This study demonstrates the value of historical aerial photographs as a source for monitoring long-term landslide evolution, which can be unlocked by using appropriate photogrammetric methods. The understanding of landslide mechanisms requires extensive data records; a literature review identified quantitative data on surface movements as a key element for their analysis. It is generally acknowledged that, owing to the flexibility and high degree of automation of modern digital photogrammetric techniques, it is possible to derive detailed quantitative data from aerial photographs. In spite of the relative ease of such techniques, there is only scarce research available on data quality that can be achieved using commonly available material, hence the motivation of this study. In two landslide case-studies (the Mam Tor and East Pentwyn landslides) the different types of products were explored, that can be derived from historical aerial photographs. These products comprised geomorphological maps, automatically derived elevation models (DEMs) and displacement vectors. They proved to be useful and sufficiently accurate for monitoring landslide evolution. Comparison with independent survey data showed good consistency, hence validating the techniques used. A wide range of imagery was used in terms of quality, media and format. Analysis of the combined datasets resulted in improvements to the stochastic model and establishment of a relationship between image ground resolution and data accuracy. Undetected systematic effects provided a limiting constraint to the accuracy of the derived data, but the datasets proved insufficient to quantify each factor individually. An important advancement in digital photogrammetry is image matching, which allows automation of various stages of the working chain. However, it appeared that the radiometric quality of historical images may not always assure good results, both for extracting DEMs and vectors using automatic methods. It can be concluded that the photographic archive can provide invaluable data for landslide studies, when modern photogrammetric techniques are being used. As ever, independent and appropriate checks should always be included in any photogrammetric design.

<p>Flooding is one of the most devastating and frequently occurring natural phenomena in the world. Due to the adverse impacts of floods on the life and property of humans, it is crucial to investigate the best flood modeling approaches for delineation of floodplain areas. Conventionally, different hydrodynamic models are used to identify the floodplain areas. However, the high computational cost, and the dependency of these models on detailed input datasets limit their application for large scale floodplain mapping in data-scarce regions. Recently, a new floodplain mapping method based on a hydrogeomorphic feature, named Height Above Nearest Drainage (<i>HAND</i>), has been proposed as a successful alternative for fast and efficient floodplain mapping at the large scale. The overall goal of this study is to improve the performance of <i>HAND</i>-based method by overcoming its current limitations. The main focus will be on extending the application of the <i>HAND</i>-based method to data-scarce environments. To achieve this goal, regionalization techniques are integrated with the floodplain models at the regional and continental scales. Considering these facts, four research objective are established to (1) Develop a regression model to create 100-year floodplain maps at a regional scale (2) Develop a classification framework for creating 100-year floodplain maps for the Contiguous United States (3) Develop a new version of the <i>HAND</i>-based method for creating probabilistic 100-year floodplain maps, and (4) Propose a general regionalization framework for transferring information from data-rich basins to data-scarce environments. </p> <p> </p> <p>In the first objective, the state of North Carolina is selected as the study area, and a regression model is developed to regionalize the available 100-year Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) to the data-scarce regions. The regression model is an exponential equation with three independent variables including the average slope, the average elevation, and the main stream slope of the watershed. The results show that the estimated floodplains are within the expected range of accuracy of C>0.6 and F>0.9 for majority of watersheds located in the mid-altitude regions, but it overpredicts and underpredicts in the flat and mountainous regions respectively. </p> <p> </p> <p>The second objective of this research extends the spatial application of the <i>HAND</i>-based method to the entire United States by proposing a new classification framework. The proposed framework classifies the watersheds into three groups by using seven watershed characteristics related to the topography, climate and land use. The