The purpose of this thesis is not only to trace the diplomatic activities of the Confederate government with its neighbor, Mexico, during the period 1861 to 1865, but to evaluate these diplomatic efforts as to their practical consequences on behalf of the Confederate cause.

My purpose is to sketch briefly the diplomatic background of the existing relations between France and Germany from 1871 to 1939. I have told the story chronologically, because I believe that we must follow events as they unfold themselves if we are to understand why statesmen made their decisions. I have attempted to mass all the important facts that I could find on Franco-German Diplomatic Relations from 1871 to 1939 without self-interests or prejudices to either of the two nations. My intentions were to seek a general knowledge of the drift of Franco-German Diplomatic affairs during this period of seventy years.

Ethiopia and Eritrea shared a long-standing turbulent relation where amity and enmity replace one another over the course of history. The Ethiopia and Eritrea border war (1998-2000) and its aftermath stalemate (2000-2018) affected not merely the political economy of Ethiopia and Eritrea, but also undermined the prosperity and stability of the Horn of Africa region. The signing of the Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship on 9 July 2018, at Asmara, Eritrea culminated two decades-long Ethiopia and Eritrean impasse and offers glimmers hope and optimism that the repaired Ethiopia and Eritrea relations would have a positive snowballing effects in the Horn of Africa region. Drawing on neorealism (defensive) theory, this dissertation explores the 2018 thawed Ethiopia and Eritrean diplomatic relations, and its geopolitical ramifications in the Horn of Africa. This dissertation is based on multiple data sources. The primary data sources were collected through key informant in-depth interview with twelve (12) purposively selected pertinent experts, career diplomats, senior analysts, and university professors. This dissertation also made use of a wide range of primary sources including joint press releases of Ethiopia and Eritrean governments, the communiqué, memos, minutes of two countries’ leaders, remarks by ministry foreign affairs of the two countries, proceedings, and the official agreements of the two countries. The secondary data sources were collected from books, book chapters, journal articles, web sources, and think-tank reports. A Hermeneutics approach was employed to interpret and analyze data originated from both primary and secondary sources. This dissertation found that the unprecedented thawing of Ethiopia and Eritrea's diplomatic relations is underpinned by the interplay of domestic political development (political reforms in Ethiopia), regional factors (recalibration of regional order in the Horn of Africa), and international developments (shift of the US-Horn of Africa policy priority and dwindling of the US presence in the Horn of Africa region which facilitated the incursion other actors in the region). This dissertation also unveils that, the reignited Ethiopia and Eritrea diplomatic relations upended geopolitical order and ushered new dawn in the Horn of Africa. The reignited Ethiopia and Eritrea diplomatic relations repaired frozen relations, bridged the divides, diluted regional tension, and recalibrated new regional order. This dissertation also claims that the initial gains short-lived and reversed with eruption the Tigray War (2020-2022) where Ethiopia and Eritrea peace accord played prompting role.:Table of Contents Acknowledgement i Abstract ii List of Abbreviations iii Lists to Maps vi Chapter One 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Background of The Study 1 1.2. State of The Art 6 1.3. Research Objectives 10 1.3.1. General Research Objective 10 1.3.2. Specific Research Objectives 10 1.4. Research Questions 10 1.4.1. General Research Question 10 1.4.2. Specific Research Questions 10 1.5. Materials and Methods 11 1.5.1. Research Design 11 1.5.2. Data Sources 11 1.5.3. Data Collection Tools 12 1.5.4. Sampling Technique 15 1.5.5. Data Analysis Approach 16 1.6. Theoretical Framework 17 1.7. Ethical Consideration 21 1.8. Structure of The Dissertation 22 Chapter Two 23 Brief History of the Geopolitics of the Horn of Africa (1945-1998): Historiographical Reflections 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. The Geopolitics of the Horn of Africa During the Cold War (1945-1989) 27 2.2.1. The Superpowers Rivalry in the Horn of Africa and its Geopolitical Ramifications 31 2.3. The Geopolitics of the Horn of Africa Region After the Cold War (1989-1998): Temporary Disruption of the strategic significance? 