Este trabalho tem como objetivo a especificação de um conjunto de módulos de circuito, capazes de executar as funções de multiplexação relativas Hierarquia Digital E1, do ITU-T. A fim de alcançar o objetivo proposto, são realizadas consultas as normas nacionais (Praticas Telebrás) e internacionais (ITU-T) e estudos bibliográficos acerca do projeto e implementação dos circuitos executores das funções de multiplexação E1. Após a fase inicial de especificação e projeto dos módulos de circuito, os mesmos foram submetidos a intensa rotina de simulações, a fim de validar as arquiteturas propostas. Os módulos de circuito projetados são apresentados e descritos. Os resultados das simulações desenvolvidas são mostrados e comentados. Os módulos poderão ser empregados na produção de um chip-set de circuitos integrados para implementação de equipamentos multiplexadores E1. / The aim of this work is the specification of a set of circuit modules, capable to perform the multiplexing functions related to the ITU-T's E1 Digital Hierarchy. In order to reach the proposed objective, the national (Telebris Practices) and international (ITU-7) standards are consulted, as well as bibliographical references for the design and implementation of E1 multiplexing functions performing circuits. After the initial step of specification and design of the circuit modules, they are submitted to an intensive simulation routine, in order to validate the proposed architectures. The designed circuit modules are presented and described. The simulation results are shown and discussed. These modules may be used in the production of an integrated circuits chip-set, for implementation of El multiplexing equipments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcus Leandro Torrano Ignatti.pdf: 460247 bytes, checksum: ac78ff1814bae344f7ae790c77e9116c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-08-07 / In virtue the necessity of a new company innovation, caused by technological changes and by the globalization speed, a world tendency can be felt: the decrease in industrial jobs and a considerable increase in service. This reality supposes the creation of many industries, the majority small ones. That becomes this study especially important, because the creation of new industries associated at the high number of bankruptcy, shows a problem that must be investigated. So, this research tries to suggest marketing efficient strategies, which can reduce this problem, and a possible way to the maintenance and the development of small industries. A model was created to apply the marketing strategies, specifically in small industries. The model that was developed, in this research, begins with a bibliography critical review about the characteristics of small industries, as well as, the marketing practice and their correlation. It establishes internal procedures, for its application, and determines the conditions to the marketing be used in small industries, as well as, which are the compatible strategies and the necessary changes for its practice. / Em virtude da necessidade de inovação das empresas, gerada pelas transformações tecnológicas e pela velocidade da globalização, uma tendência mundial começa a surgir: o enfraquecimento de mão de obra no setor industrial e um considerável aumento no setor de serviços. Essa realidade pressupõe a criação de várias empresas, na sua maioria, de pequeno porte, o que dá especial importância a esse estudo, pois aliado à criação de novas empresas, o seu índice de mortalidade extremamente alto indica um problema a ser investigado. Portanto, a presente pesquisa procura sugerir estratégias de marketing eficientes como fatores amenizadores desse problema, e um caminho possível para a manutenção e o desenvolvimento das pequenas empresas. Criou-se, então, um modelo para a aplicação de estratégias de marketing, específico para empresas de pequeno porte. O modelo desenvolvido neste trabalho parte de uma revisão crítica da bibliografia referente às peculiaridades das pequenas empresas, como também das práticas de marketing, e busca correlacioná -las, através de uma pesquisa descritiva no formato de estudo de caso e determinando quais as condições para o uso do marketing nas pequenas empresas, quais as estratégias compatíveis e quais as mudanças necessárias à sua prática.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a especificação de um conjunto de módulos de circuito, capazes de executar as funções de multiplexação relativas Hierarquia Digital E1, do ITU-T. A fim de alcançar o objetivo proposto, são realizadas consultas as normas nacionais (Praticas Telebrás) e internacionais (ITU-T) e estudos bibliográficos acerca do projeto e implementação dos circuitos executores das funções de multiplexação E1. Após a fase inicial de especificação e projeto dos módulos de circuito, os mesmos foram submetidos a intensa rotina de simulações, a fim de validar as arquiteturas propostas. Os módulos de circuito projetados são apresentados e descritos. Os resultados das simulações desenvolvidas são mostrados e comentados. Os módulos poderão ser empregados na produção de um chip-set de circuitos integrados para implementação de equipamentos multiplexadores E1. / The aim of this work is the specification of a set of circuit modules, capable to perform the multiplexing functions related to the ITU-T's E1 Digital Hierarchy. In order to reach the proposed objective, the national (Telebris Practices) and international (ITU-7) standards are consulted, as well as bibliographical references for the design and implementation of E1 multiplexing functions performing circuits. After the initial step of specification and design of the circuit modules, they are submitted to an intensive simulation routine, in order to validate the proposed architectures. The designed circuit modules are presented and described. The simulation results are shown and discussed. These modules may be used in the production of an integrated circuits chip-set, for implementation of El multiplexing equipments.