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This paper examines what happened when Sweden recognized Estonia and Latvia as sovereign states. The recognising process was part of what during the time was called "the Baltic problem". The Baltic problem was the new situation that arose around the Baltic Sea after World War I in 1918, where several new states were added. Sweden's geostrategic position was considerably better but the time after the war was a turbulent period in Sweden. Sweden needed to take into account how the victorious powers Britain and France acted in international politics. In this situation Sweden was faced with the decision to recognize the new states. This paper used the theoretical perspectives of "realism" and "idealism". Realism says that states do not respect international law, unless it is in the state's self-interest. Instead realism empathizes that the realpolitik and power politics are the main instruments of the state to achieve security. Idealism emphasizes that states will gladly take into account international law because it is morally right and also emphasizes the democratic institutions and economic cooperation to create an interdependency between states and thus achieve security. Sweden takes into account international law in the sense that Sweden wants to admit the two states when they meet the constitutional criteria. However, Sweden chose to not recognize any of the states before Britain and France had recognized them. Sweden's cautious behaviour towards the recognition and the negative attitude towards closer cooperation on security issues provide support to the realism as the theory that best explains Sweden's actions in their relationship with the newly proclaimed states of Estonia and Latvia.

Nesta dissertação analisamos as relações culturais construídas pelo escritor e diplomata colombiano Germán Arciniegas com os meios intelectuais argentinos entre 1939 e 1960, concentrando o estudo nas mediações culturais promovidas por ele. No primeiro momento as atividades de Arciniegas estiveram relacionadas com as funções diplomáticas e contemplaram o controle de informação sobre o governo colombiano e a promoção de tratados comerciais. Mas foram assuntos relativos à arte a à literatura os que concentraram os esforços de Arciniegas para estimular o diálogo e o conhecimento das tradições culturais de cada país. No segundo momento Arciniegas continuou impulsionando a integração intelectual, articulando a própria carreira e as perspectivas da consagração aos editores argentinos, e transmitindo uma imagem da história e da cultura argentina ao público do jornal colombiano El Tiempo. / This work analyses the intellectual relationships built by Colombian writer and diplomat Germán Arciniegas with Argentinian cultural institutions between 1939 and 1960. It focuses on cultural mediations arranged by him. Although initially his activities were related to diplomatic functions and contemplated the control of information about the Colombian government and the promotion of commercial deals, artistic and literary issues became what concentrated Arciniega´s efforts to stimulate the dialogue and knowledge of the cultural traditions of both countries. Subsequently, Arciniegas continues to promote intellectual integration by articulating his own career and perspective of intellectual success with Argentinian publishers, becoming the Colombian consultant for the editors and transmitting an image of Argentinian history and culture to the Colombian journal El Tiempo´s public. The work explores the political-ideological means of these activities and partnerships by the analysis of Arciniega´s correspondence archive

Edward Said's description of Orientalism as a constitutive element of the modern West is one of the enduring concepts of cultural history. The Orientalism thesis begins with the observation that in the 19th century Westerners began describing the "Orient," particularly the Middle East and India, as a place that was once gloriously civilized but had declined under the influence of incompetent Islamic governments. This construction was then employed to justify Western Imperialism and the expansion of Christianity into Asia. This dissertation examines a case of Orientalism with a twist. Between 1775 and 1830 a group of Anglophone writers and artists depicted Spain as a state with a cultural trajectory similar to that described by the Orientalists. But in the Spanish case, the glorious past was the age of the Islamic Moors who had ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula from 700 until 1492, while the current Christian rulers were the backwards and religiously intolerant impediments to progress. Thus the case of Spanish Orientalism employs an argument structurally identical to Said's Orientalism, with the role of the Christians and Muslims reversed. In examining this phenomenon, I focus on three particular issues. The first is the representation of the Moors in early modern European popular culture. I argue that these earlier traditions use the Moors as an emblematic manifestation of oppositionality to the centralizing state and elite authority. The romantics found in the Moors a symbol comparable to such other proto-Europeans as the Celts and the Goths, worthy predecessors to the warlike, chivalric, and liberty-loving modern Europeans. The second is the political context of Spanish Orientalism. Like "classical" Orientalism, Spanish Orientalism had a clear political payoff. Its articulators meant to show that the Spanish government was an unworthy steward of its rapidly disintegrating empire, thus Spanish Orientalism is closely associated with attempts to assert Anglophone authority in the Caribbean. Third, I examine in detail the work of the author most clearly associated with Spanish Orientalism, Washington Irving. In the four books he wrote while in Spain during the 1820s, Irving became the individual most responsible for reframing the long representational tradition of the Moors into a modern idiom and bringing it to a mass audience.

Nesta dissertação analisamos as relações culturais construídas pelo escritor e diplomata colombiano Germán Arciniegas com os meios intelectuais argentinos entre 1939 e 1960, concentrando o estudo nas mediações culturais promovidas por ele. No primeiro momento as atividades de Arciniegas estiveram relacionadas com as funções diplomáticas e contemplaram o controle de informação sobre o governo colombiano e a promoção de tratados comerciais. Mas foram assuntos relativos à arte a à literatura os que concentraram os esforços de Arciniegas para estimular o diálogo e o conhecimento das tradições culturais de cada país. No segundo momento Arciniegas continuou impulsionando a integração intelectual, articulando a própria carreira e as perspectivas da consagração aos editores argentinos, e transmitindo uma imagem da história e da cultura argentina ao público do jornal colombiano El Tiempo. / This work analyses the intellectual relationships built by Colombian writer and diplomat Germán Arciniegas with Argentinian cultural institutions between 1939 and 1960. It focuses on cultural mediations arranged by him. Although initially his activities were related to diplomatic functions and contemplated the control of information about the Colombian government and the promotion of commercial deals, artistic and literary issues became what concentrated Arciniega´s efforts to stimulate the dialogue and knowledge of the cultural traditions of both countries. Subsequently, Arciniegas continues to promote intellectual integration by articulating his own career and perspective of intellectual success with Argentinian publishers, becoming the Colombian consultant for the editors and transmitting an image of Argentinian history and culture to the Colombian journal El Tiempo´s public. The work explores the political-ideological means of these activities and partnerships by the analysis of Arciniega´s correspondence archive

My purpose is to sketch briefly the diplomatic background of the existing relations between France and Germany from 1871 to 1939. I have told the story chronologically, because I believe that we must follow events as they unfold themselves if we are to understand why statesmen made their decisions. I have attempted to mass all the important facts that I could find on Franco-German Diplomatic Relations from 1871 to 1939 without self-interests or prejudices to either of the two nations. My intentions were to seek a general knowledge of the drift of Franco-German Diplomatic affairs during this period of seventy years.

This thesis presents a diplomatic history of the United States and France for the period 1776-1898. This study, due to the enormous amount of foreign diplomacy, is by no means exhaustive. The author has tried to limit the diplomacy of the United States with the other nations to a minimum and omitted all relations except in instances which are closely related to the diplomacy of France and the United States.

The purpose of this thesis is not only to trace the diplomatic activities of the Confederate government with its neighbor, Mexico, during the period 1861 to 1865, but to evaluate these diplomatic efforts as to their practical consequences on behalf of the Confederate cause.

Magister Legum - LLM

When a powerful and ambitious nation peacefully transfers almost 600,000,000 acres to a comparatively insignificant nation, the event deserves careful scrutiny and evaluation. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 was such a transaction. Although events and personalities surrounding the Purchase were complex and numerous, the one factor to be examined here is the role of American diplomacy. The problem is to determine the influence American diplomacy had in securing the Louisiana Purchase.