Les volcans bouclier basaltiques se déforment sous leur propre poids, tout particulièrement en période d'éruption. À Hawaii, cette déformation co-éruptive est en majeure partie expliquée par un plan de décollement à la base des édifices, dont le glissement serait associé à la force de poussée des intrusions dans les «rift zones» (i.e. concentration de dykes subverticaux dans les zones de faiblesse de l'édifice). Cependant, cette explication n'est pas valable pour beaucoup d'autres volcans basaltiques, où l'existence d'un décollement est peu probable. Nous avons profité de l'incision intense du Piton des Neiges (La Réunion) par l'érosion pour observer la structure interne d'un volcan basaltique, et comprendre, par le terrain et la modélisation numérique, comment la déformation d'un tel édifice s'articule avec son activité magmatique. Notre étude structurale révèle que trois populations d'intrusions perpendiculaires (deux subverticales et une subhorizontale) coexistent, et que les principales zones de faiblesses sont des «sill zones» (i.e. concentrations d'intrusions subhorizontales), Parallèlement, notre étude des déformations, essentiellement cassantes, révèle que deux extensions perpendiculaires dominent dans l'édifice, avec l'apparition de régimes localement décrochants et même compressifs à proximité des sill zones. Les directions de déformations et les directions d'intrusions sont compatibles et coïncident aussi avec la direction d'écoulement des grandes avalanches de débris qui ont affectée le Piton des Neiges au cours de son histoire. À partir de ces données de terrain, nous proposons un modèle de déformation du Piton des Neiges où les intrusions dans l'édifice génèrent des cycles de permutations de contraintes. Le stade ultime de chaque cycle serait la mise en place de sills en régime compressif. En testant numériquement l'effet de telles injections sur la déformation d'un édifice, nous montrons que les sills peuvent être un facteur majeur d'instabilité, capable de conduire à des déstabilisations de flanc telles que les avalanches observées. Notre modèle conceptuel, déduit du terrain et quantifié par la modélisation, constitue ainsi une alternative au modèle de déformation hawaiien, applicable sur des édifices tels que le Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion), Tenerife (Canaries) et Fernandina (Galapagos). Notre étude démontre enfin l'intérêt essentiel d'étudier les systèmes anciens pour mieux comprendre les volcans actifs. / Basaltic shield volcanoes deform under their own weight, especially during eruptive periods. In Hawaii, this co-eruptive deformation is mainly explained by slip events on a basal decollement plane, related to the forceful intrusion of magma into “rift zones”(i.e. high concentration of subvertical dikes in weakness areas). However, this explanation is not valid on many other basaltic shields where the existence of basal decollements is unlikely. We used the deep incision of Piton des Neiges volcano (La Réunion) to observe the internalstructure of a basaltic shield.By coupling a field work and a numerical study, we aimed at understand how deformation interacts with magmatic activity on such an edifice. Our structural study reveals that three populations of perpendicular intrusions coexist and that the main weakness areas are “sill zones” (i.e. high concentration of low-­dipping intrusions). In parallel, our study of brittle deformation structures shows that two perpendicular extensional stress fields dominate in the edifice and that strike-­slip and compressional regimes appear near sill zones. The directions of deformation are compatible with the orientations of intrusions and are also consistent with the directions of emplacement of large debris avalanches, which occurred on Piton des Neiges during its evolution. From these field data, we propose a deformation model of Piton des Neiges volcano where magma intrusion in the edifice generates cycles of stress permutations. The ultimate stage of each cycle consists in sill intrusion under a compressional regime. The numerical simulations, testing the influence of such injections on edifice deformation, reveal that sills can be major instability factors, capable of triggering large flank collapses. Our conceptual model, inferred from field work and quantified by numerical models, thus constitutes an alternative to the Hawaiian model of deformation, applicable on edifices like Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion), Tenerife (Canary) or Fernandina (Galapagos). Our study finally demonstrates the essential interest of studying old eroded systems to understand active volcanoes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:19:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MELLO_Waldomiro_2014.pdf: 2920239 bytes, checksum: a0ba2a82065620b41788d178ed20df21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-29 / In this work we have compared the way graphene oxide nanoplatelets are nanostructured in bilayers of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and reduced graphene oxide stabilized in poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (GPSS), called as (PDDA-GPSS)n, with