Este estudo investigou a aplicação de um AnSBBR operado de forma descontínua e/ou descontínua alimentada com agitação mecânica, no processo de produção de hidrogênio a partir da codigestão de vinhaça e melaço. O desempenho do processo foi avaliado em função da eficiência de remoção da matéria orgânica, da estabilidade, e dos índices de desempenho referentes à produtividade e ao rendimento molar do hidrogênio e à composição do biogás gerado. Foram avaliadas a influência dos seguintes parâmetros: composição (codigestão com sacarose ou melaço) e concentração afluente, tempo de ciclo, suplementação de micronutrientes (completa/parcial/ausência), tipo de alimentação (batelada/batelada alimentada) e a necessidade do tratamento do inóculo. O sistema estudado se mostrou estável e a codigestão da vinhaça e melaço viável para produção de hidrogênio. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos na condição em que o reator foi operado em batelada (tempo de alimentação 5% do tempo de ciclo), afluente com concentração 6000 mgDQO.L-1 e composição 67% vinhaça e 33% melaço, tempo de ciclo de 3 horas, ausência da suplementação de micronutrientes e foi realizado tratamento térmico do inóculo. Nesta condição a produtividade molar foi de 13,5 mol H2.m-3.d-1 e metano não foi produzido. As demais condições mostraram que o aumento da porcentagem de vinhaça no afluente e a operação em batelada alimentada prejudicaram a produção de hidrogênio. O aumento da concentração da matéria orgânica do afluente, a diminuição do tempo de ciclo, a ausência da suplementação de micronutrientes e a realização do tratamento térmico do inóculo favoreceram a produtividade e rendimento molares de hidrogênio. / A mechanically stirred anaerobic batch and/or fed-batch reactor, containing biomass immobilized on inert support (AnSBBR) was investigated as to its ability to produce hydrogen from the co-digestion of vinasse and molasses. Process performance was assessed in terms of organic matter removal efficiency, stability, and of performance indicators related to hydrogen productivity and molar yield and to composition of the generated biogas. The effects of the following parameters have been assessed: influent composition and concentration (co-digestion with sucrose or molasses), cycle length, micronutrient supplementation (complete/partial/absence), feeding strategy (batch or fed-batch) and need for pre-treatment of the inoculum. The system showed to be stable and the co-digestion of vinasse and molasses showed to be feasible. The best results were obtained at the following conditions: 3-h cycle sequencing batch (feed time equaled 5% of cycle length), influent concentration of 6000 mgCOD.L-1 containing 67% vinasse and 33% molasses, preheating of the inoculum, and with no micronutrient supplementation. At this condition, the molar yield was 13.5 mol H2.m-3.d-1, and no methane was produced. The remaining conditions showed that increase in vinasse content in the influent and fed-batch operation were detrimental to system performance. The increase in organic matter concentration, reduction in cycle length, no micronutrient supplementation and inoculum preheating favored productivity and molar hydrogen yield.

A presente pesquisa teve como proposta avaliar o reator anaeróbio, operado de forma descontínua ou descontínua alimentada, contendo biomassa imobilizada em suporte inerte e com recirculação da fase líquida (AnSBBR) aplicado à produção de biohidrogênio a partir da codigestão de glicerina (efluente da produção de biodiesel) e soro de leite (efluente da produção de laticínios). A estabilidade, os índices de desempenho (referentes à produtividade e rendimento molar do hidrogênio) e o fator de conversão (entre biogás produzido e matéria orgânica consumida) foram analisados em função da composição afluente (porcentagem de cada substrato alimentado ao sistema), da variação da carga orgânica, do tempo de enchimento e da temperatura (20, 25, 30 e 35ºC). Os ensaios foram realizados em diferentes proporções dos substratos utilizando-se variadas cargas orgânicas volumétricas (10,3; 17,1 e 24,0 gDQO.L-1.d-1), as quais foram modificadas em função: (i) da concentração afluente (3, 5 e 7 gDQO.L-1) e (ii) do tempo de ciclo (4, 