Orientador: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Banca: Tânia Maria Alberte / Banca: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz / Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um reator anaeróbio compartimentado no tratamento de soro de queijo. Para tanto, foi utilizado um reator de 4,9 L com cinco compartimentos, inoculados com lodo biológico granulado obtido de uma indústria da região. O reator foi operado com variados tempos de residência hidráulicos (1 a 4 dias) e concentrações de soro de queijo que variaram de 2500 a 11000 DQO mg L-1. Foram efetuadas as análises de Acidez e Alcalinidade, Turbidez, pH, Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), Sólidos Voláteis (SV) e Sólidos Totais (ST). A partir dos resultados obtidos, e devido às características do reator, foi possível compreender a dinâmica do processo anaeróbio, nas fases acidogênica e metanogênica, tanto na geração / desaparecimento da alcalinidade / acidez, como na redução da carga orgânica. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, o soro de queijo da alimentação do reator foi diluído a uma DQO de 2500 mg L-1, e o reator mantido em quatro tempos de residência hidráulicos (TRH), 4, 3, 2 e 1 dia. Com TRH 4 dias, a redução da DQO foi de 96,3%. Com TRH 3 dias, o reator apresentou um problema de queda no pH e, devido a isso, foi dividido em duas partes: a primeira na qual o reator apresentou uma redução de 97,3% e a outra na qual a redução foi de 89,4%. Com TRH 2 dias, a redução de DQO foi de 89,5%; e com TRH 1 dia a redução foi de 50,5%. A segunda etapa da pesquisa contou com um aumento da concentração de soro de queijo na alimentação do reator, DQO 6000 mg L-1, e TRHs de 3, 2 e 1 dia. Com TRH 3 dias, a redução de DQO foi 80,7%, com TRH 2 dias 74,0% e com TRH 1 dia, a redução foi 33,5%. Na terceira etapa da pesquisa, a concentração do soro foi elevada para uma DQO de 11000 mg L-1, sendo testado o TRH 3 dias e como a eficiência do reator na redução da DQO apresentou um baixo valor, 47,1%, nenhum outro TRH foi testado. / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of an anaerobic baffled reactor treating cheese whey. For this, it was used a five-compartment reactor, 4.9 L, inoculated with granular sludge obtained from a biological industry in the region. The reactor was operated at different hydraulic residence times (HRT) from 1 to 4 days and the concentration of cheese whey was of 2500 to 11000 mg COD L-1. The procedures included analyses of acidity and alkalinity, turbidity, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile solids (VS) and total solids (TS).From the results shown and due to the characteristics of the reactor, it was possible to understand the dynamics of the anaerobic process at the acidogenic and methanogenic stages both in the generation / disappearance of alkalinity / acidity and in reducing the organic load. In the first stage of research, the cheese whey used for feeding the reactor was diluted to a 2500 mg L-1 COD. The reactor was maintained at four hydraulic residence times (HRT) of 4, 3, 2 and 1 days. At a HRT of 4 days, the reduction in the COD was 96.3%. At a HRT of 3 days, the reactor had a problem - a decrease in pH and because of that, it was divided into two parts: in the first part the reactor showed a reduction of 97.3% and in the second one, the reduction was of 89.4%. At a HRT of 2 days, the reduction in the COD was of 89.5%; and at a HRT of 1 day, the reduction was of 50.5%. During the second stage of the survey, there was an increase of the concentration of cheese whey while feeding the reactor, COD 6000 mg L-1, and at a HRT of 3, 2 and 1 day. At a HRT of 3 days, the reduction in the COD was of 80.7%; at a HRT of 2 days, it was 74.0% and at a HRT of 1 day, the reduction was of 33.5%. In the third stage of the study, the concentration of whey was increased to a COD of 11000 mg L-1, being tested at a HRT of 3 days and since the efficiency of the reactor in the COD reduction showed a low value, 47.1%, no other HRT was tested. / Mestre