34 2.4. Summary of The Chapter 36 Chapter Three 41 Ethiopia and Eritrean Relation (1952-2018): Historiographical Perspective 41 3.1. Introduction 41 3.2. The Ethiopia and Eritrean Federation (1952-1962): Genesis and Abrogation 43 3.3. The Joint Liberation Struggle of the Eritrea People’s Liberation Front and Tigray People’s Liberation Front: Comrades-in-Combatants (1975-1991) 51 3.4. The Ethiopia and Eritrea Troubled Relations: Cooperation, Competition and War (1993–2000) 58 3.5. Ethio-Eritrean ‘No peace, No war’ Condition: Horn Africa’s Cold War? (2000-2018) 67 3.6. Summary of the Chapter 71 Chapter Four 73 The Effects of Ethiopian and Eritrean Stalemate Relations in the Horn of Africa Region 73 4.1. Introduction 73 4.2. The Ethiopia and Eritrean Stalemate Relations and its Geopolitical Ramifications in the Horn of Africa (2000-2018). 81 4.3. The Ethiopia and Eritrea Stalemate Relations and Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Reaction 90 4.4. Ethiopia and Eritrea Stalemate Relations and African Union (AU) Intervention 97 4.5. The Ethiopia and Eritrean stalemate Relations and the United Nations (UN) Intervention 106 4.6. Summary of the Chapter 111 Chapter Five 116 Reset? Changing Nature of the Ethiopia and Eritrea Relations (2018-2023) 116 5.1. Introduction 116 5.2. Political Reforms in Ethiopia and Shift in the Ethiopian Foreign Policy Since April 2018 118 5.3. How? The Diplomacy Behind the Scenes: Shift in the Geopolitics of the Horn of Africa, Red Sea and Beyond 131 5.4. Summary of the Chapter 145 Chapter Six 150 Finding a New Equilibrium: The Political Economy of the Ethiopia and Eritrean Diplomatic Rapprochement (2018-2023) 150 6.1. Introduction 150 6.2. New Equilibrium? Reconfiguration of Regional Order in the Horn of Africa 153 6.2.1. New Regionalism? Horn of Africa Cooperation (HoAC) and Geopolitical Ramification in the Horn of Africa 159 6.3. The Tigray War and Thawing of Ethiopia and Eritrea Relations 168 6.3.1. Tigray War and The Involvement External Actors 174 6.3.2. The Tigray War and its Geopolitical Ramifications in the Horn of Africa 187 6.4. Back to Square One? Post Pretoria Truce Ethiopia and Eritrea Stalemate Relations 192 6.5. Summary of the Chapter 203 Chapter Seven 207 Envisioning New Geopolitics of Horn of Africa: Quo Vadis Ethiopia and Eritrea Relations? 207 7.1. Introduction 207 7.2. Repaired Ethiopia and Eritrea Relation: International Community and Public Mixed Reception 209 7.3. Rapprochement of Diplomatic Relation of Ethiopia and Eritrea: Hurdles and Bottlenecks 217 7.3.1. Border Dispute Demarcation 218 7.3.2. Ideological and Historical Disparities 222 7.3.3. Institutional Imbalances and Economic Asymmetry 224 7.3.4. Highly Personalized and Institutional Backstopping Defies 226 7.3.5. Internal Political Challenges in Both Countries 228 7.4. Ethiopia and Eritrea’s Fragile Relation: Between Cold Peace and Shadow of War 231 7.4.1. Teetering Ethiopia and Eritrea Relation and Geopolitical Dynamics in the Horn of Africa 236 7.5. Summary of the Chapter 241 Chapter Eight 245 Conclusions and Recommendations 245 8.1. Introduction 245 8.2. Conclusions 246 8.3. Recommendations 257 8.4. Contribution of Dissertation 259 9. References 261 9.1. Books/ Book Chapters 261 9.2. MA/PhD Dissertation and Working Papers 272 9.3. Journal Articles 288 9.4. Web Sources 317 10. Appendixes 381 10.1. Interview Guide Questions 381 10.2. List of Interviewees for key informant interview, Affiliation, and Interview date 384 10.3. Cooperation Letter 385

The thesis discusses Czechoslovak-Iranian relationships during 1953-1979. Several thematically organized chapters deal with policy and diplomatic relations after the fall of Mosaddeq in 1953, the support of Tudeh party, cultural relations and intelligence activities of above mentioned countries. Relationships between them had been cooled after the beginning of the communist era in Czechoslovakia and it got worse after the Mosaddeq overthrow - mostly due to Czechoslovakian support of persecuted Iranian Tudeh party. However, due to Czechoslovakian business opportunities in Iran, the relations from the 1960 improved and led to the state visits in the 1970. Nevertheless, as well as with other countries, nearly all dealings were interrupted after the Islamic revolution in 1979. The thesis is primarily based on archive sources from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The National Archive, and The Security Forces Archive as well as on a professional literature. This diploma thesis brings new historical evidence in the area of Czechoslovak-Iranian relationships through processing, for the time being, almost unexplored topic of Czechoslovakian diplomacy and relations with Iran.