3 e 2 h, ou seja, 6, 8 e 12 ciclos diários). Também foram realizados ensaios para a produção de biometano a partir da codigestão proposta nesta pesquisa (com COAV de 7,6 gDQO.L-1.d-1) em diferentes proporções de mistura. Para a produção de biometano, a condição com 75% de soro e 25% de glicerina (base DQO) obteve os melhores resultados: produtividade molar de 101,8 molCH4.m-3.d-1 e rendimento por carga aplicada de 13,3 molCH4.kgDQO-1; o que representa um aumento de produtividade de cerca de 9% e 30% quando comparado com a digestão anaeróbia de soro e glicerina puros, respectivamente. A produção de metano no melhor ensaio aconteceu predominantemente pela rota hidrogenotrófica. Para a produção de biohidrogênio, a maior produtividade e rendimento do reator foram obtidas no ensaio operado com razão de mistura de 75% soro e 25% glicerina, com 7 gDQO.L-1 de concentração afluente, tempo de ciclo de 3 h e tempo de enchimento de 1,5 h (modo batelada alimentada - COAV de 23,9 kgDQO.m-3.d-1), a 30°C: foi obtida uma produtividade molar de 129,0 molH2.m-3.d-1 e rendimento de 5,4 molH2.kgDQO-1. Esses resultados representam um aumento de produtividade de 145% em relação a mono-digestão do soro na condição inicial, o que indica o benefício significativo da adição de glicerina ao afluente, provavelmente devido à sua capacidade tamponante, e a otimização das condições operacionais. A adição de glicerina e o aumento da COAV balancearam as rotas de produção de hidrogênio, sendo produzido de forma mais equilibrada pelas vias do ácido acético, butírico e valérico. A caracterização do consórcio microbiano desse ensaio indicou que a comunidade microbiana presente no AnSBBR foi dominada por Ethanoligenens e Megasphaera. / The current research evaluated an anaerobic reactor, operated in batch or fed-batch mode, containing immobilized biomass in inert support and with recirculation of the liquid phase (AnSBBR), applied to the production of biohydrogen co-digesting glycerin (effluent from biodiesel production process) and whey (effluent from dairy industry). Stability, performance (regarding productivity and molar hydrogen yield) and conversion factor (between biogas produced and organic matter consumed) were analyzed according to the percentage of each substrate fed to the system, organic loading rate, filling time and temperature (20, 25, 30 and 35ºC). Assays were carried out using different substrates proportions and organic loading rates (10.3; 17.1 and 24.0 gCOD.L-1.d-1), which have been modified in function of: (i) influent concentration (3, 5 and 7 gCOD.L-1) and (ii) cycle length (4, 3 and 2 h, i.e. 6, 8 and 12 cycles daily). Assays were also carried out aiming for biomethane production using the proposed co-digestion (with AVOL of 7.6 gDQO.L-1.d-1) with different proportions of substrate mixture. For biomethane production, the assay conducted with 75% whey and 25% glycerin (COD basis) obtained the best results: molar productivity of 101.8 molCH4.m-3.d-1 and yield per applied load of 13.3 molCH4. kgCOD-1; which is an increase in productivity of about 9% and 30% when compared with the anaerobic mono-digestion of whey and glycerin, respectively. Methane production in this assay came mainly from the hydrogenotrophic route. For biohydrogen production, the highest productivity and yield were achieved in the assay operated with 75% whey and 25% glycerin, with 7 gCOD.L-1 of influent concentration, 3 h of cycle time and filling time of 1.5 h (fed batch mode - AVOL of 23.9 kgCOD.m-3.d-1), at 30°C: a molar productivity of 129.0 molH2.m-3.d-1 and yield of 5.4 molH2.kgCOD-1 were obtained. These results represent a productivity increase of 145% in relation to whey mono-digestion at its initial condition, which indicates the significant benefit of glycerin addition to the influent, probably due to its buffering capacity, and improvement of operational conditions. The addition of glycerin and the increase in AVOL balanced the hydrogen production routes, since hydrogen was produced similarly by the acetic, butyric and valeric acid routes. The characterization of the microbial consortium of this assay indicated that the microbial community present in the AnSBBR was dominated by Ethanoligenens and Megasphaera.