The pulp- and paper industry (PPI) faces a great challenge in finding new ways to reduce its overall carbon emissions. Large quantities of water are used in the pulp- and paper making process. In this context, a more sustainable wastewater treatment with a lower carbon footprint is of relevance for the PPI. Applied to a pulp- and paper mill (PPM) in Norway, the ongoing demonstration project “EffiSludge for LIFE” lowers the wastewater treatments (WWT) energy consumption while turning residual waste (bio sludge) into energy by implementing a new wastewater treatment concept. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current carbon footprint from a hypothetical PPM WWT plant, the potential lowering of the carbon footprint when applying the EffiSludge concept and the benefits in a larger scale assuming EffiSludge would be applied at all of the PPMs WWT in the Nordic countries represented by Sweden, Norway and Finland. An estimation of a current and future carbon footprint from one example mill was provided through the construction of one baseline and two case scenarios. Results from a laboratory biomethane potential experiment together with the responses from a survey and contributions from one example mill provided relevant input to the scenarios. The major impact on carbon emissions in the scenarios came from reducing electricity needed to aerate the biological WWT step. The maximum current carbon footprint from the parts of the WWT process included in the baseline scenario was 9.6-13 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp and the estimated future carbon footprint when implementing the EffiSludge concept was estimated as 3.6-5.9 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp. A reduction of 6-8 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp could be expected by implementing the EffiSludge concept. If the EffiSludge concept was introduced in all of the WWTP connected with Nordic PPMs a reduction of the carbon footprint with 55-180 million kg CO2-eq could be expected each year. This would reduce the total carbon emissions from the European PPI with 0.2-0.5 % annually

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-04T13:08:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2019647 bytes, checksum: 8311c23a2b59a1fe2d552ea303954693 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-04T13:08:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2019647 bytes, checksum: 8311c23a2b59a1fe2d552ea303954693 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The fruit of the caatinga has aroused growing interest on the part of the food industry because of its potential health benefits. Exotic fruits such as seriguela (Spondias purpurea), umbu-cajá (Spondias spp.) and mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) are important sources of bioactive compounds, such as phenolics. However, the high perishability of these fruits is a factor that hampers their in natura supply, which leads to their processing, which in turn has a direct impact on the content of bioactive present due to the process of structural modification through reactions that may interfere in the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds, causing nutritional losses. For these reasons, the objective of this work was to determine the phenolic profile of mango, seriguela and umbu-cajá fruits and their respective pulps, evaluating the antioxidant capacity and checking the behavior of phenolic compounds when exposed to simulated gastrointestinal digestion and post-digestion bioaccessibility . In this study, phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on fruits of seriguela (Spondias purpurea), umbu-cajá (Spondias spp.) and mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), and their respective pulps and Fractions from gastrointestinal digestion. The antioxidant activity of the bioacessible fraction after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion was quantified by the DPPH and FRAP assays. From the determined phenolic profile of fruits compared to their respective frozen pulps, a reduction in the phenolic compounds content of fruits of the genus Spondias spp. In the mangaba fruit there was an increase in some increased free phenolic contents, such as 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (+ 50%), and p-coumaric acid (+ 50%). In the fruit pulp the reduction of the phenolic compounds was observed in front of the antioxidant tests, in which the free radical scavenging capacity reduced after the fruit processing. From the simulated gastrointestinal digestion it was observed that fruits of the genus Spondias have a high fraction of their bioaccessible phenolic compounds after digestion, with a bioaccessibility of 73.92% (gallic acid, umbu-cajá pulp), unlike mangaba 5 , 60% (ferulic acid). The results obtained in this work demonstrate that the pulp consumption of these fruits, especially seriguela and umbu-cajá can contribute significantly to the ingestion of antioxidant compounds, since they have high concentration of bioaccessible phenolic compounds. / As frutas da caatinga tem despertado crescente interesse por parte da indústria de alimentos devido aos seus potenciais benefícios à saúde. Frutas exóticas como a seriguela (Spondias purpurea), umbu-cajá (Spondias spp.) e mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) são importantes fontes de compostos bioativos, como os fenólicos. Entretanto, a alta perecibilidade dessas frutas é um fator que dificulta sua oferta in natura, o que leva ao processamento das mesmas, que por vez tem impacto direto no conteúdo de bioativos presentes devido ao processo de modificação estrutural mediante reações que podem interferir na bioacessibilidade dos compostos bioativos, ocasionando perdas nutricionais. Por estas razões o presente trabalho objetivou determinar o perfil fenólico das frutas de mangaba, seriguela e umbu-cajá e de suas respectivas polpas, avaliando a capacidade antioxidante e verificando o comportamento dos compostos fenólicos quando expostos a digestão gastrointestinal simulada e sua bioacessibilidade pós-digestão. Neste estudo, os compostos fenólicos foram identificados e quantificados por Cromatografia Liquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) nas frutas de seriguela (Spondias purpurea), umbu-cajá (Spondias spp.) e mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), e nas suas respectivas polpas e nas frações oriundas da digestão gastrointestinal. A aatividade antioxidante da fração bioacessível após a digestão gastrointestinal simulada in vitro foi quantificada através dos ensaios DPPH e FRAP. A partir do perfil fenólico determinado das frutas em comparação com a suas respectivas polpas congeladas, pôde-se identificar uma redução no conteúdo de compostos fenólicos das frutas do gênero Spondias spp. Na fruta mangaba houve aumento de alguns teores de fenólicos livres aumentados, como ácido 3,4-dihidroxibenzoico (+50%), e ácido p-cumarico (+50%). Na polpa em relação a fruta a redução dos compostos fenólicos foi observada frente aos ensaios antioxidantes, em que a capacidade sequestradora de radicais livres reduziu após o processamento das frutas. A partir da digestão gastrointestinal simulada observou-se que as frutas do gênero Spondias possuem uma elevada fração de seus compostos fenólicos bioacessíveis após a digestão, com uma bioacessibilidade de 73,92% (ácido gálico, polpa umbu-cajá), diferentemente da mangaba 5,60% (ácido ferúlico). Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstram que o consumo da polpa destas frutas, especialmente seriguela e umbu-cajá podem contribuir significativamente para a ingestão de compostos antioxidantes, ja que os mesmos possuem alta concentração de compostos fenólicos bioacessiveis.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 541873 bytes, checksum: fdcc605bea14b02147b0c484cd440a14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The research was realized in four phases. In the 1st phase, interviews were accomplished with proprietors of car-washes with the objective of knowing your environmental and social impacts. In the 2nd phase synthetic effluents of car-washes were treated during 147 days in batch anaerobic reactors with five different oil and detergent concentrations. In the 3rd phase six reactors were monitored in batch form, during 20 days, with substrate containing high oil concentrations (0,5 to 2,5 g.l-1) and surfactants concentrations (5,0g.L-1). These treatments were realized with purpose to verified the relation between oil concentration and inhibition of the biologic activity. In the 4th phase six batch anaerobic reactors, with different proportions of the surfactant, were monitored during 35 days. The concentrations of organic matter influent and effluent were analyzed in all the treatments and in the sludge were determined solid concentration. Daily the biogas produced was measures and characterized. In the 2nd phase the average removal of soluble COD was about 82%, for a monitoring period of 18 days. For raw COD during 100 days of operation the average removal was approximately 76% and the production of methane was directly proportional the substrate concentrations. It was verified that the anaerobic biological activity occurs in surfactant concentration below 0,5 g.L-1, and starting from that concentration it begins to happen inhibition of the process / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro fases. A primeira fase teve o objetivo de levantar dados sobre os impactos ambientais e sociais causados pelos lava-jatos. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com seus proprietários. Na segunda fase, foram tratados anaerobiamente, durante 147 dias, em reatores de batelada, efluentes sintéticos de lava-jatos com cinco diferentes concentrações de óleo e detergente. Na terceira fase, foram monitorados seis reatores anaeróbios, em regime de batelada, durante 20 dias, com substratos contendo altas concentrações de óleo (0,5 a 2,5 g.L-1) e surfactantes (5,0 g.L-1). Estes tratamentos tiveram por finalidade verificar se, com o aumento da concentração de óleo, haveria inibição da atividade biológica. Na quarta fase, foram realizados, anaerobiamente, em reatores de batelada, durante 35 dias, seis experimentos com diferentes concentrações de surfactante para verificar que concentração inibiria o processo biológico anaeróbio. Para todos os tratamentos foram analisadas as concentrações de matéria orgânica (DQO) afluente e efluente, bem como as concentrações de sólidos do lodo. Diariamente, foram realizadas leituras do volume e da composição do biogás. Como resultados da segunda fase, verificaram-se remoções de DQO solúvel média de 82% aos 18 dias e para DQO bruta em torno de 76% para os cinco tratamentos, durante 100 dias de operação. A produção de metano foi diretamente proporcional às concentrações dos substratos. Constatou-se que a atividade biológica anaeróbia ocorre numa concentração de surfactante de até aproximadamente 0,5 g.L-1, sendo que a partir daí, começa a ocorrer inibição do processo

The use of mesophilic anaerobic digestion for treatment of organic wastes is a growing biotechnology for sustainable energy supply. Ammonia inhibition is a major problem in anaerobic digestion mainly when digestion of nitrogen-rich substrates such as livestock wastes and manure occurs. This paper provides a summary of research conducted on ammonia inhibition of the anaerobic process. An experiment with mesophilic digestions of swine manure was conducted in single unit reactors, which were controlled under different ammonia concentrations by addition of NH4Cl in different amounts. From the experimental results, it was shown that NH4Cl could be an effective chemical agent for removing foam and scum in the digester. Methane production was decreased with the increasing NH4Cl addition until a collapse was observed between 11.2 g NH4+-N/l and 13.2 g NH4+-N/l. Contrary to the findings in thermophilic digestion, a dysfunction of acidogenesis was also observed since both gas and methane production was delayed with increasing NH4Cl addition. These findings suggest different ammonia inhibition principles in mesophilic and thermophilic digestion. It was further indicated that methanogenesis could produce a high percentage of methane although gas production was inhibited.

Orientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Marcelo Zaiat / Banca: Tania Leme de Almeida / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho de três reatores anaeróbios horizontais instalados em série, em escala de bancada, com volume de 1,2 L cada, para o tratamento de águas residuárias do beneficamento do café por via úmida. Foi utilizado um reator anaeróbio horizontal com manta de lodo (R1) e dois de leito fixo, preenchidos com anéis de bambu (R2) e fibras da casca de coco (R3) como meio suporte. O reator R1 foi inoculado com lodo proveniente de reator UASB tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) aplicados aos reatores anaeróbios horizontais (R1+R2+R3) foram de 90, 72 e 54 h resultando em cargas orgânicas volumétricas médias (COV) de 12,8, 13,2 e 19,7 kg DQOtotal (m3 d)-1, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os valores médios da DQO total do afluente foram de 16002, 13198 e 14774 mg L-1, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os valores médios da DQO total dos efluentes dos reatores R1, R2 e R3 foram 6424, 4067 e 2975 mg L-1 , 6807, 5232 e 4081 mg L-1 e 8154, 6871 e 5700 mg L-1 nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total no sistema de tratamento com os três reatores, foram de 76, 69 e 61%, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. A produção volumétrica média foi de 1,70, 1,25 e 0,70 L CH4 (L reator d)-1 no conjunto dos reatores, (R1+R2+R3), respectivamente. As eficiências médias de de remoção de DQOtotal, SST, e fenóis totais no conjunto de reatores (R1+R2+R3) não apresentaram diferença significativa e foram de 76, 69 e 61%, de 77, 81, 82% e de 58, 62 e 69% nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os valores médios de pH nos efluentes dos reatores variaram de 6,2 a 7,9. A concentração média de ácidos voláteis totais do afluente e efluente do R3 foram de 2206, 1630 e 1732 mg CH3COOH L-1 e de 168, 1269 e 1220 mg CH3COOH L-1, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work it was evaluated the efficiency of three horizontal anaerobic reactors installed in series, in bench scale (volume of 1,2 L each), one with sludge blanket (R1) and two of fixed bed filled out with