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a especificação de um conjunto de módulos de circuito, capazes de executar as funções de multiplexação relativas Hierarquia Digital E1, do ITU-T. A fim de alcançar o objetivo proposto, são realizadas consultas as normas nacionais (Praticas Telebrás) e internacionais (ITU-T) e estudos bibliográficos acerca do projeto e implementação dos circuitos executores das funções de multiplexação E1. Após a fase inicial de especificação e projeto dos módulos de circuito, os mesmos foram submetidos a intensa rotina de simulações, a fim de validar as arquiteturas propostas. Os módulos de circuito projetados são apresentados e descritos. Os resultados das simulações desenvolvidas são mostrados e comentados. Os módulos poderão ser empregados na produção de um chip-set de circuitos integrados para implementação de equipamentos multiplexadores E1. / The aim of this work is the specification of a set of circuit modules, capable to perform the multiplexing functions related to the ITU-T's E1 Digital Hierarchy. In order to reach the proposed objective, the national (Telebris Practices) and international (ITU-7) standards are consulted, as well as bibliographical references for the design and implementation of E1 multiplexing functions performing circuits. After the initial step of specification and design of the circuit modules, they are submitted to an intensive simulation routine, in order to validate the proposed architectures. The designed circuit modules are presented and described. The simulation results are shown and discussed. These modules may be used in the production of an integrated circuits chip-set, for implementation of El multiplexing equipments.

nÃo hà / O atual crescimento exponencial na produÃÃo de dados à resultado do desenvolvimento e uso de Tecnologias digitais de InformaÃÃo e de ComunicaÃÃo. Neste cenÃrio, o fenÃmeno conhecido como Big Data, promove a produÃÃo de objetos digitais em uma escala nunca antes vista, trazendo a tona o desafio de manter e preservÃ-los. Diante disto, a curadoria digital propÃe aÃÃes para cuidar e salvaguardar dados em sistemas automatizados oferecendo condiÃÃes para seu reÃso e acesso futuro. Em um conceito ressignificado, a curadoria com a predicaÃÃo digital atua por meio de um ciclo de vida com o objetivo de garantir que as aÃÃes necessÃrias à gestÃo e preservaÃÃo sejam devidamente implementadas. Dentre os ambientes digitais, o repositÃrio à apresentado como um sistema de informaÃÃo com estrutura capaz de armazenar e disseminar os dados de forma eficiente. Diante disso, o estudo se propÃs a identificar e avaliar o processo de curadoria digital de documentos acadÃmicos produzidos por uma InstituiÃÃo de Ensino Superior, localizada em Fortaleza, sob a Ãtica do ciclo de vida dos dados (CVD-CI) de SantâAna. Por meio dos objetivos especÃficos, foi possÃvel verificar a gestÃo (tecnologia, processos e equipe) de documentos acadÃmicos da instituiÃÃo escolhida; verificar a estrutura e o planejamento dos seus ambientes digitais e; analisar aÃÃes de curadoria sob a perspectiva das etapas do ciclo de vida escolhido. A metodologia empregada, pauta-se na abordagem qualitativa, tendo sido feito um estudo de caso da gestÃo e preservaÃÃo de documentos digitais produzidos na instituiÃÃo pesquisada. Os instrumentos utilizados na coleta de dados foram entrevistas, anÃlise documental e observaÃÃo. As entrevistas foram aplicadas em um grupo focal com bibliotecÃrios e um analista de tecnologia, realizadas em duas fases, a primeira sobre o ambiente digital e segunda sobre os objetos digitais. De forma separada, tambÃm foi realizada uma entrevista com o analista de tecnologia para verificaÃÃo da infraestrutura tecnolÃgica e o processo de implantaÃÃo do DSpace na InstituiÃÃo. Os encontros foram registrados em Ãudio e com anotaÃÃes complementares em um caderno de pesquisa. O foco de anÃlise concentrou-se nos dados e ambiente digital da instituiÃÃo, tendo-se verificado as etapas do ciclo de SantâAna. Os corpora da pesquisa foram: Trabalhos de ConclusÃo de Cursos da GraduaÃÃo, DissertaÃÃes e Teses, e como ambiente, o sistema de gestÃo da biblioteca e o DSpace. A anÃlise dos dados apresentou as categorias de coleta, armazenamento, recuperaÃÃo e descarte, orientadas pelo ciclo de vida de SantâAna, para identificar quais foram aÃÃes realizadas pela instituiÃÃo e se necessitavam de melhorias. Os resultados foram embasados pela literatura e permitiram a elaboraÃÃo de sugestÃes como a necessidade de utilizar um mecanismo de coleta automatizado. Como conclusÃo, apresentaram-se algumas estratÃgias de soluÃÃes para a melhoria da curadoria dos documentos acadÃmicos digitais na instituiÃÃo, dentre elas a mudanÃa do fluxo de catalogaÃÃo da insituiÃÃo; utilizaÃÃo de um software para apoio na PreservaÃÃo Digital e a criaÃÃo de uma polÃtica de conteÃdos digitais.