validation results show that the average error of floodplain maps is around 14% which demonstrate the reliability and robustness of the proposed framework for continental floodplain mapping. In addition to the acceptable accuracy, the proposed framework creates the floodplain maps for any watershed within the United States. </p> <p> </p> <p>The <i>HAND</i>-based method is a deterministic modeling approach to floodplain mapping. In the third objective, the probabilistic version of this method is proposed. Using a probabilistic approach to floodplain mapping provides more informative maps. In this study, a flat watershed in the state of Kansas is selected as the case study, and the performance of four probabilistic functions for floodplain mapping is compared. The results show that a linear function with one parameter and a gamma function with two parameters are the best options for this study area. It is also shown that the proposed probabilistic approach can reduce the overpredictions and underpredictions made by the deterministic <i>HAND</i>-based approach. </p> <p> </p> <p>In the fourth objective, a new regionalization framework for transferring the calibrated environmental models to data-scarce regions is proposed. This framework aims to improve the current similarity-based regionalization methods by reducing the subjectivity that exists in the selection of basin descriptors. Using this framework for the probabilistic <i>HAND</i>-based method in the third objective, the floodplains are regionalized for a large set of watersheds in the Central United States. The results show that “vertical component of centroid (or latitude)” is the dominant descriptor of spatial variabilities in the probabilistic floodplain maps. This is an interesting finding which shows how a systematic approach can help to explore the hidden descriptors for regionalization. It is demonstrated that using common methods, such as correlation coefficient calculation, or stepwise regression analysis, will not reveal the critical role of latitude on the spatial variability of floodplains.</p>

A bacia hidrográfica pode ser entendida como um sistema integrado entre todos os seus elementos constituintes, solo, água, vegetação e fauna, onde toda perturbação natural ou antrópica provoca reações na dinâmica natural da bacia, forçando-a a adaptar-se a este novo ambiente. As ações antrópicas estão relacionadas a atividades socioeconômicas, que diante de um planejamento e gestão ambiental inadequados, se dissociam dos aspectos ambientais entrando em conflito com a capacidade de suporte do ecossistema. Diante deste panorama, vários países têm buscado reequilibrar a dinâmica integrada das bacias hidrográficas, incorporando princípios e normas para a gestão e planejamento de recursos hídricos, utilizando a bacia hidrográfica como unidade de gestão e planejamento, além de monitorar os efeitos oriundos do desequilíbrio do sistema. O projeto e planejamento de recursos hídricos, necessita de informações que permitam a avaliação do comportamento hidrológico da bacia. Para isso, é necessário quantificar todas as características morfométricas das bacias, pois, ao se estabelecerem relações e comparações entre tais características e os dados hidrológicos conhecidos, pode-se determinar indiretamente os valores hidrológicos em locais nos quais faltem dados. Comumente, para se iniciar uma análise hidrológica ou ambiental, preliminarmente procede-se a delimitação da bacia hidrográfica, que em até pouco tempo era realizada através de métodos analógicos. Com o advento dos softwares SIG e da representação digital do relevo a partir de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, tornou-se possível automatizar esta tarefa. A partir disso, buscou-se com este trabalho elaborar uma ferramenta computacional, utilizando a linguagem computacional R, para delimitação e caracterização morfométrica de bacias hidrográficas a partir de Modelos Digitais de Elevação (MDE) globais, de forma automática, que permita fornecer rapidamente os parâmetros morfométricos, proporcionando ao usuário concluir também pelo modelo que mais se adeque a sua necessidade. Buscou-se avaliar a ferramenta elaborada com um estudo de caso comparativo em quatro sub-bacias hidrográficas do estado do Tocantins, com características de relevo distintas, apresentando uma alternativa para validação hidrológica de modelos digitais de elevação a partir de dados altimétricos do SIGEF (Sistema de Gestão Fundiária). Com o estudo de caso, concluiu-se que a ferramenta proposta funciona satisfatoriamente para o que se propõe. Quando comparada com o programa r.basin.py a partir do software Grass GIS, a ferramenta apresentou resultados similares em relação aos valores da maioria dos parâmetros morfométricos; apresentando, contudo, um detalhamento inferior da rede de drenagem, associado a diferenças no algoritmo de preenchimento de dados espúrios, no entanto este problema