bamboo rings (R2) and coconut fibers (R3) as it supports. The reactor R1 was inoculated with sludge originating from reactor UASB treating swine residual water. These reactors were fed whit wastewater from the coffee pulping originating by hand pulping of the dry coffee beans, simulating the wastewater of the mechanical pulping of the coffee beans. Each reactor was submitted at hydraulic detention time (HDT) of 30, 24 and 18 h resulting in organic load rate (OLR) of 12,8, 13,2 and 19,7 kg COD (m3 d)-1, in the rehearsals 1 and 2, respectively. The average values of total COD of the influent in the rehearsals 1, 2 and 3 were of 16002, 13198 and 14774 mg L-1, respectively. The average values of total COD of the effluent of the reactors R1, R2 and R3 were 6424, 4067 and 2975 mg L-1, 6807, 5232 and 4081 mg L-1 and 8154, 6871 and 5700 mg L-1 in the rehearsals 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The average efficiencies of removal of total COD in the treatment system with the three reactors, in the rehearsals 1, 2 and 3 were of 76, 69 and 61%, respectively. The content of methane in the biogas was of 76, 69 and 61% and the maximum volumetric methane production was of 1,7 L CH4 (L reactor d)-1 in the system of treatment, with OLR of 12,8 kg DQO (m3 d)-1 and HDT of 30 h, in the second rehearsal the average content of methane was 71, 64 and 17% in the reactors R1, R2 and R3, respectively with volumetric methane production of 1,21 L CH4 (L reactor d)-1 in the system of treatment. The average values of pH in the effluent of the reactors ranged from 6,2 to 7,9. In the rehearsal 1 the average concentration of total volatile acids of the influent was of 2206 mg CH3COOH L-1 and in the effluent... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Masters Thesis / Un-sewered settlements are provided with the basic water and sanitation systems that comprise, in most cases, of dry sanitation and standpipes. Substantial amounts of wastewater (including greywater) generated from households are discarded untreated into streets, open spaces between shacks, streams and rivers due to the lack of adequate disposal or treatment infrastructures. The negative impacts from unsafe disposal of greywater generated in un-sewered settlements affect both human health and the general environment. Several treatment technologies ranging from the simplest to the more sophisticated have been developed and made available for consideration to deal with the adverse impacts caused by the unsafe discharge of greywater. Some of these treatment technologies have been implemented successfully in certain developing countries worldwide. Amongst these is the anaerobic up-flow batch reactor (AnUBR) which was successfully used for the first time to treat greywater from sewered areas in Jordan, Lebanon and Sri Lanka. The AnUBR has emerged as a localised greywater treatment technology alternative to conventional treatment methods in areas not served by sewer networks. This technology holds promise because of its simplicity of design, high pollutant removal efficiency, absence of energy or chemical consumption, ease with which it can be implemented, cost effectiveness, and low operation and maintenance costs. This technology was originally developed for treating sewage and high strength greywater from hotels. Recently it was further pioneered by INWRDAM (Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources Development and Management) in the treatment of greywater from sewered areas of developing countries. This technology has not been tested in un-sewered settlements of developing countries which are characterised by the lack of disposal infrastructures despite being suitable for tropical countries. This treatment system is able to produce effluent that meets the quality standard for discharge and irrigation. However, new applications of the AnUBR require further investigation in order to ascertain its feasibility and evaluate its performance in the un-sewered settlement context. Given the promising results reported for the AnUBR application for greywater treatment, this study aims to investigate the performance of the AnUBR as an alternative technology for the treatment of greywater generated in un-sewered settlements and its application in developing countries. A laboratory scale plant encompassing the AnUBR was designed, constructed and investigated using influent greywater collected from two selected case study settlements representing sewered and un-sewered areas. The plant was operated for 20 consecutives days using greywater from both selected sites separately. The influent greywater was analysed prior to feeding