The thesis covers the privileges and immunities provided to diplomatic agents in order to facilitate the performance of their functions. The main source of law is the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which has been signed at the end of the Vienna Conference on 18th April 1961 and remained unchanged even after 50 years in force. It reflected the previous codification attempts as well as the existing practice of the contractual states and established rules that together with the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations represent the basis in the field of diplomatic and consular law. The aim of the thesis is to describe particular privileges and immunities of the diplomatic agents, evaluate their applicability on the current diplomatic practice and consider whether the Vienna Convention represents a suitable regulation of the modern diplomatic relations. Examining both the practice of national courts and the International Court of Justice it is shown how the practice has changed over the past 50 years. The thesis covers the limits of such privileges and immunities, points out the possibilities of their abuse and presents examples of conflicts that arise in the current diplomatic practice. The thesis first deals with theoretical issues - it provides definitions of the diplomatic privileges and...

The thesis describes privileges and immunities provided to offices of diplomatic missions in order to facilitate carrying out international relations. The key legal document regulating diplomatic privileges and immunities is the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which commemorated 50 years of its existence this year - since it was signed on 18 April 1961 after the Vienna Conference. The aim of the thesis is to describe the contents of the individual privileges and immunities and to consider to which extent the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations represents a suitable legal instrument even for the needs of the today's practice of diplomatic relations. First the thesis deals with general issues related to ensuring diplomatic privileges and immunities, theories which justify their necessity and selected provisions of the Vienna Convention. This is followed by an analysis of the individual privileges and immunities of a diplomatic mission - the right to display a flag, the inviolability of mission premises, the inviolability of mission archives and documents, tax privileges and the freedom of communication.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as relações entre o governo brasileiro e a Guerra Civil Espanhola. A partir da sublevação militar de 17 de julho de 1936, o cenário interno do estado espanhol tornou-se o epicentro do embate entre as forças conservadoras e a diversidade de grupos políticos de esquerda. Desde os seus primeiros momentos, a guerra civil transbordou as fronteiras espanholas e europeias. Se por um lado houve o envolvimento direto e indireto de países europeus, por outro, também houve substancial importância nas Américas. Assim, esta tese pretende desenvolver uma abordagem dos papéis existentes entre os órgãos públicos e privados relacionados ao governo Vargas e os grupos envolvidos na Guerra Civil Espanhola, sobretudo aqueles pertencentes aos militares sob o controle de Francisco Franco. As ações de órgãos como o Ministério de Relações Exteriores e do Departamento Nacional do Café, tiveram papel preponderante em um apoio oficioso aos rebelados, enquanto que as representações diplomáticas da Segunda República foram paulatinamente relegadas a uma situação marginal. / The aim of this research is to analyze the relations between the Brazilian government and the Spanish Civil War. From the military uprising of 1936 July 17th, the domestic scenery of Spanish State became the epicenter of a struggle between conservative forces and the diversity of left political groups. Since its first moments, the civil war crossed the Spanish and European borders. If, on the one hand, there was a direct and indirect involvement of the European countries, on the other hand, there was also a substantial significance in the Americas. Thus, this thesis intends to develop an approach between the roles of public and private organizations of Vargas government and the related groups of the Spanish Civil War, mainly those ones under the General Francisco Francos control. The attitudes of public bodies as the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Coffee Department, it had a key role to an unofficial support to the insurgents, meanwhile, the diplomatic representations of Spanish Second Republic were gradually sent to a marginal condition.