Le phénomène d’intérêt de la présente étude était l’expérience vivante (living) de santé continuer dans les moments difficiles. Tout en étant un phénomène courant au point d’être universellement vécue, cette expérience n’a pas fait l’objet d’une attention par les praticiens et par les chercheurs. Lorsque questionnés sur le sujet, les praticiens dans le domaine de la santé reconnaissent l’importance et la pertinence du phénomène tout en avouant ne pas avoir de connaissances et ne pas échanger sur le sujet avec leurs patients ou d’autres, dont les membres des familles. Spontanément, l’expérience de continuer dans les moments difficiles évoque la persévérance dans des moments difficiles qui sont souffrants, tout en espérant le meilleur possible qui soit. Les premières observations sur des expériences qui se rapprochent du phénomène à l’étude sont présentées dans des études portant sur les concepts apparentés de persévérance, souffrance et espérance. Le but de cette étude était de dégager la structure des significations de l’expérience vivante de continuer dans les moments difficiles à partir de l’expérience de personnes qui ont décrit le phénomène et ce, afin d’en améliorer la compréhension. La présente étude se veut une contribution au développement de connaissances utiles aux professionnels qui souhaitent satisfaire les attentes exprimées par les personnes en matière de présence attentive au vécu avec leur santé. Ils peuvent ainsi favoriser la promotion des soins centrés sur la personne alors que celle-ci cherche à clarifier sa situation et à mobiliser ses ressources pour prendre des décisions et réaliser des activités au sujet de sa santé. La méthode de recherche Parse, qui est phénoménologique-herméneutique, a été utilisée pour répondre à la question de recherche : Quelle est la structure de l’expérience vivante de continuer dans les moments difficiles? Douze adultes vivant dans deux régions du Québec au Canada ont participé à cette étude. Les données ont été recueillies par engagement dialogique et ont été analysées avec les processus d’extraction-synthèse. Les résultats sont décrits à partir des verbatim synthétisés jusqu’à une abstraction conceptuelle au niveau de l’ontologie choisie. Des concepts centraux ont été proposés et joints en une structure afin de répondre à la question de recherche. Le résultat central de cette étude est la structure suivante : continuer dans les moments difficiles, c’est la fortitude résolue au sein des vicissitudes avec la quête équivoque du contentement alors qu’émerge un horizon élargi avec des alliances bienveillantes. Cette structure a été jointe à l’ontologie de l’Humaindevenant et aux écrits empiriques et autres. L’interprétation heuristique comprend des émergeants métaphoriques et une expression artistique qui offrent un point de vue différent sur les résultats. À travers des formes d’art, les résultats sont partagés avec tous les publics. Cette étude contribue aux connaissances en sciences infirmières, étend la portée de l’ontologie choisie et améliore la compréhension au sujet de continuer dans les moments difficiles, en la reconnaissant comme une expérience vivante universelle de santé alors que les personnes souhaitent entrevoir une ouverture aux possibles avec leur santé et leur qualité de vie. Enfin, les implications pour la recherche, pour la formation et pour la pratique infirmière sont présentées. / The purpose of this study was to enhance understanding of the living experience of health, continuing on during difficult times. While it is an everyday phenomenon that is universally experienced, it has not been under the attention of health practitioners and researchers. When inquired about this topic, health practitioners are recognizing the phenomenon’s significance and relevance while acknowledging a lack of knowledge and being silent about it when they are with their patients or others, such as family members. Spontaneously, the experience of continuing on during difficult times is reminiscent of persevering on during difficult times that make us suffer, while hoping for whatever could be the best possible. The first observations of experiences that are close to the phenomenon under study appeared in/were introduced in studies about persevering, suffering and, hoping. This study’s objective was to uncover the structure of meaning for the living experience of continuing on during difficult times, from the experience of persons who described it. This current study is a contribution to the development of a knowledge base that can be useful for health practitioners who wish to meet the persons’ expectations related to an attentive presence to their living experience of health. Hence, health practitioners may foster health promotion that is patient centered while the latter is seeking the clarification of his/her situation and mobilizing his/her resources in order to make decisions and implement health related activities. Parse’s phenomenological-hermeneutic research method was used to answer the research question : What is the structure of the living experience of continuing on during difficult times? Twelve adults living in two regions of Québec in Canada took part in the study. Data were collected through dialogical engagement and analysed through the extraction-synthesis processes. The descriptions of results came from the synthesized verbatim and up to the conceptual abstraction in the chosen ontology. Core concepts were identified and joined in a structure in order to answer the research question. The central result of this study is the following structure: continuing on during difficult times is the resolute fortitude amid vicissitudes with the equivoqual quest for contentment as an expanded horizon is emerging with benevolent alliances. This structure was joined to the humanbecoming ontology and extant literature. The heuristic interpretation includes some metaphorical emergings and an artistic expression that offer a different point of view on the results. Through artform, the results can be shared with all audiences. This study is contributing to nursing knowledge, expanding the chosen ontology, and enhancing the understanding about continuing on during difficult times. The latter phenomenon may be acknowledged as a universal living experience of health as persons are wishing to foresee overtures with possibles for their health and quality of life. Finally, implications for research, for education and for nursing practice are presented.