pode ser contornado ajustando os valores das configurações iniciais do threshold. / The watershed can be understood as an integrated system among all its constituent elements, soil, water, vegetation and fauna, where every natural or anthropic disturbance causes reactions in the natural dynamics of the basin, forcing it to adapt to this new environment. Anthropic actions are related to socio -economic activities, that in the face of inadequate environmental planning and management, dissociate from environmental aspects getting to conflict with the ecosystem's capacity to support. Facing this panorama, several countries have sought to rebalance the integrated dynamics of watersheds, incorporating principles and norms for the management and planning the effects deriving of the unbalance of the system. The project and planning of hydric resources need information that allows the evaluation of the hydrological behavior of the basin. For this, it is necessary to quantify all the morphometric characteristics of the basins, because, when establishing relationships and comparisons among such characteristics and the known hydrological data, one can indirectly determine the hydrological values in places where data are missing. Commonly, to initiate a hydrological or environment al analysis, preliminarily the delimitation of the watershed is proceeded, which until recently it softwares and the digital representation of relief from remote sense techniques, it became possible to automate this task. From this, it sought with this work to elaborate a computational tool, using R computational language, for the delimitation and morphometric characterization of watershads from global Digital Elevation Models (DEM), in automatic way, that permits provide quickly the morphometric parameters, offering to the user also to conclude by the model that best suit it need. The objective of this study is to evaluate the elaborated tool with a study of comparative in four river sub - basins in the state of Tocantins, with different relief characteristics, presentingan alternative for hydrological validation of digital elevation models from the SIGEF (Portuguese abreviation of System of Land Management) altimetric data. With the case study, it was concluded that the proposed tool works satisfactorily for what is propcompared with the r.basin.py program from the Grass GIS software, the tool presented similar results in relation to the values of most of the morphometric parameters; however, a lower drainage network detail, associated with differences in the spurious data filling algorithm, though, this problem can be circumvented by adjusting the initial threshold values configurations.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:15:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Willian Roza.pdf: 6684537 bytes, checksum: fafdba4f5d553667283cb6cbe3e7f121 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / The Atlantic Forest displays many functions that ensure the quality of life for many Brazilians and corresponds to one of the 34 hotspots of biodiversity in the world. In the State of Paraná, areas with the largest remnants of Atlantic Forest are located in the eastern portion of the state, which correspond to the Dense Tropical Rainforest (DTR); it presents the following physiognomic units: ecological forest, alluvial, lowland, submontane, montane and upper montane and non-forest represented by pioneer formations: mangroves, salt fields, salt marshes and refuges vegetation. This study seeks to test strategies to spatialize forest and non-forest remnants of ecological physiognomic units of DTR in the southeastern portion of the State of Paraná. In order to spatialize the vegetation, digital classification through the algorithm Support Vector Machines (SVM) was used. Tests were conducted on Landsat 5 TM spectral bands and ancillary altitude data such as the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer) with its byproducts, namely slope and altimetric tracks. First tests were undertaken only with the spectral bands, followed by ones with the spectral bands and ancillary altitude data; and finally the last ones with different SVM settings. To calculate the accuracy of the classified images through Kappa Index (KI) and Confusion Matrix (CM), training samples were collected in images from sensors Spot 5 and P6LIS3, and altitude was verified by means of DEM SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission). After visual analysis, overall results and classes corresponding to the results from classified images, it was found that just with the spectral bands it was not possible to spatialize forest remnants from ecological physiognomic units of DTR. I was concluded that the separation between the classes of DTR (upper montane, montane, submontane and lowland) was not adequate. But, still observed through visual analysis, there was an accuracy improvement in digital