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Oliveira de Lima.pdf: 1067597 bytes, checksum: 0477cf193cd885ed517ffcafbe8d986c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The relationship between Brazil and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) holds, asignificant amount of accumulated experience, and political clashes overeconomic development models that have raised permanently, the update of the national debates regarding the positioning of the country in their international relations. To this end, the Brazilian foreign policy, faced with new dilemmas at the end of World War II, was rearticulated in his paper, integration and performance inInternational Economics and Financial Macroeconomics during the formation ofthe Bretton Woods institutions. Roads were built for the relationship between Brazil and the international financial institutions in the postwar period. In this sense, the Bank of Brazil, the person had new facilities for technical visits for the exchange of international financial transactions. And a special department was created in the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the Department of Financial Policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DPF-MRE), aimed at advising the Executive and the Finance Ministry. Peremptorily, the DPF producedstrategic lines of action in multilateral environment, in response to ongoing financial globalization. The job monitor that records produced by the DPF, awareof the relationship between the Brazilian authorities in the IMF in financial strife in the second half of the twentieth century. Empirically, the documentation obtainedby the Historical Archives of the Foreign Ministry, jointly deal with the literaturediscussions, criticisms and contributions of the authors and the subject matter.The narrative cycle through policy formulation and discussions that led to the structuring of an external financial policy for international development / A relação do Brasil com o Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI) guarda, uma expressiva quantidade de experiências acumuladas, bem como embates políticos sobre os modelos de desenvolvimento econômico que, suscitaram, permanentemente, a atualização dos debates nacionais no que diz respeito ao posicionamento do país nas suas relações internacionais. Para tanto, a política externa brasileira, diante de novos dilemas, ao término da Segunda Guerra Mundial, foi rearticulada em seu papel, inserção e atuação na Economia Internacional e Macroeconomia Financeira durante o período de formação das instituições de Bretton Woods. Caminhos foram construídos para a relação do Brasil com os organismos financeiros internacionais neste período de pósguerra. Nesse sentido, o Banco do Brasil, dispôs de novas instalações para as visitas técnicas internacionais para o intercâmbio das operações financeiras. E um departamento específico foi criado pela Secretaria de Estado das Relações Exteriores, o Departamento de Política Financeira do Ministério das Relações Exteriores (DPF-MRE), com o objetivo de assessoramento do Poder Executivo e Ministério da Fazenda. Peremptoriamente, o DPF-MRE produziu linhas de atuação estratégica em ambiente multilateral, em resposta a Globalização Financeira em curso. O trabalho acompanhará os registros produzidos pelo DPF que, dão conta do relacionamento de autoridades brasileiras no FMI, em contendas financeiras na segunda metade do século XX. Empiricamente, a documentação obtida no Arquivo Histórico do Itamaraty, em conjunto a literatura tratará as discussões, críticas e contribuições dos autores ao tema e assunto. A narrativa percorrerá as formulações políticas e as discussões que levaram a estruturação de uma política externa financeira para o desenvolvimento internacional

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Oliveira de Lima.pdf: 1067597 bytes, checksum: 0477cf193cd885ed517ffcafbe8d986c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The relationship between Brazil and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) holds, asignificant amount of accumulated experience, and political clashes overeconomic development models that have raised permanently, the update of the national debates regarding the positioning of the country in their international relations. To this end, the Brazilian foreign policy, faced with new dilemmas at the end of World War II, was rearticulated in his paper, integration and performance inInternational Economics and Financial Macroeconomics during the formation ofthe Bretton Woods institutions. Roads were built for the relationship between Brazil and the international financial institutions in the postwar period. In this sense, the Bank of Brazil, the person had new facilities for technical visits