<p>The most important aspects of nuclear medicine imaging systems such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) are the spatial resolution and the sensitivity (detector efficiency in combination with the geometric efficiency). Considerable efforts have been spent during the last two decades in improving the resolution and the efficiency by developing new detectors. Our proposed improvement technique is focused on the readout and electronics. Instead of using traditional pulse height analysis techniques we propose using free running digital sampling by replacing the analog readout and acquisition electronics with fully digital programmable systems.</p><p>This thesis describes a fully digital data acquisition system for KS/SU SPECT, new algorithms for high resolution timing for PET, and modular FPGA based decentralized data acquisition system with optimal timing and energy. The necessary signal processing algorithms for energy assessment and high resolution timing are developed and evaluated. The implementation of the algorithms in field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and digital signal processors (DSP) is also covered. Finally, modular decentralized digital data acquisition systems based on FPGAs and Ethernet are described.</p>

The most important aspects of nuclear medicine imaging systems such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) are the spatial resolution and the sensitivity (detector efficiency in combination with the geometric efficiency). Considerable efforts have been spent during the last two decades in improving the resolution and the efficiency by developing new detectors. Our proposed improvement technique is focused on the readout and electronics. Instead of using traditional pulse height analysis techniques we propose using free running digital sampling by replacing the analog readout and acquisition electronics with fully digital programmable systems. This thesis describes a fully digital data acquisition system for KS/SU SPECT, new algorithms for high resolution timing for PET, and modular FPGA based decentralized data acquisition system with optimal timing and energy. The necessary signal processing algorithms for energy assessment and high resolution timing are developed and evaluated. The implementation of the algorithms in field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and digital signal processors (DSP) is also covered. Finally, modular decentralized digital data acquisition systems based on FPGAs and Ethernet are described.

In this thesis, the conventional low voltage power line communication methods is investigated in the axis of automated meter reading applications and the classification and experimental verification of common noise types for low voltage power line communication network. The investigated system provides the real time transmission of electricity consumption data recorded by electricity meters, initially to a local computer via a low voltage line through a low speed PLC (Power Line Carrier) environment and subsequently to a corporate network through a high speed data transmission medium. The automated meter system provides a more effective tracking and data acquisition, a more detailed and vigorous knowledge about consumer behavior for subscriber assessment in electricity distribution in association with a brand new management and system supervision concept in electricity distribution control and management technology. The theoretical studies are experimentally verified for the Turkish low voltage power infrastructure through laboratory experiments performed in METU Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory and R&amp / D Laboratories of MAKEL facilities in Hadimk&ouml / y. The single phase voltage of the mains line between the phase and neutral is monitored to exhibit the disturbing effects of various noise sources. The resulting voltage spectrum is logged by using digital data acquisition devices in time and frequency domain. The waveforms are converted to frequency domain using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) functions of the MATLAB. The experimental results are compared to the theoretical findings obtained through literature survey.