Foram operados dois reatores UASB de bancada (volumes de 39,0 e 10,5 L) instalados em série, alimentados com águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentração de sólidos suspensos totais (SST), no primeiro reator, em torno de 5000 mg/L, com temperatura controlada (de 25 a 30 graus Celsius) e com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) no primeiro reator de 62 a 16 h e no segundo de 16 a 4 h. O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho e caracterizar física e microbiologicamente o lodo dos reatores UASB operados em dois estágios. Os resultados obtidos no ensaio 1, com TDH de 62 h no primeiro reator e SST no afluente de 5240 mg/L, mostraram eficiências de remoção de DQO total de 86% e 59% e SST de 82% e 57%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 1, foi de 95% e 94%. No ensaio 2, com TDH de 31 h no primeiro reator e SST de 5000 mg/L no afluente, observou-se eficiência de remoção de DQO total de 86% e 43% e SST de 85% e 58%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 2, foi de 92% e 94%. No ensaio 3, com TDH de 16 h no primeiro reator e SST de 5490 mg/L no afluente, observou-se eficiência de remoção de DQO total de 73% e 23% e SST de 65% e 20%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 3, foi de 79% e 73%. A TCOV aplicada no primeiro reator, no ensaio 1, foi de 4,55 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d, no ensaio 2 de 8,75 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d e no ensaio 3 de 18,65 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d. A produção de \'CH IND.4\' no primeiro reator foi de 17,50 a 68,20 L \'CH IND.4\'/d e no segundo reator de 1,62 a 5,50 L \'CH IND.4\'/d com a diminuição do TDH. Os reatores UASB instalados em série foram eficientes na remoção da fração dissolvida e, principalmente, da fração devido à concentração de SST do afluente. Para TCOV de 4,55 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d no primeiro reator, pôde-se obter eficiências de remoção de DQO total e de SST acima de 90% e de DQO dissolvida acima de 85%. Para TCOV de 18,65 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d no primeiro reator, as eficiências de remoção de DQO total e de SST foram acima de 70% e DQO dissolvida acima de 75%. As maiores produções específicas de metano foram obtidas com TCOV de 2,55 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d para o segundo reator e de 8,65 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d para o primeiro reator. A operação dos reatores UASB com valores de concentração de SST no afluente em torno de 5000 mg/L foram prejudiciais ao processo de granulação do lodo. Os grânulos apresentaram distribuição dispersa das morfologias microbianas ao longo da parede, não caracterizando a divisão em camadas definidas. As arqueas metanogênicas predominantes foram as semelhantes à Methanosaeta. / Two bench scale UASB reactors (volumes of 39,0 and 10,5 L) were operated in sequence, fed with swine wastewater with total suspended solids (TSS) concentration around 5000 mg/L in the first reactor, with controlled temperature (from 25 to 30 Celsius degrees) and operating with hydraulic detention time (HDT) in the first reactor varying from 62 to 16 h and in the second reactor from 16 to 4 h. The objective was to evaluate the performance and to characterize physically and microbiologically the sludge from UASB reactors operated in two stages treating swine wastewater. The results obtained in phase 1, with HDT of 62 h in the first reactor and TSS in the influent of 5240 mg/L, presented total COD removal efficiencies of 86% and 59% and TSS reduction efficiency of 82% and 57%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The removal efficiency of total COD and TSS in the system, in phase 1, was 95% and 94%, respectively. In the phase 2, using HDT of 31 h in the first reactor and TSS of 5000 mg/L in the influent, it was observed a total COD removal efficiency of 86% and 43% and TSS reduction efficiency of 85% and 58%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The system removal efficiency of total COD and TSS in phase 2, was 92% and 94%, respectively. In phase 3, with a HDT of 16 h in the first reactor and TSS of 5490 mg/L in the influent, it was observed a total COD removal efficiency of 73% and 23% and TSS reduction efficiency of 65% and 20%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The total COD removal efficiency and TSS reduction efficiency in the system, in phase 3, was 79% and 73%, respectively. The volumetric organic loading rate (VOLR) applied in the first reactor, in phase 1, was 4,55 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d, in phase 2 was 8,75 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d and in phase 3 was 18,65 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d. The \'CH IND.4\' production in the first reactor was from 17,50 to 68,20 L \'CH IND.4\'/d and in the second reactor from 1,62 to 5,50 L \'CH IND.4\'/d decreasing the HDT in the experiment phases. The UASB reactor installed in sequence were efficient in the dissolved fraction removal and, mainly, to the fraction due to the TSS influent concentration. The total VOL value of 4,55 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d was measured in the first reactor, it was achieved TSS and total COD removal efficiencies above 90% and dissolved COD above 85%. For the OVL of 18,65 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the first reactor the TSS and total COD removal were above 70% and dissolved COD above 75%. The larger methane specific production was obtained with a total VOL of 2,55 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the second reactor and 8.65 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the first reactor. The UASB reactors operation with the TSS concentration values of 5000 mg/L in the influent was prejudicing the sludge granulation process. The granules present a microbial morphology disperse distribution that doesn\'t characterize a layers defined distribution. The predominant metonogenic archeas were similar to Methanosaeta.