n representing the number of deposited bilayers. LbL (layer-by-layer) films were fabricated by the self-assembly technique throughout the dipping, spray and dynamic methodologies, available at Laboratory FINEP1, UFSCar, campus Sorocaba. When compared with other bottom-up strategies employed in the build-up of nanostructured ultrathin films, the LbL technique is simple, cheap and easy to handle, beside the incorporation of distinct materials in the film structure, not limited to the form and size of substrates. The times used for the polyelectrolytes in the dipping and dynamic methods were based on the kinetic growth of the (PDDA-GPSS)8 films. In the spray methodology the time used was based initially in the literature and further confirmed by experimental data considering pressure and spray time. All nanostructures formed were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, profilometry and impedance spectroscopy. In all cases it was observed a linear growth of the LbL structures, pointing that the same amount of material was adsorbed at each deposition step. Films obtained from the dynamic methodology indicated higher amount of material adsorbed in the nanostructures, and by an adequate control of the parameters used in the self-assembly methods by physical adsorption one can make a fine tuning regarding to the spontaneous aggregation of the nanoplatelets at solid interfaces. / Neste trabalho comparamos a forma com a qual as nanofolhas de grafeno são nanoestruturadas em bicamadas de poli(cloreto de dialildimetilamônio) (PDDA) e grafeno estabilizado em poli(estireno sulfonato de sódio) (GPSS), designados por (PDDA-GPSS)n sendo n o número de bicamadas depositadas. Os filmes foram fabricados com a técnica de automontagem por adsorção física (LbL, do inglês Layer-by-Layer), utilizando os métodos de imersão, spray e dinâmico, disponíveis no Laboratório Finep1 da UFSCar, campus Sorocaba. Comparada a outras estratégias bottom-up empregadas na construção de filmes ultrafinos nanoestruturados, a técnica LbL é simples, barata e de fácil aplicação, além de permitir a incorporação de diferentes materiais, e não estar limitada quanto à forma e o tamanho dos substratos. Os tempos para a aplicação dos polieletrólitos por imersão e pelo método dinâmico foram estabelecidos com base nas cinéticas de crescimento de filmes (PDDA-GPSS)8. Para o método de spray os tempos foram estabelecidos inicialmente com base na literatura, e depois confirmados em ensaios de crescimento, tendo como variáveis a pressão de ar e o tempo de spray. As nanoestruturas foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta e do visível, microscopia de força atômica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, perfilometria e espectroscopia de impedância. Em todos os casos foi observado crescimento linear das estruturas LbL, indicando mesma quantidade de material adsorvido a cada etapa de deposição. Os filmes obtidos pelo método dinâmico indicaram maior quantidade de material agregado nas nanoestruturas, e pelo controle adequado nos parâmetros utilizados nos métodos de automontagem por adsorção física podemos realizar um ajuste fino em relação à agregação espontânea de nanofolhas de grafeno em interfaces sólidas

A detailed structural study of Rock Canyon (near Provo, Utah) provides insight into Wasatch Range tectonics and fold-thrust belt kinematics. Excellent exposures along the E-W trending canyon allow the use of digital photography in conjunction with traditional field methods for a thorough analysis of Rock Canyon's structural features. Detailed photomontages and geometric and kinematic analyses of some structural features help to pinpoint deformation mechanisms active during the canyon's tectonic history. Large-scale images and these structural data are synthesized in a balanced cross section, which is used to reconstruct the structural evolution of this portion of the range. Projection of surficial features into the subsurface produces geometrical relationships that correlate well with a fault-bend fold model involving one or more subsurface imbrications. Kinematic data (e.g. slickenlines, fractures, fold axes) indicate that the maximum stress direction during formation of the fault-bend fold trended at approximately 120°. Following initial thrusting, uplift and development of a thrust splay produced by duplexing may have caused a shift in local stresses in the forelimb of the Rock Canyon anticline leading to late-stage normal faulting during Sevier compression. These normal faults may have activated deformed zones previously caused by Sevier folding, and reactivated early-stage decollements found in the folded weak shale units and shaly limestones. Movement on most of these normal faults roughly parallels stress directions found during initial thrusting indicating that these extensional features may be coeval with thrusting. Other zones of extension and brittle failure produced by lower ramp geometry appear to have been activated during Tertiary Basin and Range extension along the Wasatch Fault Zone. Slickenline data on these later normal faults suggest a transport direction of nearly E-W distinguishing it from earlier events.