the plant and fed intermittently by batch as per designed feeding schedule. The performance of the AnUBR was evaluated mainly by analysing the quality of effluent produced, while the typical application was recommended based on the ability of the plant to produce effluent complying with local regulations and ability to treat greywater regardless of its source. The daily characteristics of influent greywater from both sites during the period of investigation were found to be as follows: temperature: 24 – 29ºC, pH: 7.1 – 7.2, TSS: 117.72 – 2,246.6mg/l, TN: 5.66 – 12.29mg/l, TP: 12.27 – 116.46mg/l, COD: 223.17 – 1,135.32mg/l, BOD5: 98.0 – 383.6mg/l, O&G: 52.22 – 475.29mg/l, e-coli: 8.87x104 – 2.17x107cfu/100ml, and Faecal coliform: 1.49x105 – 2.41x107cfu/100ml. The AnUBR managed to treat greywater to a quality that comply with the general standards for discharge into natural water resources. The final effluent showed a significant decrease in the level of pollutants from the initial values presented above to the following: temperature: 27 – 29 ºC, pH: 7.1 – 7.2, TSS: 5.12 – 12.82mg/l, TN 0.91 – 1.09mg/l, TP: 0.93 – 7.47mg/l, COD: 24.67 – 40.45mg/l, BOD5: 8.59 – 16.0mg/l, O&G: 1.15 – 1.72mg/l, e-coli: 213.3 – 1.12x103cfu/100ml, and Faecal coliform: 461.6 – 1.5x103cfu/100ml. Results obtained showed that the quality of influent greywater (from un-sewered settlements) is similar regardless of the water and sanitation technology. Following the operation of the AnUBR, significant removal of pollutants was observed in all processes. The overall removal efficiency averaged 80 to 95% for O&G and TSS respectively and 50 to 85% for TN and TP. The COD and BOD5 removal averaged 70 to 85% while that of micro-organisms averaged 90 to 99%. However, despite the high removal efficiency recorded the AnUBR may still require a post treatment step in order to improve the quality of effluent. It was concluded that the AnUBR is a viable alternative greywater treatment technology for un-sewered settlements, households or businesses such as hotels and restaurants. The AnUBR is able of treating high polluted greywater to effluent of quality that meets the standards for discharge or reuse provided a post treatment to ensure the complete killing of pathogenic organisms. The result of this study confirms the performance of the AnUBR for the treatment of greywater and provides an understanding of its concept as an alternative to conventional treatment and its application in un-sewered settlements based on local practical investigations.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / The sugar industry contributes to the development of the economy in many countries, including South Africa. The wastewater generated by this industry has a high pollution load, and therefore requires treatment before discharge to the environment. The primary aims of this study were to determine the performance of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating sugarcane molasses and to develop an empirical model to predict the behaviour of the UASB in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biogas production. A UASB (46 L working volume) was inoculated with granular sludge from the brewery industry and was used to investigate the treatment of synthetic sugar industry wastewater with an average COD of 4101 mg/L. The experiments were designed using Design-Expert® Software Version 10. The analysis of variance for the models and the optimisation of reactor temperature and feed carbon to nitrogen (C/N ratio) were carried out using response surface methodology. The UASB was operated at constant hydraulic retention time and organic loading rate of 2.04 days and 2.01 kg/m3.d, respectively. A start-up period of 22 days was required to reach steady-state. The developed empirical models for total COD removal efficiency and biogas production rate were found to be statistically significant with Prob > F values of 0.0747 and 0.0495 and the determination coefficients (R2) were found to be 0.80 and 0.65, respectively. The optimal conditions were found to be at a temperature of 38oC and C/N ratio of 22 mgTOC/mgTN. The corresponding removal efficiencies in terms of total COD, five day biological oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and sulphate was 77.7, 85.9, 99.2, 44.4 and 57.2%, respectively. Biogas was produced at a rate of 0.832 L/L.d with a methane, carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen content of 65.2, 32.8 and 0.6%. Results suggest that UASBs may offer a feasible option for reducing the organic strength of sugar industry wastewater, while simultaneously generating methane-rich biogas.