classification when using spectral bands plus DEM ASTER. It seems that the most appropriate result from visual analysis and accuracy of the classified images were obtained through classifying spectral bands over altimetric tracks, enabling GIS to measure the values of the areas in the physiognomic units of DTR. It is noteworthy that all classifications were appropriate, however with the auxiliary altitude data, accuracy was increased in visual analysis, IK and MC by the aid of comparing them to altimetric tracks that define the position of the vegetation according to relief classes as addressed by Veloso, Rangel Filho and Lima (1991). This study serves as a resource for identifying, spatializing and mapping the distribution of forest and non-forest remnants in the southeastern portion of the Paraná DTR. This region encompasses several protected areas, located at both floodplains and slopes of the coastal mountain range. / A Mata Atlântica possui diversas funções que garantem a qualidade de vida de inúmeros brasileiros, sendo que corresponde a um dos 34 hotspots de biodiversidade do mundo. No Paraná, as áreas que apresentam os maiores remanescentes de Mata Atlântica estão situadas na porção leste do estado, as quais correspondem à Floresta Ombrófila Densa (FOD), que apresenta as seguintes unidades fisionômicas ecológicas florestais: aluvial, terras baixas, submontana, montana e alto-montana; e as não florestais, representadas pelas formações pioneiras: manguezais, campos salinos, restingas e refúgios vegetacionais. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo testar estratégias para espacializar os remanescentes florestais e não florestais das unidades fisionômicas ecológicas da porção sudeste da FOD do estado do Paraná. Para espacializar a vegetação, optou-se pela classificação digital mediante o algoritmo Support Vector Machines (SVM), com o qual se realizaram testes com as bandas espectrais Landsat 5 TM e dados auxiliares de altitude, como o MDE (Modelo Digital de Elevação) ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer) e seus subprodutos, declividade e faixas altimétricas. Realizaram-se os primeiros testes somente com as bandas espectrais, em seguida com as bandas espectrais e dados auxiliares de altitude e, por último, os testes com diferentes configurações de SVM. Para calcular a acuracidade mediante Índice Kappa (IK) e Matriz de Confusão (MC) das imagens classificadas, amostras de treinamento foram coletadas em imagens do sensor Spot 5 e P6LIS3, sendo que se verificou a altitude mediante MDE SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission). Após as análises visuais, acuracidades globais e de classes correspondentes aos resultados das imagens classificadas, constatou-se que somente com as bandas espectrais não é possível espacializar os remanescentes florestais das unidades fisionômicas ecológicas da FOD, pois a separação entre as classes da FOD (alto-montana, montana, submontana e terras baixas) não foi adequada. Porém, quando da classificação digital com as bandas espectrais mais MDE ASTER, contata-se, mediante a análise visual e acuracidade das imagens classificadas, que o resultado melhorou. Nota-se que o resultado mais adequado a partir das análises visuais e acuracidade das imagens classificadas foi obtido mediante a classificação com as bandas espectrais mais faixas altimétricas, possibilitando, em SIG, mensurar os valores de áreas das unidades fisionômicas ecológicas florestais da FOD. Constata-se que todas as classificações são adequadas, no entanto, com os dados auxiliares de altitude, a acuracidade aumenta tanto pela análise visual quanto pelos IK e MC, mediante a comparação com as faixas altimétricas que definem a posição da vegetação de acordo com as classes do relevo abordadas por Veloso, Rangel Filho e Lima (1991). O presente trabalho serve como subsídio para a identificação, espacialização e mapeamentos dos remanescentes florestais e não florestais da porção sudeste da FOD do Paraná que abrangem várias unidades de conservação, situadas tanto na planície aluvial quanto nas encostas da Serra do Mar.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’évolution des Systèmes d’Informations Géographiques (SIG) et de leur capacité à répondre à des problématiques environnementales qui s’expriment de manière globale et transversale. Dans un contexte ou l’information géographique est en plein essor et où la quantité de données disponible ne cesse de croitre, le besoin en terme d’outil d’aide a la décision n’a jamais été aussi fort. Cette étude s’attache tout particulièrement au cadre de la résolution de problématiques liées à l’eau et l’environnement lorsque les données deviennent trop volumineuses pour être traitées par des moyens de calculs séquentiels classiques. Nous proposons une plateforme de calculs répartis sur une grappe d’ordinateurs qui parallélise le calcul de la délimitation des bassins versants des grands