Orientadores: Flavia Maria Netto, Ricardo de Lima Zollner / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T22:30:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morais_JanainaMadruga_M.pdf: 1775595 bytes, checksum: 5ee1d5b4bacec45d3dfff615d49f7ca8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O leite bovino contém várias proteínas capazes de induzir resposta alérgica, sendo que a ß-lactoglobulina (ß-Lg) e a a-lactalbumina (a-La), proteínas mais abundantes do soro, estão entre as principais proteínas antigênicas. A homogeneização à alta pressão (HAP) é uma tecnologia emergente que pode alterar a estrutura das proteínas do soro de leite (IPS) e, portanto, seu caráter alergênico. Estudos anteriores apontam que a polimerização com a enzima transglutaminase (TG) reduziu o potencial antigênico da ß-Lg. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da HAP associada à polimerização por TG na suscetibilidade à digestão gástrica e gastrointestinal e na resposta antigênica da ß-Lg e a-La antes e após a digestão gástrica. Soluções de IPS (1% m/v), tratadas termicamente (72 °C/22 min) ou não, foram homogeneizadas a diferentes níveis de pressão (0, 100, 180 MPa) ou multiprocessadas por 3 ciclos consecutivos a 180 MPa. As amostras foram caracterizadas por turbidez, pelo teor de grupos sulfidrila reativos e livres e por eletroforese em sistema nativo e em SDS-PAGE em condições redutoras e não-redutoras. As amostras processadas foram polimerizadas com TG (25 U g-1 de proteína) e caracterizadas por eletroforese SDS-PAGE em sistema redutor e densitometria dos géis. Foi avaliada a suscetibilidade da ß-Lg e da a-La à digestão gástrica e gastrointestinal após tratamento térmico, HAP e polimerização, associados ou não. As condições de digestão foram: 182 U de pepsina g-1 de proteína e a relação 1:25 (enzima:proteína) para a pancreatina. A caracterização dos digeridos foi realizada por eletroforese SDS-PAGE/Tricina e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de fase reversa (CLAE-FR). A antigenicidade das proteínas foi avaliada pelo método ELISA, utilizando soro anti-ß-Lg ou anti-a-La de camundongos BALB/c imunizados com as proteínas nativas. A homogeneização das soluções de IPS, previamente tratadas termicamente ou não, resultou na diminuição da turbidez e do teor de grupos sulfidrila reativos e livres com o aumento dos níveis de pressão. A polimerização com TG resultou na formação de polímeros com massa molecular (MM) acima de 97,4 kDa, principalmente nas amostras tratadas termicamente e homogeneizadas a 180 MPa por 1 e 3 ciclos, alcançando aproximadamente 20% de polímeros de alta MM. As amostras pré-tratadas e polimerizadas foram mais suscetíveis à digestão gástrica e gastrointestinal, resultando em menor residual de proteína intacta em relação às amostras homogeneizadas pré-tratadas termicamente ou não. Foi observado aumento (P< 0,05) da capacidade de ligação à IgE anti-a-La para a amostra de IPS tratado termicamente e homogeneizado a 180 MPa (IPS-TT-180, 27,88 µg IgE mL-1), em relação ao IPS nativo (IPS-N, 12,80 µg IgE mL-1), sugerindo que a associação do tratamento térmico e HAP aumentou a exposição de seus epítopos. Após a digestão gástrica, não foi observada redução da atividade antigênica da a-La em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Já para a ß-Lg verificou-se que após a digestão gástrica a amostra de IPS tratado termicamente, homogeneizado a 180 MPa e polimerizado (IPS-TT-180 TG) apresentou diminuição (P< 0,05) da resposta antigênica para IgE anti-ß-Lg (13,59 µg IgE mL-1) em relação ao IPS-N (34,21 µg IgE mL-1). Em conclusão, os tratamentos utilizados alteraram a estrutura das principais proteínas do IPS, resultando na diminuição moderada da resposta antigênica da ß-Lg e no aumento da antigenicidade da a-La / Abstract: Bovine milk contains several proteins, which can induce allergic response. The most abundant whey proteins, â-lactoglobulin (â-Lg) and á-lactalbumin (á-La) are among the major antigenic proteins of cow¿s milk. High pressure homogenization (HPH) is an emergent technology which can alter whey proteins (WPI) structures and possibly WPI antigenicity. Previous studies indicated that polymerization with transglutaminase enzyme (TG) reduced the antigenic potential of â-Lg. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of HPH associated to polymerization by TG on the susceptibility to simulated gastric and gastrointestinal digestion and on antigenic response of â-Lg and á-La before and after gastric digestion. Solutions of WPI (1% w/v) previously heat treated (72 °C/22 min) or without heat treatment were homogenized at several pressure levels (0, 100 and 180 MPa) or at 180 MPa for three consecutive cycles. The samples were characterized by turbidity, content of exposed and free sulfhydryl groups and by electrophoresis on native system and SDS-PAGE under non-reducing and reducing conditions. The processed samples were polymerized with TG enzyme (25 U g-1 of protein) and characterized by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions followed by densitometry of gels. The susceptibility of â-Lg and á-La to gastric and gastrointestinal digestion was evaluated after heat treatment, HPH and polymerization, associated or not with each other. The digestion conditions were: 182 U pepsin g-1 protein and pancreatin:protein ratio of 1:25. Characterization of the digests was carried out by SDS-PAGE/Tricine and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Protein antigenicity was evaluated by ELISA assay, using serum from BALB/c mouse immunized with native â-Lg and á-La. The homogenization of the WPI solutions, previously heat treated or without heat treatment, resulted in reducing both turbidity and exposed and free sulfhydryl group content as the pressure levels increased. The polymerization with TG enzyme resulted in polymers with molecular mass (MM) above 97.4 kDa, mainly in the samples heat treated and homogenized at 180 MPa for 1 or 3 cycles, forming around 20% of high MM polymers. Either polymerized samples previously treated with heat and/or HPH were more susceptible to gastric and gastrointestinal digestion, resulting in less residual intact protein as compared to the homogenized samples previously heat treated or without heat treatment. It was observed higher (P< 0.05) binding capacity to anti-á-La IgE for the sample heat treated and homogenized at 180 MPa WPI (WPI-TT-180, 27.88 ìg IgE mL-1) than for native WPI (WPI-N, 12.80 ìg IgE mL-1) suggesting that the association of heat treatment and HPH increased the exposition of á-La epitopes. After gastric digestion it was not observed a reduction of á-La antigenic activity. In relation to â-Lg antigenicity, after gastric digestion, the WPI sample heat treated, homogenized at 180 MPa and polymerized (WPI-TT-180 TG) showed reduction (P< 0.05) of anti-â-Lg IgE response (13.59 ìg IgE mL-1) as compared to WPI-N (34.21 ìg IgE mL-1). In conclusion, the treatments studied altered the structure of major protein of WPI, resulting in moderate reduction of â-Lg antigenic response and increased á-La antigenicity / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição

ABSTRACT Anaerobic digestion is one way of handling biowaste and generating energy in the form of methane, biogas. This study shows that spore forming bacterias survive the process of pasteurisation and anaerobic digestion in biogas plants. It has also been established that both the nonpasteurised-and digestion- waste contains pathogen spore forming bacterias. Two Swedish full-scale commercial biogas plants were sampled before pasteurisation, after pasteurisation and after digestion on 10 occasions with one week intervals. The samples were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, with biochemical methods, for Clostridium spp and Bacillus spp. Polymerase Chain Reaction, a biomolecular method, was used for C. chauvei analysis, with C. chauvei specific primers. For this analyse the biogas plants were sampled at 11 occasions. Survival of pathogenic spore forming bacteria in digestion residue may be a health risk for both humans and animals. The digested residue may be used as fertiliser on arable land and the risk of contamination by pathogenic Clostridium spp and Bacillus spp is hard to assess, but can not be neglected.