Orientador: Helenice de Oliveira Florentino Silva / Banca: Rui Vieira de Moraes / Banca: Ernane José Xavier da Costa / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, o setor agropecuário do Brasil vem se modernizando, e com isto provocando um aumento significativo na demanda de energia, no volume de dejetos animais e nos restos de cultura, ocasionando muitas vezes problemas de ordem sanitária, gerando desconforto e perigo à saúde devido o alto teor de substâncias patogênicas presentes nestes resíduos. Uma alternativa bastante eficiente para estes problemas é a reciclagem controlada destes resíduos em biodigestores, que podem converter os dejetos de animais de um problema em um benefício. Pois, a biodigestão resulta em dois subprodutos: um gás rico em metano denominado biogás e um fertilizante, uma espécie de lodo, que é o resíduo da matéria orgânica depois de fermentada, chamado biofertilizante. Desta forma, os biodigestores podem promover o suprimento de energia e fertilizante para os produtores rurais. Este trabalho enfoca a importância dos biodigestores em áreas rurais, apresenta técnicas que auxiliam tanto os projetistas como também os edificadores e operadores de biodigestores, discute os cálculos dos parâmetros para o projeto e construção de biodigestores, considerando os tipos e quantidades de resíduos presentes na propriedade rural e propõe um programa computacional para facilitar tais cálculos. / Abstract: Lately, the Brazilian farming and cattle rising sector has been improving it self, and hereby, promoting a significant rising on energy demand, on animal screments mass, and a culture residues. It often causes problems of sanitary character, producing discomfort and danger to health due to the strong content of pathogenic substances that appear in these residues. A very efficient alternative is the controlled recycling of these residues in the biodigestors, inverting the problem into benefits, since the biodigestion results in two derivates: an abundant gas in methane, named biogas, and a fertilizer, with a mire aspect, which is the organic matter residue after fermented, named biofertilizer. Thus, the biodigestors may promote energy and fertilizer supply for the agricultural producers. This work focuses on the importance of biodigestors in the field, introduces techniques that help both designers and biodigestor builders and operators. Besides, it discusses the calculus of parameters for the design and building of biodigestors, considering the kind and amounts of residues, which are present at the home farm. Finally, it presents computational software for favoring such calculus. / Mestre

CAPES; Fundação Araucária / Foi avaliado os efeitos da inclusão de gordura protegida na dieta em ovinos em relação ao consumo, digestibilidade, balanço de nitrogênio, pH ruminal, nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e açúcares totais (CHO). O experimento foi realizado na Unidade de Ensino e Pesquisa de Metabolismo Animal, da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, no período de julho a setembro de 2014. Teve duração de 90 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptação ao ambiente, com 4 períodos experimentais de 20 dias, sendo 15 para adaptação a dieta e 5 dias para as coletas de fezes, sobras e urina, destes 5 dias, em 4 dias foram coletadas amostras do fluído ruminal. Foram utilizados 4 ovinos machos, sem raça definida, castrados e fistulados no rúmen com peso médio de 50±14kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4x4, onde os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e regressão em função da inclusão da gordura. Os animais foram alimentados com concentrado á base de farelo de soja, farelo de trigo e milho com diferentes níveis de inclusão de gordura protegida, sendo o tratamento controle (sem adição de gordura protegida), e os outros três com níveis de inclusão de gordura protegida (2,0%, 4,0% e 6,0% da matéria seca) o volumoso utilizado foi o feno de Tífton 85. Os animais ficaram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas, com