fleuves et la détermination des flots d’accumulation. A cette fin nous introduisons une technique de calcul parallèle d’une forêt d’arbres couvrants minimums représentant le parcours de l’eau de chaque point du Modèle Numérique de Terrain (MNT) vers la mer. Cette technique débute par une délimitation des cuvettes (ensemble de points allant vers le même minimum local) contenues dans le MNT. Ensuite une hiérarchie de déversement des cuvettes les unes dans les autres est construite jusqu'à obtenir les bassins versants des fleuves. L’étude se poursuit par la description d’un algorithme parallèle pour le calcul très couteux des flots d’accumulation en chaque point du MNT. Enfin cette thèse présente une version ≪out-of-core≫ de nos algorithmes parallèles afin d’étendre la portée de nos travaux a des grappes de dimensions modestes qui ne peuvent pas charger en mémoire la totalité du MNT traite. / My thesis is part of the development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their ability to respond to environmental challenges that are expressed in a global and transversal way. We consider a context in which geographical information is growing, in addition the amount of data available continues to grow. Therefore, the need a tool for decision support has never been stronger. This study aim to solve problems related to water and the environment when the data become too large for sequential computing. The main objective of the thesis proposes a platform for distributed computing on a cluster of computers that parallelizes the watershed computing of major rivers and the determination of the flow accumulation. The idea is based on the construction of a minimal spanning tree, via a hierarchy of graphs, modeling the water route on the DEM toward the ocean. The technique begins from computing catchment basins that are set of pixels for which a drop of water will end the same local minimum. After that, a hierarchy of basins is computed in order to give the catchment basins of the rivers in the DEM. The study continues with a description of a parallel algorithm for computing the global flow accumulation for automatic drainage network extraction in large digital elevation models. Finally, the thesis presents a version ≪out-of-core≫ of our parallel algorithms to extend the scope of our work in clusters of size small that cannot load into memory the entire treated DEM.

Mapas pedológicos são fontes de informações primordiais para planejamento e manejo de uso do solo, porém apresentam altos custos de produção. A fim de produzir mapas de solos a partir de mapas existentes, o presente trabalho objetiva testar e comparar métodos de classificação em estágio único (regressões logísticas múltiplas multinomiais e Bayes) e em estágios múltiplos (CART, J48 e LMT) com utilização de sistemas de informações geográficas e de variáveis geomorfométricas para produção de mapas pedológicos com legenda original e simplificada. A base de dados foi gerenciada em ambiente ArcGis onde as variáveis e o mapa original foram relacionados através de amostras de treinamento para os algoritmos. O resultado dos algoritmos obtidos no software Weka foram implementados no ArcGis para a confecção dos mapas. Foram gerados matrizes de erros para análise de acurácias dos mapas. As variáveis geomorfométricas de declividade, perfil e plano de curvatura, elevação e índice de umidade topográfica são aquelas que melhor explicam a distribuição espacial das classes de solo. Os métodos de classificação em estágio múltiplo apresentaram sensíveis melhoras nas acurácias globais, porém significativas melhoras nos índices Kappa. A utilização de legenda simplificada aumentou significativamente as acurácias do produtor e do usuário, porém sensível melhora na acurácia global e índice Kappa. / Soil maps are sources of important information for land planning and management, but are expensive to produce. This study proposes testing and comparing single stage classification methods (multiple multinomial logistic regression and Bayes) and multiple stage classification methods (CART, J48 and LMT) using geographic information system and terrain parameters for producing soil maps with both original and simplified legend. In ArcGis environment terrain parameters and original soil map were sampled for training algoritms. The results from statistical software Weka were implemented in ArcGis environment to generate digital soil maps. Error matrices were genereted for analysis accuracies of the maps.The terrain parameters that best explained soil distribution were slope, profile and planar curvature, elevation, and topographic wetness index. The multiple stage classification methods showed small improvements in overall accuracies and large improvements in the Kappa index. Simplification of the original legend significantly increased the producer and user accuracies, however produced small improvements in overall accuracies and Kappa index.