This study presents a theoretical GIS model to investigate the relative impacts of geomorphic and environmental factors that govern the occurrence of landslides on the slopes of Mount Cameroon and its surrounding areas. The study area is located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), a major structural feature that originates from the south Atlantic and continues into the continental landmass. The quite frequent seismic activity, geologic character, humid tropical climate and high human pressure on hill slopes are the major factors behind the occurrence of landslides in Mount Cameroon. This paper, therefore, underscores the necessity of in-depth follow-up studies concerned with landslides prevention and management based on the relevance of sufficient reliable field methods in landform geomorphology and interpretation. As much is yet to be done to acquire data for structural and surface geology, hydrology, geomorphic processes and physiography of Mount Cameroon, it is difficult at this point in time to considerably apply suitable methods using GIS that would enable identifying and delineating the landslide-prone areas. In addition, the application of environmental surface monitoring instruments will not be meaningful without a clear presentation of which areas are a cause for concern (given that the employment of any slope stability monitoring and rehabilitation efforts will be only possible after appropriate problem-area identification has been done). Consequently, based on the writer’s previous work in the Mount Cameroon area and available related literature, a methodology using GIS is proposed, which provides the capability to demonstrate how the impact of individual or collective geomorphologic site-specific factors on landslides occurrence could be justified. Considering that digital data may not be readily available, a procedure for the creation of data and analysis of themes is proposed and illustrated. The factors analysis approach in landslides analysis may be cheaper and easier to employ in Mount Cameroon and similar problem regions in developing countries (given that there may be problems of limited financial resources and available expertise in GIS technology and applications). The study underscores and recommends the necessity for a later practical implementation with the availability of adequate resources.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine Frisch-Gitterionisationskammer zum Messen kleinster spezifischer Alphaaktivitäten realisiert. Im konkreten Fall soll der Detektor dafür genutzt werden, die Halbwertszeit von 144Nd erneut zu bestimmen. Da diese sehr lang (T1/2 = (2,29 ± 0,16) · 10^15 Jahre) und die Reichweite der emittierten Alphateilchen in Feststoffen sehr gering ist, können nur sehr dünne Proben untersucht werden. Die Fläche der Proben sollte sehr groß sein, um die nötige Aktivität zu erhalten. Im Vergleich haben sich Gitterionisationskammern als das geeignetste Detektorkonzept erwiesen. Es wurde eine Kammer realisiert, welche aus zwei Gitterionisationskammern mit geteilter Anode besteht. Mit Hilfe dieses Aufbaus ist es möglich den Detektornulleffekt zu reduzieren. Die Auslese der auf den Detektorelektroden induzierten Ladung erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Analog-Digital-Konverters. Die Auswertung der gewonnenen Daten wird vollständig nach der Messung durchgeführt. Anhand einer Pulsformanalyse können verschiedene Informationen über jedes, im Detektor stattgefundene, Ereignis gewonnen werden. So ist es möglich den Gitterdurchgriff und die damit verbundene Winkelabhängigkeit der Pulshöhen zu korrigieren und somit die Energieauflösung des Detektors zu verbessern. Es wird eine Energieauflösung von 0,86 % bei 5,1 MeV erreicht. Die Charakterisierung der Ereignisse wird außerdem für die Reduktion des Detektornulleffekts herangezogen. Aufgrund verschiedener Bedingungen, die für ein zu erwartendes Alphaereignis notwendig sind, kann ein Großteil der, die Messung störenden Ereignisse, unterdrückt werden. So kann der Nulleffekt im Energiebereich von 1 MeV bis 2,2 MeV von 435 Ereignissen pro Tag ohne Charakterisierung um etwa ein Faktor 20 auf 21,6 Ereignisse pro Tag mit Charakterisierung reduziert werden. Die Nachweiseffizienz wird davon nicht merklich beeinträchtigt. Für ausreichend lange Messzeiten ist eine Nachweisgrenze von weniger als 10 Ereignissen pro Tag zu erwarten. Für eine, für diesen Aufbau geeignete, Targetgeometrie ist mit etwa 50 Alphazerfällen des 144Nd pro Tag zu rechnen. Mit einer Nachweiseffizienz von etwas unter 50 % sollte die Messung am 144Nd gut möglich sein. / The realization of this work was the usage of a Frisch grid ionization chamber for measuring the lowest specific alpha activity. In the practical case the detector should be used to remeasure the half life of 144Nd. Only very thin targets can be used, due to the extreme long half life and the very short range of alpha particles in matter. The area of the samples must be big enough to get the required activity. In comparison gridded ionization chambers are the most practical devices. The chamber was realized in that way, that two gridded chambers shares a common anode. This could be used to minimize the detector background. The charge, which was induced in the detector electrodes, is acquired by an analog to digital converter. The full analysis of the data is done after the measurement. With the pulse form analysis it is possible to extract information about every event occurring in the detector. It is also possible to correct the grid inefficiency and the correlated angle dependence of the pulse height. This improves the energy resolution. A resolution of 0.86 % at 5.1 MeV is possible. The characterization of the events is also used for the suppression of the detector background. Due to different conditions for an assumed alpha event the majority of the events which disturbs the measurement could be removed. So it is possible to suppress the background in the range between 1 MeV to 2.2 MeV of 435 events per day without the characterization to 21.6 events per day with characterization, which is a factor of roughly 20. The detection efficiency is not noticeably effected. For sufficiently long measurements a lowest limit of detection of 10 counts per day is expectable. For a target geometry which can be used with this setup, about 50 alpha decays of 144Nd per day will occur. With a detection efficiency a bit below 50 % the measurement on Nd should be possible.