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This thesis is based on the theoretical research using scientific texts. Method of reasoning (deduction) were compared ideas of the individual authors who deal with description of contemporary (postmodern ) society, exploring the question of the sense of life and represent a difficult life events that can cause the threat or loss. The work is divided into three chapters, each of which contains sub -chapters. The first part refers to a person in postmodern society. There is a characterization of contemporary society, the challenges of the new era, gain new requirements on the man and related problems. The second chapter is building on the issues of the first chapter. Some fragments which describe the particular challenges of life events and their impact on the man, the sense of living in certain periods of life. There were used mainly idea sof psychotherapists who are dedicated to working with people in a state of crisis. Following the previous chapters, the last part of the thesis deals with the question of the free time, defining the category of the free-time and pointing out its importance for contemporary man. Emphasis was placed on the free-time pedagogy using appropriate free-time activities as a tool for finding richer and more meaningful human life in certain difficult life events that brings the requirement of a new era. Last but not least, there was to explain the context of the free-time and religion.

Lately most investigations regarding Swedish students’ level in Spanish as a foreign language indicate that there is a notable gap in their linguistic knowledge. It is possible to give various explanations to this tendency, such as the capacity of the educators or the level of motivation the students have. These explications, however, does not explain the fact that this is a problem on a national level. In order to be part of the search to find a potential solution to this issue this investigation has been made with the intention of assessing whether the students truly learn what they are being taught, by means of a modified error analysis, in which there it has also been investigated what part of the Spanish language that seems to be the most problematic to learn for the students at a Swedish upper secondary school. Last but not least this study also attempts to look into the possible influences of the first language and the gender of the learners. The error analysis that has been used consists in a test that contains twelve sentences, of which six are incorrect. All the sentences were based on constituents of the Spanish language that had already been studied in class. The students who participated in this study, all of them at the first, third and fourth level in the curriculum established by Swedish National Agency for Education, where asked to identify erroneous sentences and correct them. In this paper it has been proved that the learners, in fact, have failed to learn a considerable part of what they have been taught. It has also been established that neither gender nor native language can be considered relevant factors in the students’ learning ability. As for the most difficult part in the Spanish language it has not been possible to identify a generalizable result, but a few errors that can be found in more than one of the investigated groups, and therefore point out vital problems in the acquisition-process, has been identified. In conclusion, this paper shows that the knowledge of the Swedish students need some improvement, especially when it comes to ensuring that the learners won’t keep making the same mistakes over and over again.

The purpose of this thesis is to outline different ways of utilising our two chosen literary works for kids and teenagers in czech language and literature classes taking place during later years of primary education. Each of the works presents a child hero in a difficult life situation caused mainly by a bully, where the hero eventually overcomes the situation but expends all his energy in the process. The thesis consists of two units - theoretical and practical. The theoretical unit sums up expert findings on difficult life situations in general and applies them during analysis of our heroes and bullies. The practical unit has been divided into two parts, each covering one of the chosen works. First, we analyse the work's didactic potential, then suggest its utilisation in class and finally reflect on our practical demonstrations. We have also included an additional chapter to the practical unit, describing further ways of utilising one of the works in classes, not only czech language and literature but others as well. Output of this thesis is formed by two commented worksheets and an efficiency evaluation of our suggested class preparations, based on the actual demonstrations. KEYWORDS children, child hero, difficult life situations, bullies, cyberbullies, didactic analysis, class preparation,...

Master thesis titled Parents' reaction to a birth of a child with a disability deals with the process of coping with a birth of a disabled child and strategies that can help the family. In the first chapter, the function of a family and roles of parents in comparison with families with disabled children were defined. Reactions of parents when a disabled child is born in comparison with reactions of other social groups is discussed in second chapter. Third chapter focuses on factors which can help the parents to cope with the aforementioned situation. The last fourth chapter then depicts five families that shared their individual stories. The thesis also describes specific phases of dealing with difficult life situations including children born with disabilities. The thesis aims to analyse how parents reacted to birth of disabled child and which factors helped them to accept this reality. A research method in the form of an interview has been used. A confirmation of the hypothesis and thus achieving the thesis goal has been achieved be means of evaluation of answers from five respondents. The results have shown that such a childbirth is an unexpected situation for the parents, followed by a shock. The parents also have negative experience with doctors when delivering the diagnosis. Specific...