Este estudo apresenta padrões de flutuações das geleiras do Nevado Cololo, Bolívia, no período 1975–2011, determinado partir de dados orbitais, cartográficos e climáticos. As massas de gelo do Nevado Cololo são representativas das geleiras tropicais andinas que estão sujeitas a alternância entre condições atmosféricas úmidas (novembro-abril) e secas (maio-outubro) (outer tropics). Essa sazonalidade é determinada pela oscilação latitudinal da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT) e perturbada pelos eventos não sazonais do fenômeno ENOS. A fase positiva, o El Niño, contribui negativamente para o balanço de massa dessas geleiras e foi frequente no intervalo investigado. Esse trabalho usou imagens TM/Landsat-5 para determinar a cobertura de gelo em 1989, 1997, 2008 e 2011. Aplicando o Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), que utiliza as características espectrais opostas das massas de gelo no visível e no infravermelho próximo, este trabalho delimitou as geleiras do Nevado Cololo. Utilizando as informações de carta topográfica foi obtido um Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE), elaborado pela interpolação de pontos de elevação usando o método geoestatístico krigagem ordinária. As informações obtidas do sensoriamento remoto e da cartografia foram incorporadas a um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para se obter parâmetros das geleiras. A análise da séries temporais de precipitação e temperatura usaram dados do Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC)/NOAA, do Climate Research Unit Time Series (CRUTS)/University of East Anglia e de duas estações meteorológicas. Os dados climáticos não apresentam tendências estatisticamente significativas, mas há uma fraca redução da precipitação durante os meses de novembro, dezembro e abril, condições essa que podem indicar menor nebulosidade durante o verão. Em 2011 só restavam 48 das 122 geleiras identificadas em 1975. Geleiras pequenas (< 0,1 km²) com cotas máximas baixas foram as mais afetadas e atualmente não existem geleiras abaixo de 4.626 m a.n.m. A cobertura de gelo era de 24,77 ±0,00032 km² em 2011, 42,02% menor do que em 1975. A perda superficial ocorreu em todas as vertentes, independente de orientação, mas as geleiras voltadas a leste foram mais afetadas. Mesmo a maior geleira do Nevado Cololo, face SW, perdeu 21,6% de sua área total e sua frente retraiu cerca de 1 km durante o intervalo de 36 anos. Proporcionalmente, houve o aumento do número de geleiras cuja declividade média está entre 30° e 40°. A redução da espessura gelo é atestada pela fragmentação de geleiras e afloramentos do embasamento em suas partes internas. A perda de massa dessas geleiras estudadas foi provavelmente causada pela intensificação dos processos de ablação. / This study presents fluctuations patterns for the Nevado Cololo glaciers, Bolivia, in the period 1975–2011, as determined from orbital, cartographic and climatic data. Nevado Cololo ice masses are representative of Andean tropical glaciers subjected to alternations of humid (November to April) and dry (May to October) (outer tropics) atmospheric conditions. This seasonality is determined by the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) latitudinal oscillation and disturbed by the no seasonal ENSO phenomena. The positive phase, El Niño, contributes negatively to these glaciers mass balance and was frequent during the investigated time period. This work used TM/ Landsat-5 imagery to determine the ice cover in 1989, 1997, 2008 and 2011. Applying the Normalized Snow Difference Index (NDIS), which uses the opposite spectral characteristics of ice masses in the visible and near infrared region, this work delimited the Nevado Cololo glaciers. Based on information from a topographic chart, we obtained a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using elevation points interpolated by the ordinary kriging geostatistical method. Information derived from remote sensing and cartographic sources was incorporated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) to obtain glaciers parameters. The analyses of precipitation and temperature time series used data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC)/NOAA, the Climate Research Unit Time Series (CRUTS)/University of East Anglia and from two meteorological stations. Climatic data show no statistically significant trend, but there was a weak precipitation reduction during November, December and April months, a condition that may indicate low cloudiness during the summer. By 2011, there were only 48 of the 122 glaciers identified in 1975. Small glaciers (<0.1 km²) with low maximum elevations were most affected and currently there are no glaciers below 4,626 m asl. The ice covered 24.77 km² in 2011, 42.02% less than in 1975. Surface loss occurred in all slopes, regardless of orientation, but glaciers facing east were most affected. Even the largest glacier in Nevado Cololo, SW face, lost 21.6% of its total area and its front retreated about 1 km during the 36 years period. Proportionately, there was an increase in the number of glaciers whose average slope is between 30° and 40°. The ice thickness reduction is attested by glaciers break up and bedrock outcrops in its internal parts. These glaciers mass loss was probably caused by the intensification of ablation processes.

Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a importância da geomorfologia na implantação, gestão e monitoramento das áreas destinadas a indicações geográficas para vinhos e espumantes. Desta forma, desenvolveram-se dois estudos paralelos. O primeiro buscou analisar a acurácia vertical dos Modelos Digitais de Elevação (MDEs) SRTM v.3, Alos World 3D e ASTER GDEM v.2 na região da denominação de origem Vale dos Vinhedos, RS. Para tanto, os dados desses MDEs, com resolução espacial de 30 m, foram comparados com os de um MDE fotogramétrico com resolução espacial de 5 m no terreno, por meio de análises de regressão e correlação linear, e de perfis topográficos derivados desses modelos. O Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica (PEC) de cada MDE foi analisado, para identificar a escala máxima de seu uso em estudos morfométricos. Foram avaliadas as eswcalas 1:25.000, 1:50.000 e 1:100.000, por meio de cálculos da Tolerância Vertical e do Erro Médio Quadrático (EMQ). Todos MDEs atenderam o PEC altimétrico classe A na escala 1:100.000. Na escala 1:50.000, enquadraram-se na classe C, enquanto que na escala 1:25.000 não houve enquadramento. O MDE SRTM v.3 foi o que apresentou melhores resultados morfométricos e o maior coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r=0,995). O segundo estudo objetivou investigar os padrões de uso e cobertura da terra na região da denominação de origem Vale dos Vinhedos e relaciona-los com o mapeamento geomorfológico. Para esse estudo, foram mapeados a geomorfologia e as classes de uso e cobertura da terra. Ambos os mapeamentos foram realizados utilizando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento. O padrão de relevo em forma de morros, na área de estudo, possui maior representatividade ocupando 77,13% da mesma. No mapeamento de uso e cobertura da terra a classe de maior representatividade foi a Floresta (nativa ou não), ocupando 36% da área de estudo. O cruzamento entre o mapeamento geomorfológico e os padrões de uso cobertura da terra permitiu identificar 35 classes. Conclui-se que os resultados obtidos podem servir de base para a escolha de MDEs, bem como, auxiliar no desenvolvimento de mapeamentos geomorfológicos. / This work aims to evaluate the importance of geomorphology in the implantation, management and monitoring of the areas destined to geographical indications for wines and sparkling wines. Therefore, two parallel studies were developed. The first study had the objective to analyze the vertical accuracy of digital elevation models (DEM) SRTM v.3, Alos Worls 3D and ASTER GDEM v.2 in Vale dos Vinhedos designation origin region localized in Rio Grande do Sul state. For such, the DEM’s data, with spatial resolution of 30 meters were compared with a photogrammetric DEM with spatial resolution of 5 meters in the ground by correlation and regression analyzes as well as topographic profiles derivate that models.The cartographic accuracy standard of all DEM was analyzed to identify the maximum scale of use in morphometric studies. Were investigated the scales 1:25.000, 1:50.000 and 1:100.000 by calculations vertical tolerance and mean square error (MSE). Every DEM analyzed respected the cartographic accuracy standard A group in 1:100.000 scale, as well as, C group in 1:50.000 scale. All DEM are not classified into any class in 1:25.000 scale. The SRTM v.3 DEM show better Pearson correlation (r=0,995) and morphometrics results. The second study investigated the land use and land cover pattern in Vale dos Vinhedos origin designation region and relates them with geomorphological mapping. For this work were mapped the geomorphology and the land use and land cover group. Both mappings were made with remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques. The High Hill landform patterns, in the study area, is more representative occupying 77,13%. In mapping of the land cover and land use the group more representative was Forest (native or not) occupying 36%. The crossing between geomorphology and land cover and land use patterns resulted in identification of 35 class. The results obtained in the studies it can be use as base for DEM choice and support the development of geomorphological mappings.

