CEZARIO, N.A. Associação de diosmina e hesperidina em modelo de hemiparkinsonismo induzido por 6-hidroxidopamina em ratos. 2017. 92f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biotecnologia) – Campus de Sobral, Universidade Federal do Ceará. Sobral, 2017. / Submitted by Mestrado Biotecnologia (biotecnologiasobral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-27T17:40:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_nacezario.pdf: 2045473 bytes, checksum: c6baf4c73951b155cf7e799db7b753c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Márcia Sousa (marciasousa@ufc.br) on 2017-05-02T14:16:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_nacezario.pdf: 2045473 bytes, checksum: c6baf4c73951b155cf7e799db7b753c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T14:16:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_nacezario.pdf: 2045473 bytes, checksum: c6baf4c73951b155cf7e799db7b753c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders, affecting millions of people worldwide. The disease is characterized by selective death of the dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta in the midbrain, resulting in motor dysfunction. Levodopa (L-DOPA) is still the "gold standard" drug for the dopamine replacement in PD, alleviating the motor symptoms of the disease. However, L-DOPA causes a series of collateral effects. Diosmin (DM) is an already marketed drug, composed of a purified flavonoic fraction, in micronized form of 90% diosmin and 10% hesperidin. It is used for the symptomatic treatment of symptoms related to Chronic Venous Insufficiency. Several studies confirm the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and neuroprotective activity of the components of this drug. In this context, the discovery of new drugs that may prevent the progression of PD and reduce the adverse effects of traditional treatments is necessary, so it was aimed to study the effects of diosmin alone or associated with L-DOPA in the experimental model of DP induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). For this, unilateral 6-OHDA (21 μg/ animal) lesions in the right striatum were treated with DM (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg); L-DOPA (25 mg/kg) or DM 100 mg/kg in combination with L-DOPA 12.5 mg/kg for 14 days, starting 7 days post-surgery. On the 21st day, the animals were submitted to specific behavioral tests (Open field test, Rotarod and Rotational Test). After, the animals were sacrificed, and its brain areas were dissected for neurochemical analyzes (reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation and nitrite). DM (100 mg/kg v.o.) was able to reverse motor deficits induced by 6-OHDA, as well as increased the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and substantially reduced nitrite / nitrate levels. In addition, the association of Diosmin with sub-dose of Levodopa showed some effects better than L-DOPA alone at a higher dose. Nevertheless, DM did not show modulation in the malondialdehyde levels in the brains areas from hemiparkinsonian’s animals. Thus, DM revealed a neuroprotective activity against motor and neurochemical disturbs in 6-OHDA-injured hemiparkinsonian rats. Additionally, our data suggest a possible efficiency in the association between DM with L-DOPA for treatment of motor deficit induced by 6-OHDA in rats. / A doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma das desordens neurodegenerativas mais comuns relacionadas com a idade, vem afetando milhões de pessoas no mundo todo. A doença é caracterizada pela morte seletiva dos neurônios dopaminérgicos localizados na substância nigra pars compacta no mesencéfalo, resultando em disfunção motora. A Levodopa (L-DOPA) ainda é a droga “padrão-ouro” para a reposição de dopamina na DP, aliviando os sintomas motores da doença, porém, além de não imperdir a progressão da doença, a L-DOPA provoca uma série de efeitos colaterais. O Diosmin (DM) é um medicamento já comercializado, composto por uma fração flavonóica purificada, sob forma micronizada de 90% diosmina e 10% hesperidina. É utilizado para o tratamento sintomático de sintomas relacionados à Insuficiência Venosa Crônica. Diversos estudos comprovam a atividade antioxidante, anti-inflamatória, anticancerígena e neuroprotetoras dos componentes desse fármaco. Dentro desse contexto, a descoberta de novas drogas que possam impedir a progressão da DP e que reduzam os efeitos adversos dos tratamentos tradicionais faz-se necessária, portanto objetivou-se estudar os efeitos do diosmin sozinho ou associado a L-DOPA no modelo experimental do DP induzido por 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA). Para isso, ratos lesionados com 6-OHDA (21 µg/ animal) unilateralemente no corpo estriado direito foram tratados com DM (50, 100 e 200 mg/kg); L-DOPA (25 mg/kg) ou DM 100 mg/kg em associação com L-DOPA 12,5 mg/kg durante 14 dias, com início 7 dias pós-cirurgia. No 21° dia, os animais foram submetidos a ensaios comportamentais específicos (Teste do Campo aberto, Rotarod e Teste Rotacional induzido por apomorfina). Em seguida, os animais foram sacrificados e suas áreas cerebrais foram, dissecadas para análises neuroquímicas (glutationa reduzida, peroxidação lipídica e nitrito). DM (100 mg/kg v.o.) foi capaz de reverter os déficits motores induzidos pela 6-OHDA, além de elevar o níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e reduzir substancialmente os níveis de nitrito/nitrato. Além disso, a associação do Diosmin com a sub-dose de Levodopa mostrou alguns efeitos melhores do que a L-DOPA sozinha em dose maior. Contudo, DM não mostrou modulação nos níveis de malondialdeído nas áreas cerebrais de animais hemiparkinsonianos. Assim, DM revelou uma atividade neuroprotetora contra distúrbios motores e neuroquímicos em ratos hemiparkinsonianos lesionados com 6-OHDA. Adicionalmente, nossos dados sugerem uma possível eficiência na associação entre DM com L-DOPA para o tratamento de défict motor induzido por 6-OHDA em ratos.