This thesis examines the current methodological approaches to digital access and dissemination of eugenics archives. It looks in-depth at four institutions from around the world which provide some means of digital access to a specific eugenics collection that they control: the Wellcome Collection within the Wellcome Library in London, the Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement founded in part by the Cold Springs Laboratory in New York, the Canadian Eugenics Archive, and the State Institute for Race Biology at the Uppsala University Library Special Collections in Sweden. The complexity of archival methodology and thought has evolved over the course of the past few decades, with more and more institutions recognizing the historical bias of their collections and many working towards combating these biases to bridge knowledge gaps and provide more detailed and nuanced understanding of their materials. With the development of the internet, and the pressure for heritage institutions to turn towards more digital methods of dissemination of their collections, there has been fierce debate as to good practices towards implementing these digital means of access and dissemination. Collections which contain historically problematic materials, such as eugenics collections, can make digitization and digital methodologies particularly difficult. This thesis serves as a groundwork for the development of good institutional methodologies in terms of digitization of eugenics-related materials by comparing the available methodologies employed by four institutions holding materials which were particularly significant during the period of legally applied eugenics on their respective populations.

The purpose of this study was to explore nurse-patient encounters from the perspective of the Home Healthcare Registered Nurse. A qualitative descriptive design was used to collect data from a purposive sample of 20 home healthcare registered nurses from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island currently or previously employed as a home healthcare nurse. Four themes and one interconnecting theme emerged from the data: Objective Language; Navigating the Unknown; Mitigating Risk; Looking for Reciprocality in the Encounter; and the interconnecting theme of Acknowledging Not All Nurse-Patient Encounters Go Well. One goal of the study was to propose an empirically informed definition of what constituted a difficult encounter. An important early finding was that the terms difficult patient and difficult encounter were not generally used by study participants. HHC RNs voiced a preference for objective and nonjudgmental language to communicate outcomes of nurse-patient encounters. Three types of HHC RN-patient interactions emerged from the data, with constructive encounters the norm and non-constructive or destructive encounters less frequent. A constructive encounter is when two or more human beings, the nurse on the one side, and the patient, caregiver, or both on the other, interact to achieve a mutually agreed upon outcome. A nonconstructive encounter is when one or more human beings obstruct efforts to achieve at least one positive outcome. A destructive encounter is when one or more human beings direct anger at or physically aggress toward another human being. Strategies to promote reciprocality are routinely employed during HHC RN-patient encounters, but HHC RNs who miss cues that a strategy is ineffective or failed may be at risk in the home. Study data lend support to key concepts, assumptions, and propositions of Travelbee’s (1971) Human-to-Human Relationship Model. Study results provide a foundation for further research to increase the understanding, recognition, and development of empirically derived responses to non-constructive or destructive encounters such that HHC RNs are safe and best able to meet patients’ healthcare needs.

The aim of this study is to analyze school counselors' experience regarding their work with children living under difficult home conditions. The objective is the counselors' view on their profession, their perceived mandate within their professional role, and the resources allocated to them. The method applied in this study is a qualitative approach. The data collection is characterized by interviews conducted with seven school counselors. Previous research has shown that the professional role as school counselor is unclear, and that the profession lacks precise policies. In research studies, Lipsky's theory of grassroots bureaucrats has been used, where we also have chosen to use the informal and formal scope. Through analysis, the result has shown that several of the school counselors perceive their professional role as undefined. Some of the school counselors said that they appreciate the unclear role because it provides them with an extensive and flexible mandate within their professional role. Furthermore the result shows that the school counselors perceive that some laws, such as the confidentiality law for example, limits their professional mandate. In the realm of available resources, the result has shown that most school counselors experience insufficient resources, often in the form of time and lack of competence development. Overall the school counselors experience limitations within their role and there are thus opportunities for development.

工業製品の高機能化や低価格化実現のため，難削材と呼ばれる加工の困難な材料の高精度かつ高能率な加工方法の開発要求が増大している．そこで，本研究では難削材の難削性を，機械的・熱的特性によって分類したうえで，その難削材の適用分野を具体的に想定し，バインダレス超硬合金やCFRP，チタン合金，ステンレス合金などの難削材の高精度・高能率加工の実現に向けた新規加工工具および加工方法の開発に取り組んだ． / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University