alimento fornecido duas vezes ao dia, às 08:00 e às 16:00 horas. Não houve efeito da inclusão de gordura para consumo e digestibilidade da MS e dos nutrientes, exceto para o consumo de extrato etéreo com efeito linear positivo para (CEE = 22,80 +11,98x) e efeito linear positivo para o coeficiente de digestibilidade no extrato etéreo, sendo representado pela equação CDEE = 87,45+ 0,61x. Em relação ao pH ruminal, não houve efeito do tratamento em relação a adição de gordura, com valor médio de 6,03, porém houve em relação ao tempo, com efeito cúbico (P<0,05), no tratamento com adição de 2,0% de gordura protegida (pH= 6,07-0,02X- 0,01X²- 0,01X³). Sobre a concentração de N-NH3 observou-se efeito cúbico (P<0,05) dos níveis de inclusão de gordura (N- H3=10,50+0,79X + 0,11X² -0,02X³), e efeito cúbico em função do tempo, para o tratamento controle, com a equação N-NH3=9,07-0,08X-0,01X²- 0,01X³. Em relação à concentração de açúcares totais, observou-se efeito cúbico (P<0,05), em função do aumento dos níveis de gordura (CHO= 63,67-2,40X-0,43X²-0,07X³) e efeito quadrático (P<0,05) em função do tempo após a alimentação para o tratamento com adição de 2,0% de gordura protegida (CHO = 61,74 + 1,18X + 0,05X²). Recomenda-se inclusão de gordura protegida em até 6,0% nas dietas com alto teor de concentrado, pois mesmo com os efeitos observados, os valores finais das variáveis ficaram dentro do esperado, sem afetar o desenvolvimento dos animais . / It assessed the effects of inclusion of protected fat in the diet of sheep in relation to consumption, digestibility, nitrogen balance ruminal pH, ammonia (N-NH3) and total sugars (CHO). The experiment was conducted at the Unidade de Ensino e Pesquisa de Metabolismo Animal, da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, from July to September 2014. It lasted 90 days, with 10 days of adaptation to the environment, with four experimental periods of 20 days, 15 for adaptation to diet and 5 days for the collection of feces, urine and leftovers, these 5 days, 4 days of ruminal fluid samples were collected. 4 male sheep were used, mixed breed, neutered and rumen with an average weight of 50 ± 14 kg, distributed in a Latin square design 4x4, where the data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression due to the inclusion of fat. The animals were fed with concentrate based soybean meal, wheat bran and corn with different levels of inclusion of protected fat, with the control treatment (no addition of protected fat), and the other three with inclusion levels protected fat (2,0%, 4,0% and 6,0% of dry matter) the roughage used was Tifton 85 hay the animals were kept in metabolic cages, with food provided twice a day, at 08:00 and 16:00. No effect of the inclusion of fat intake and digestibility of MS and nutrients, except for the consumption of ether extract positive linear effect (CEE = 22,80 + 11,98x) and positive linear effect for the digestibility in ether extract, being represented by the equation CDEE = 87,45 + 0,61x. Regarding the ruminal pH, there was no effect of treatment with added fat, with an average value of 6,03, but was over time with a cubic effect (P<0,05) in treatment with addition of 2,0% protected fat (pH = 6,07-0,02X-0,01X² - 0,01X³). On the concentration of NNH3 cubic effect was observed (P<0,05) levels of inclusion of fat (N - NH3 = 10,50 + 0,79X + 0,11X² - 0,02X³) and cubic effect versus time for the control treatment with NNH3 = 9,07 - 0,08X - 0,01X² - 0,01X³ equation. Regarding the concentration of total sugars, there was a cubic effect (P<0,05), due to increased levels of fat (CHO = 63,67-2,40X-0,43X²- 0,07X³) and effect a quadratic (P<0,05) as a function of time after feeding for treatment with addition of 2,0% fat protected (CHO= 61,74+ 1,18X+ 0,05X²). It is recommended inclusion of fat protected by up to 6,0% in diets with high concentrate, because even with the observed effects, the final values of the variables were within the expected range, without affecting the development of animals.