La méthanisation émerge comme une technique efficace pour la production énergétique ainsi que le traitement des résidus organiques. Une analyse de la méthanisation dans les différentes filières sélectionnées est menée par une démarche reposant sur la définition de filières-type, renseignées à partir d'enquêtes techniques auprès des installations existantes et des professionnels. Ces filières-type nous permettent d’étudier globalement les bilans énergétiques et environnementaux de la digestion anaérobie pour la comparer avec d’autres procédés en utilisant l’approche par analyse du cycle de vie. Énergétiquement, un potentiel important de plus de 11 Mtep/an est estimé à partir des ressources disponibles dans les filières retenues. Les ressources agricoles contribuent à une part importante de ce potentiel. Les déchets résiduaires des industries agroalimentaires complètent ce potentiel sachant que la quantité des déchets méthanisables est importante sur le territoire français. Environnementalement, le biogaz valorisé procure un avantage à la méthanisation devant la filière de comparaison. Les résultats des études comparatives d’ACV sont sensibles à la méthode d’analyse d’impact retenue par rapport à leur sensibilité à certains aspects. Les résultats d’ACV sont aussi sensibles à la définition des filières et alors définir d’autres filières lorsque des interrogations subsistent est une perspective importante à ne pas négliger. / Anaerobic digestion is emerging as an efficient technology for energy production as well as for of organic residues treatment. An analysis of the anaerobic digestion in different chosen procedures is led by an approach based on the standard procedures definition, filled from technical investigations with existing installations and professionals. These standard procedures allow us to study the overall energy and environmental balance sheets of anaerobic digestion in order to compare it with other processes by using the approach of life cycle assessment. Energetically, an important potential for more than 11 Mtoe/year is estimated from available resources in chosen procedures. Agricultural resources contribute to a significant portion of this potential. The residual waste from food industries completes this potential knowing that the amount of waste processed with anaerobic digestion is important on the french territory. Environmentally, the biogas recovered is advantageous to anaerobic digestion against comparison procedures. The results of comparative studies of LCA are sensitives to the impact assessment method adopted in relation to their sensitivity to certain aspects. The LCA results are also sensitives to the definition of procedures and define other procedures, when we have doubts, remains an important perspective not to be neglected.

No description available.

The Dissertation treats the exacting wards of the zoological gardens - Colobus guereza, Colobus angolensis and Colobus polykomos. The first part summarizes the knowledge of breeding especially in our zoological gardens. Special attention is payed to feeding which is considered as a limiting factor of breeding. The following part compares morphology of the digestive tract of the Colobinae with the other herbivores and with the other monkeys, especially from the point of view of morphology. In the end of the Disseration, an informative experimental observation of cellulose (roughage) digestion is described. Key words: Multiple-compartment stomach, Angolan colobus, Artiodactyls, Digestive system, Cellulose digestion

The Dissertation treats the exacting wards of the zoological gardens - Colobus guereza, Colobus angolensis and Colobus polykomos. The first part summarizes the knowledge of breeding especially in our zoological gardens. Special attention is payed to feeding which is considered as a limiting factor of breeding. The following part compares morphology of the digestive tract of the Colobinae with the other herbivores and with the other monkeys, especially from the point of view of morphology. In the end of the Disseration, an informative experimental observation of cellulose (roughage) digestion is described. Key words: multiple-compartment stomach, Angolan colobus, artiodactyls, digestive system, cellulose digestion

Dans un contexte d’augmentation des volumes de boues résiduaires produits, comprendre et optimiser les processus de déshydratation mécanique est crucial. Leurs performances conditionnent tant le fonctionnement global de la station que son bilan environnemental et économique. En effet, la siccité des boues déshydratées impacte fortement les procédés ou filières permettant leur valorisation à l’échelle des territoires (compostage, valorisation agronomique directe, incinération, …) ainsi que leur bilan environnemental direct et indirect (tonnages à transporter, ...). De plus, les filtrats devront être traités par la station, et leur composition influence significativement le fonctionnement de la filière de traitement des eaux. Les filtres-presses font partie des procédés de déshydratation mécanique les plus utilisés dans les filières boues des stations d’épuration des eaux usées. Leurs performances sont fonction à la fois de leurs paramètres de fonctionnement et des propriétés de la boue à déshydrater. Les connaissances actuelles sont cependant insuffisantes pour permettre (1) d’expliquer pourquoi certaines boues se déshydratent mieux que d’autres et (2) de relier ces phénomènes aux processus mis en oeuvre lors de la déshydratation mécanique. Le poste de déshydratation fonctionne ainsi comme une boîte noire à partir de laquelle il est difficile de prédire les performances d’un outil de déshydratation appliqué à une boue particulière et d’anticiper des dysfonctionnements. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse était de comprendre quels sont les facteurs de contrôle des performances de la déshydratation mécanique des boues d’épuration en filtre-presse et comment ces derniers impactent le fonctionnement du procédé. Dans un premier temps, l’impact des paramètres de fonctionnement des filtres-presses sur leurs performances a été étudié en cellule de filtration tangentielle (cellule de laboratoire reproduisant les processus d’un filtre presse industriel). Ce travail a permis de hiérarchiser les paramètres opératoires selon leur impact sur les performances de déshydratation. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence que le paramètre le plus sensible est l’épaisseur de gâteau suivi de la pression. L’impact de ces paramètres est en partie lié à celui du gradient de pression sur les équations de la filtration même si ce dernier doit être considéré en 3D pour expliquer les résultats observés. Dans un second temps l’étude de l’impact des propriétés des boues sur les performances de déshydratation a été réalisée. Pour ce faire, ce travail s’est focalisé sur l’impact d’un des procédés qui modifie le plus les propriétés des boues : la digestion anaérobie. L’objectif de ce travail était d’identifier comment le temps de séjour hydraulique (TSH) appliqué dans le digesteur influence les propriétés physicochimiques des boues et les performances de déshydratation évaluées au travers d’essais de déshydratation en cellule de filtration tangentielle. Cette phase a permis de montrer que quand le TSH augmente de 0 à un TSHcritique, la déshydratabilité de la boue diminue. Au-delà de ce TSHcritique, cette dernière s’améliore sans pour autant atteindre celle de la boue brute. Ces phénomènes ont pu être reliés à une modification des équilibres osmotiques entre les flocs et le milieu interstitiel couplée à une modification de la matrice d’exopolymères solubles des flocs. Enfin, un modèle numérique permettant de simuler la déshydratation des boues résiduaires a été implémenté sous COMSOL multiphysics®. Au travers des processus modélisés, il prend en compte les principaux facteurs de contrôle des performances identifiés auparavant. Après ajustement des paramètres sur un unique essai de déshydratation à une pression donnée, le modèle permet de prédire la siccité du gâteau pour une pression comprise entre 3 et 15 bars. / As more and more sewage sludge are generated, understanding and optimization of mechanical dewatering processes is crucial. Their performances affect both plant management and its environmental and economic impacts. Indeed, dryness of dewatered sludge strongly impacts processes for agronomic and energetic recovery (composting, direct agricultural recycling, incineration ...) and their direct and indirect environmental impacts (volumes to transport...). In addition, the filtrates have to be treated by the wastewater treatment plant, and their composition significantly affects its operating. Filter presses are one of the most common mechanical dewatering processes operated for sludge treatment in wastewater treatment plant. Their performance depends on their operating parameters and sludge properties. However, current knowledge is insufficient (1) to explain why some sludges are easier or harder to dewater than others, and (2) to link these phenomena to processes that carry out during the mechanical dewatering. Hence, dewatering works like a black box from which it is difficult to predict the efficiency of a dewatering tool performed with a particular sludge and to anticipate operating problems. In this context, the objective of this thesis was to understand witch factors drive the efficiency of mechanical dewatering of sewage sludge in the filter press and how they impact the process. First, the impact of operating parameters of filter presses on their efficiency was investigated in cross-flow filtration cell (lab-scale cross-flow filtration cell reproducing processes that occur in an industrial filter press). This work allowed the classification of the operating parameters according to their impact on the dewatering performances. This study highlighted that the most sensitive parameter is the cake thickness followed by pressure. The impact of these parameters is partially linked with their influence on the pressure gradient even if it should be considered in 3D to explain the results. Secondly, the study of the impact of sludge properties on dewatering performances was carried out. In this thesis, this work focuses on the impact of one of the processes which modifies most significantly sludge properties: anaerobic digestion. The objective of this work was to identify how hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the digester affects physicochemical properties of sludge and dewatering performance. Results demonstrated that when the HRT increases from 0 to a critical HRT (HRTcritical), sludge dewaterability decreases. Beyond this HRTcritical, it increases without reaching cake dryness of the raw sludge. These phenomena could be linked to a change in osmotic balance between the flocs and the bulk solution, combined with a modification of the soluble exopolymer matrix of flocs. Finally, a numerical model, allowing the simulation of sludge dewatering was implemented with COMSOL multiphysics®. Equation system takes into account the main factors that affect performances previously identified. After parameter calibration on a single dewatering experiment at 8 bars, the model allows the prediction of cake dryness for any pressure between 3 and 15 bars.