A research report submitted to the faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine ( Pharmaceutical Affairs ) / This project was conducted to investigate properties and to record the essential oil profiles of a selection of species belonging to the genus agasthosma. Plants have been used for many years by the local South African to treat various infections and illnesses. This knowledge has largely been untapped. Buchu is one of the plant species that are used extensively by the San and Khoi people. It is remarkable that of the ca. 150 agathosma species indigenous to South Africa only two species ( Agasthosma crenulata and agathosma betulina ) have been investigated for biological activity. The genus Agasthosma is traditionally used for the following conditions ; stomach ailments, fever, coughs, cold, flu, urinary tract, and kidney infections, haematuria, prostatitis, rheumatism, gout, bruises and for antiseptic purposes. / IT2018

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder pathologically characterized by deposition of ß-amyloid (Aß) peptides as plaques in the brain. Central to this AD pathology is mismetabolism of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Recent studies suggest that flavonoids, a class of secondary plant metabolites, may be useful for the prevention and treatment of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. The studies detailed herein, investigate the ability of two such classes of flavonoids, green tea derived catechins and 5,7-dihydroxyflavones, to modulate APP metabolism in "Swedish" mutant APP (APPsw) models of AD. Studies showed that green tea derived (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) effectively reduced Aß generation and resultant amyloidosis both in vitro and in vivo. In concert with these findings, EGCG markedly promoted non-amyloidogenic APP proteolysis via activation of the putative a-secretase, a-disintegrin-and-metalloprotease-10 (ADAM10). Furthermore, luteolin and various related 5,7-dihydroxyflavones, effectively reduced Aß generation and resultant amyloidosis both in vitro and in vivo, as well. Data revealed that luteolin decreased amyloidogenic γ-secretase APP proteolysis via presenilin-1 (PS1) carboxyl-terminal fragment (CTF) phosphorylation. Elucidation of these flavonoids' cellular/molecular mechanisms also revealed their potential for opposing neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology, another hallmark of AD. These data raise the possibility that flavonoid administration to AD patients may prove to be viable and effective prophylactic strategy.

Dietary food supplements are among the most rapidly growing sectors in the food product industry. The majority of consumers trust in the safety and efficacy of these products. For these reasons is a quality control required and analytical methodologies for this must be used. For identification and quantitative analysis four flavonoids diosmin, hesperidin, rutin and troxerutin in food supplements was used HPLC/MS method. For identification and quantitative analysis three carotenoids betacarotene, lutein and zeaxanthin in food supplements was used HPLC/UV/ViS/DAD method. Separation of flavonoids was achieved on the column ZORBAX POROSHELL 120 EC-C18 (50 x 4,6 mm, 2,7 um) and separation of carotenoids on the column ZORBAX SB CN (75 x 4,6 mm, 3,5 um). The amount of flavonoids and carotenoids in tablets and capsules was determined altogether in 12 different commercial preparations.

