E sont plus hauts et résistent mieux à la force exercée par la pointe AFM que les liposomes témoins. Par ailleurs, les liposomes incorporant l'érythrodiol sont plus fragiles que les liposomes témoins et ont tendance à éclater en bicouches lipidiques à la surface du support. Les courbes thermiques obtenues par la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage ont permis de conclure que la cucurbitacine E est localisée à l'interface polaire-apolaire de la membrane liposomiale alors que l'érythrodiol s'insère entre les chaînes acyles des phospholipides et aboutit à la formation des domaines hétérogènes au niveau de la membrane. La cinétique de libération de la sulforhodamine B, mesurée par la spectroscopie de fluorescence, a révélé que la membrane liposomiale devient, en présence de la cucurbitacine E, plus perméable à la sulforhodamine B incorporée dans la phase aqueuse interne. L'ensemble des résultats suggère que la cucurbitacine E et l'érythrodiol interagissent avec la membrane lipidique et affectent ses propriétés physico-chimiques. Leur effet sur la membrane ne semble pas être similaire. Des études ultérieures impliquant d'autres triterpènes sont envisagées pour identifier le (s) motif (s) structural (aux) et les paramètres physico-chimiques régissant leur interaction et localisation membranaire / Cucurbitacin E and erythrodiol are natural oxygenated triterpenes having respectively, a tetra and pentacyclic skeleton. They are known for their numerous biological properties. In this thesis, we studied their interaction with the membranes of lipid vesicles to better understand their pharmacodynamics. We have prepared liposomes in the absence and presence of cucurbitacin E and erythrodiol using the reverse phase evaporation technique followed by extrusion, the hydration of lipid film and the ethanol injection techniques. The physicochemical characteristics of lipid vesicles incorporating or not the triterpenic molecules were investigated by appropriate techniques. The determination of cucurbitacin E and erythrodiol in the vesicles by high performance liquid chromatography showed high incorporation efficiencies of both triterpenes. Size measurements obtained by dynamic light scattering showed that liposomes incorporating triterpenes were smaller than empty liposomes. The images obtained by transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of spherical vesicles. Measurements of vesicles dimensions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that liposomes incorporating cucurbitacin E were higher and more resistant to the force exerted by the AFM tip than the blank liposomes. Liposomes incorporating erythrodiol were more fragile and tend to break up into lipid bilayers on the mica surface. Results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry suggested that cucurbitacin E is localized at the polar-apolar interface of the liposomal membrane while erythrodiol is inserted between the acyl chains of the phospholipids leading to the formation of heterogeneous lipid domains. The release kinetics of the sulforhodamin B encapsulated into the aqueous phase and measured by fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the liposomal membrane becomes in the presence of cucurbitacin E, more permeable to this probe. The overall results suggest that cucurbitacin E and erythrodiol affect differently