No description available.

Auf dielektrische Substrate wurden Schichten aus Gold thermisch aufgedampft. Die Schichten wurden neben anderen Methoden wie AFM oder der Messung der Schichtleitfähigkeiten hauptsächlich mit Hilfe der spektroskopischen IR-Ellipsometrie (SIRE) in einem Schichtdickenbereich von 4 bis 60 nm systematisch untersucht. Aus den primär ermittelten ellipsometrischen Parametern tan(Psi) und Delta lassen sich der Brechungsindex n und der Absorptionsindex k bestimmen und auch weitere Größen wie z.B. der elektrische Widerstand bzw. die elektrische Leitfähigkeit errechnen. Die untersuchten Schichten lassen sich anhand der optischen, topographischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften in drei Gruppen einteilen: Dielektrische, aus isolierten Goldinseln bestehende Filme (4 bis 6 nm), Schichten in einem Übergangsbereich (8 bis ca. 16 nm), metallische Schichten (ab ca. 16 nm). Die dielektrischen Goldinselfilme zeigen optische Eigenschaften, die bislang für keine anderen Proben beschrieben worden sind. Der Brechungsindex n ist hoch (4 bis 9 bei 2400/cm) und der Absorptionsindex k klein (0 bis 4 bei 2400/cm). Beide Indizes sind spektral weitgehend konstant. Daß diese Filme dielektrische Eigenschaften besitzen, steht in direktem Widerspruch zur allgemeinen SEIRA-Literatur. Die Inselstruktur der dielektrischen Filme verursacht einen Verstärkungseffekt, der als Oberflächenverstärkte Infrarotabsorption (surface-enhanced infrared absorption - SEIRA) bekannt ist. Es zeigte sich, daß die optischen Konstanten der Filme einen erheblichen Einfluß auf die SEIRA-Verstärkung ausüben. Um Inselfilme mit reproduzierbaren optischen Eigenschaften herstellen zu können, wurde ein lithographisches Verfahren entwickelt. Auf einer geschlossenen, homogenen Goldschicht wurden monodisperse Nanopartikel aus Polystyrol (PS) in einer Monolage deponiert. Die PS-Nanopartikel dienten in einem trockenen Ätzprozeß im Ar-Plasma als lithographische Maske, um die darunterliegende Au-Schicht zu strukturieren. / Thin films were produced on dielectric substrates by thermal evaporation of gold in a high vacuum chamber. These films were investigated systematically in a range between 4 and 60 nm thickness. The method mainly applied was the spectroscopic IR-ellipsometry (SIRE), in addition to other methods like AFM or sheet resistance measurement. The primary results are the ellipsometric parameters tan(Psi) and Delta. They were used to determine the refractive index n and the absorption index k. Electrical parameters can also be calculated. Depending on the optical, topographical and electrical properties the population of different layers can be divided into three parts: dielectric films with isolated gold islands (4 to 6 nm), layers in a transient area (8 to ca. 16 nm), metal films (ca. 16 to 60 nm). The optical properties shown by dielectric gold island films were never before described for other samples. The refractive index n is high (4 to 9 at 2400/cm) and the absorption index small (0 to 4 at 2400/cm). Both indices are nearly constant in the spectral range. Directly in contrast to the SEIRA-literature the island films show dielectric properties. The island structure of the dielectric films gives rise to an enhancement effect called surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA). It could be shown that the optical constants of the island films have a considerable influence on the enhancement factors. A lithographic method was developed in order to find a way for manufacturing island films with reproducible optical properties. Monodispers polystyrene nanoparticles were deposited in a monolayer on a dense gold layer on a dielectric substrate. The layer of nanoparticles was used as a mask for a dry etch process in a reactive Ar-plasma.