The reperfusion injury is responsible for 50% of infarct size, being the main cause of cardiac changes caused by calcium overload and oxidative stress occurring in the ischemia-reperfusion process. Prevention or limitation of this area becomes a target for heart protection. In this context, the diosmin to be a flavonoid that has wide biological activity, especially cardioprotective, presents itself as a substance to be used for the prevention of these injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of diosmin in reperfusion injury. Was used aortic perfusion system of the type Langendorff constant pressure to induce cardiac global ischemia model. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were used and the procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Research of the UFS (04/2013). The animals were divided into 4 experimental groups: 01 - Sham: 20 minutes of stabilization, 100 minutes of perfusion with vehicle solution (Krebs-Ringer solution plus dimethylsulfoxide - DMSO 0.02%); Group 02 - I-R + Vehicle: 20 minute of stabilization, 10 minute perfusion with vehicle solution, followed by 30 minutes of ischemia and then reperfusion 60 minutes more with the same solution, 10 minutes of perfusion with vehicle solution, followed by 30 minutes of ischemia and then more 60 minutes of reperfusion with the same solution. Group 03 - I-R + Diosmin: 20 minutes of stabilization, perfusion for 10 minutes with vehicle solution, followed by 30 minutes of ischemia and subsequently a further 60 minutes of reperfusion with diosmin solution (0.1 mol / L) and Group 04 - I-R + NAC: 20 minutes of stabilization, perfusion for 10 minutes with vehicle solution, followed by 30 min ischemia and after 60 minutes of reperfusion with the positive control NAC (N-acetylcysteine - 24 mmol / L). Was evaluated the effect of diosmin on cardiac contractility, by measuring the left intraventricular pressure (PVE) and arrhythmia severity index (ASI). Furthermore, was analyzed the area of injury making a mark on the infarct location, and measurement of the enzymes creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Also, it was analyzed the effect of diosmin in lipid peroxidation (TBARS, total hydroperoxides) and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) in the hearts studied. Finally, we observed the expression of caspase-3 protein by western blot. As a result we obtained the restoration of PVE when compared to the sham group, as well as verified reduction of ASI (p< 0.01) compared to hearts were reperfused with the vehicle. We also observed a decrease (p< 0.01) of the infarcted area and the overall activity of the enzymes CK and LDH. Lipid peroxidation and the concentration of hydroperoxides shown to be reduced (p< 0.01) compared to reperfused hearts with the vehicle. In addition, the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GPx and GR also were reduced (p< 0.01) compared to reperfused hearts with the vehicle. Also demonstrated reduction (p< 0.01) the expression of caspase-3 protein compared to the group in which the hearts were reperfused with the vehicle. These results together show that the diosmin reduces the changes arising from cardiac ischemia-reperfusion for their antioxidant activity. / A lesao de reperfusao e responsavel por 50% do tamanho do infarto, sendo a principal responsavel pelas alteracoes cardiacas ocasionadas pela sobrecarga de calcio e estresse oxidativo que ocorrem no processo de isquemia-reperfusao. A prevencao ou limitacao desta area torna-se um alvo para a protecao cardiaca. Neste contexto, a diosmina por ser um flavonoide que apresenta ampla atividade biologica, principalmente cardioprotetora, apresenta-se como uma substancia a ser utilizada para a prevencao dessas lesoes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito antioxidante da diosmina na lesao de reperfusao. Utilizou-se o sistema de perfusao aortico do tipo Langendorff pressao constante para a inducao do modelo de isquemia global cardiaca. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos (250-300 g) e os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comite de Etica em Pesquisa com Animais da UFS (04/2013). Os animais utilizados foram divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: Grupo 01 - Sham: 20 minutos de estabilizacao, 100 minutos de perfusao com solucao veiculo (solucao de Krebs-Ringer acrescida de dimetilsulfoxido - DMSO 0,02 %); Grupo 02 - I-R + Veiculo: 20 minutos de estabilizacao, 10 minutos de perfusao com solucao veiculo, seguido por 30 minutos de isquemia e, posteriormente, mais 60 minutos de reperfusao com a mesma solucao; Grupo 03 - I-R + Diosmina: 20 minutos de estabilizacao, perfusao por 10 minutos com solucao veiculo, seguido por 30 minutos de isquemia e, posteriormente, mais 60 minutos de reperfusao com solucao de diosmina (0,1 Êmol/L) e Grupo 04 - I-R + NAC: 20 minutos de estabilizacao, perfusao por 10 minutos com solucao veiculo, seguido por 30 minutos de isquemia e posteriormente, 60 minutos de reperfusao com o controle positivo NAC (N-acetilcisteina - 24 Êmol/L). Foi avaliado o efeito da diosmina sobre a contratilidade cardiaca, atraves da mensuracao da pressao intraventricular esquerda (PVE) e do indice de severidade de arritmia (ASI). Alem disso, foi analisada a area de lesao fazendo-se a marcacao do infarto, e mensuracao da atividade das enzimas creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH). Tambem, foi analisado o efeito da diosmina na peroxidacao lipidica (TBARS, hidroperoxidos totais) e das enzimas antioxidantes superoxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa redutase (GR) nos coracoes estudados. E por fim, foi observada a expressao da proteina caspase-3 pela tecnica de western blot. Como resultados obtivemos o reestabelecimento da PVE quando comparada ao grupo Sham, assim como verificamos reducao do ASI (p< 0,01) em relacao aos coracoes que foram reperfundidos com o veiculo. Observamos, ainda, diminuicao (p< 0,01) da area de infarto e da atividade das enzimas CK total e LDH. A peroxidacao lipidica e a concentracao de hidroperoxidos mostraram-se reduzidas (p< 0,01) em relacao aos coracoes reperfundidos com o veiculo. Alem disso, a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes SOD, CAT, GPx e GR, tambem encontravam-se reduzidas (p< 0,01) em relacao aos coracoes reperfundidos com o veiculo. Demonstramos tambem reducao (p< 0,01) da expressao da proteina caspase-3 quando comparado ao grupo em que os coracoes foram reperfundidos com o veiculo. Estes resultados em conjunto evidenciam que a diosmina reduz as alteracoes decorrentes da isquemia-reperfusao cardiaca por sua acao antioxidante.