for the exchange of international financial transactions. And a special department was created in the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the Department of Financial Policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DPF-MRE), aimed at advising the Executive and the Finance Ministry. Peremptorily, the DPF producedstrategic lines of action in multilateral environment, in response to ongoing financial globalization. The job monitor that records produced by the DPF, awareof the relationship between the Brazilian authorities in the IMF in financial strife in the second half of the twentieth century. Empirically, the documentation obtainedby the Historical Archives of the Foreign Ministry, jointly deal with the literaturediscussions, criticisms and contributions of the authors and the subject matter.The narrative cycle through policy formulation and discussions that led to the structuring of an external financial policy for international development / A relação do Brasil com o Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI) guarda, uma expressiva quantidade de experiências acumuladas, bem como embates políticos sobre os modelos de desenvolvimento econômico que, suscitaram, permanentemente, a atualização dos debates nacionais no que diz respeito ao posicionamento do país nas suas relações internacionais. Para tanto, a política externa brasileira, diante de novos dilemas, ao término da Segunda Guerra Mundial, foi rearticulada em seu papel, inserção e atuação na Economia Internacional e Macroeconomia Financeira durante o período de formação das instituições de Bretton Woods. Caminhos foram construídos para a relação do Brasil com os organismos financeiros internacionais neste período de pósguerra. Nesse sentido, o Banco do Brasil, dispôs de novas instalações para as visitas técnicas internacionais para o intercâmbio das operações financeiras. E um departamento específico foi criado pela Secretaria de Estado das Relações Exteriores, o Departamento de Política Financeira do Ministério das Relações Exteriores (DPF-MRE), com o objetivo de assessoramento do Poder Executivo e Ministério da Fazenda. Peremptoriamente, o DPF-MRE produziu linhas de atuação estratégica em ambiente multilateral, em resposta a Globalização Financeira em curso. O trabalho acompanhará os registros produzidos pelo DPF que, dão conta do relacionamento de autoridades brasileiras no FMI, em contendas financeiras na segunda metade do século XX. Empiricamente, a documentação obtida no Arquivo Histórico do Itamaraty, em conjunto a literatura tratará as discussões, críticas e contribuições dos autores ao tema e assunto. A narrativa percorrerá as formulações políticas e as discussões que levaram a estruturação de uma política externa financeira para o desenvolvimento internacional

O período que vai da segunda metade do século XVIII ao primeiro quartel do século XIX foi marcado por grandes transformações políticas e econômicas na Europa e no mundo Ocidental. O aumento populacional, bem como as transformações tecnológicas que causaram a Revolução Industrial e que advieram dela e a crise do Antigo Regime e do Antigo Sistema Colonial foram fatores estruturais que causaram importantes mudanças. Além disso, houveram conflitos bélicos e reconfiguração de alianças e rotas comerciais. As relações entre Portugal, Brasil e Estados Unidos foram profundamente influenciadas por esse panorama. O estabelecimento das relações comerciais e diplomáticas entre Portugal e Estados Unidos, sua consolidação ao longo dos primeiros anos do século XIX e as mudanças advindas da transferência da corte para o Brasil são analisados através de cartas e ofícios diplomáticos e da composição e saldo do comércio externo dos três países. / The period from the second half of the eighteenth century to the first quarter of the nineteenth century was marked by great political and economic changes in Europe and the Occident. The population growth as well as the technological changes that caused the Industrial Revolution and result from it, and the crisis of the Ancien Régime and of the Old Colonial System were structural factors that have caused major changes. Furthermore, the period went through military conflicts and reconfiguration of alliances and trade routes. The Relations between Portugal, Brazil and the United States were deeply influenced by this scenario. The establishment of trade and diplomatic relations between Portugal and the United States, its consolidation during the early years of the nineteenth century and changes arising from the transfer of the court to Brazil are to be analyzed through diplomatic letters and official documents and the composition and balance of foreign trade of the three countries.