An integrated approach with remote sensing, GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) and more traditional fieldworktechniques was adopted to assess the groundwater potential inthe central highlands of Eritrea. Digitally enhanced colorcomposites and panchromatic images of Landsat TM and Spot wereinterpreted to produce thematic maps such as lithology andlineaments. The potential of the Advanced Spaceborne ThermalEmission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data forlithological and lineament mapping was evaluated. Topographicparameters such as surface curvature, slope and drainagesystems were derived from digital elevation models and used tomap landforms. Digital elevation models (DEM) derived fromcontours and acquired in the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission(SRTM) were compared in relation to location, drainage networksand lineament extraction. Fracture patterns and spacing weremeasured in the field in different rock types and compared withlineaments. Selected springs and wells were visited to studytheir topographic and hydrogeological setting. Well logs,pumping tests, water table depth in dry and wet season as wellas location of wells were collected. All thematic layersincluding hydrogeological data were integrated and analysed ina geographic information system. A groundwater potential mapwas generated and compared with yield data. Groundwaterrecharge was estimated based on water level fluctuations inlarge dug wells and chloride mass-balance method. Principal component analysis for rock type mapping providedbetter results with ASTER than with Landsat TM data. DEM datapermitted to create detailed landform maps useful torgroundwater potential assessment. DEM derived from SRTM dataare better for detection of drainage systems and linearfeatures than those derived from contours. Most of the fracturesystems corresponding to lineaments are either extensionalrelated to normal faults and dykes, or shear fractures relatedto strike-slip faults. N-S, NW-SE, WNW-ESE, NE-SW and ENE-WSWare dominant fracture orientations with often very densespacing. High yielding wells and springs are often related tolarge lineaments and corresponding structural features such asdykes. Typically wells and springs in basaltic areas havehigher yields mainly due to primary joints. Young alluvialsediments with high permeability and deeply weathered rocklayers are important for water supply especially in hydraulicconnection with fracture systems in crystalline bedrock.Groundwater potential zones demarcated through the model are inagreement with bore well yield data. The spatial distributionof groundwater potential zones shows regional patterns relatedto lithologies, lineaments, drainage systems and landforms.Recharge rates of 10 - 50 mm were estimated in this region. Theresults demonstrate that the integration of remote sensing,GIS, traditional fieldwork and models provide a powerful toolin the assessment and management of water resources anddevelopment of groundwater exploration plans. <b>Key words:</b>Remote sensing, Geographic InformationSystems, groundwater, geomorphology, Digital elevation model,lithology, hard rock, lineament, structures, hydrogeology,Eritrea

Modern day cars are often equipped with a variety of sensors that collect information about the car and its surroundings. The stereo camera is an example of a sensor that in addition to regular images also provides distances to points in its environment. This information can, for example, be used for detecting approaching obstacles and warn the driver if a collision is imminent or even automatically brake the vehicle. Objects that constitute a potential danger are usually located on the road in front of the vehicle which makes the road surface a suitable reference level from which to measure the object's heights. This Master's thesis describes how an estimate of the road surface can be found to in order to make these height measurements. The thesis describes how the large amount of data generated by the stereo camera can be scaled down to a more effective representation in the form of an elevation map. The report discusses a method for relating data from different instances in time using information from the vehicle's motion sensors and shows how this method can be used for temporal filtering of the elevation map. For estimating the road surface two different methods are compared, one that uses a RANSAC-approach to iterate for a good surface model fit and one that uses conditional random fields for modeling the probability of different parts of the elevation map to be part of the road. A way to detect curb lines and how to use them to improve the road surface estimate is shown. Both methods for road classification show good results with a few differences that are discussed towards the end of the report. An example of how the road surface estimate can be used to detect obstacles is also included.