Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4300715 bytes, checksum: 6618808ff4fc3b330190a5a4b7fe14f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, a portable LED - NIR double beam micro-processor controlled photometer for non-destructive/non-invasive screening and quantitative analysis of injectable medicines was developed to assess conformity with values established by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The product analyzed was injectable dipyrone (1g/2 mL) sold in amber colored vials of 1.1 cm outer diameter, and 6 cm in height. Initially, spectroscopic studies were carried out employing a commercial spectrophotometer to assess the best NIR spectrum regions that might be used. The instrument developed used two twin LEDs with NIR radiation emissions rated at 1050 ± 50 nm. Two InGaAs photodiodes (also identical), and a PIC18F455 microcontroller were used as well. The output of the instrument used a PIC microcontroller coupled to a 20x2 liquid crystal display which communicated with a PC by USB 2.0 for communication. The instrument evaluated commercial dipyrone injection samples using absorbance measurements made directly from ampoules of the injectable medicines. The photometer was calibrated with standard solutions of dipyrone, and its performance was evaluated by an analysis of 620 of the commercial dipyrone injection samples, where 320 were expired. The instrument had a high success rate for screening analysis (91%). For quantitative determination of the active dipyrone, a linear response was obtained [R2 = 0.9964, A = 0.0068 + 0.0043 C (% w/v)] in the concentration range of 5 to 60% m/v. We also obtained a low relative error of 0.40%, and good accuracy in the analyses with a relative standard deviation of 2.13%. / Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um fotômetro LED-NIR duplo feixe microcontrolado e portátil para análise screening e quantitativa de medicamentos injetáveis de forma não destrutiva/não invasiva, visando investigar a conformidade desses com os valores estabelecidos na Farmacopéia Brasileira. O medicamento analisado foi a dipirona sódica injetável 1g/2mL, comercializados em ampolas de coloração âmbar. Foram realizados inicialmente estudos espectroscópicos empregando um espectrofotômetro comercial para avaliar quais as melhores regiões do espectro NIR que poderiam ser empregadas para a determinação da espécie de interesse. O instrumento desenvolvido utiliza dois LEDs-NIR com emissão de radiação nominal em 1050 ± 50 nm gêmeos (de mesmas especificações técnicas), dois fotodiodos de InGaAs também idênticos e um microcontrolador PIC18F455. Como dispositivos de saída do instrumento foram empregados o microcontrolador PIC acoplado a um display de cristal líquido 20x2, o qual também se comunica com um microcomputador portátil por comunicação USB 2.0. O instrumento foi avaliado com amostras comerciais de dipirona sódica injetável por medidas de absorbância efetuadas diretamente nas ampolas dos medicamentos injetáveis. O fotômetro foi calibrado com soluções padrão de dipirona e seu desempenho foi avaliado na análise de 620 amostras comerciais de dipirona injetável, das quais 320 apresentavam prazo de validade expirado. O instrumento obteve elevado índice de acerto para a análise screening (91%). Para determinação quantitativa do princípio ativo dipirona, uma resposta linear foi obtida [R2 = 0,9964, A = 0,0068 + 0,0043 C (% m/v)] na faixa de concentração de: 5 a 60 % m/v. Também foi obtido um baixo erro relativo conjunto (0,40 %) e boa precisão nas análises (desvio padrão relativo conjunto = 2,13%).

Orientador: Carlos Amilcar Parada / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T11:05:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DosSantos_GilsonGoncalves_M.pdf: 2757194 bytes, checksum: 3b5bda3ca0fc7912d13b42ba51399734 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A dipirona (metamizol) é um pró-fármaco analgésico utilizado no controle da dor moderada, sendo metabolizada em dois metabolitos bioativos: 4-metil-aminoantipirina (4-MAA) e 4-aminoantipirina (4-AA). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a participação de receptores canabinóides periféricos, CB1, CB2 e canais de KATP sobre o efeito anti-hiperalgésico da dipirona, 4-MAA ou 4- AA. Para indução de hiperalgesia, PGE2 (100 ng/pata ) foi administrada localmente na pata traseira de ratos Wistar machos, e o limiar hiperalgésico mecânico foi quantificado por Von- Frey eletrônico, antes e três horas após a injeção. Dipirona, 4-MAA ou 4-AA foram administrados 30 minutos antes do Von Frey. Os antagonistas seletivos do receptor CB1 (AM251), CB2 (AM630) e glibenclamida, um bloqueador KATP (80 ug) ou ODQ um inibidor de cGMP (32 ?g) foram administrados 30 minutos antes da Dipirona, 4-MAA ou 4 -AA. O ODN-antisense para reduzir a expressão do receptor CB1 (30 ?g) foi administrado por via intratecal, uma vez por dia durante quatro dias consecutivos. A hiperalgesia mecânica induzida pela PGE2 foi reduzida pela dipirona, 4-MAA, e 4-AA de maneira dose-dependente. AM251 ou ODN-antisense contra o receptor neuronal CB1, mas não AM630, reduziu o efeito anti-hiperalgésico mediado por 4-AA, mas não da dipirona ou 4-MAA. Por outro lado, o efeito anti-hiperalgésico da dipirona, ou 4-MAA foi revertido por glibenclamida ou ODQ. Os resultados sugerem que a ativação de receptores neuronal CB1, mas não do receptor CB2, no tecido periférico esteja envolvido no efeito anti-hiperalgésico do metabólito 4-AA. Além disso, a dipirona e 4-MAA possui um efeito anti-hiperalgesico dependente de cGMP e consequente abertura KATP / Abstract: Dipyrone (metamizole) is an analgesic pro-drug used to control moderate pain. It is metabolized in two bioactive metabolites: 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA). The aim of this study was to investigate the participation of peripheral CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors activation on the anti-hyperalgesic effect of Dypirone, 4-MAA or 4-AA. For induction of hyperalgesia, PGE2 (100 ng) was locally administrated in hindpaw of male Wistar rats, and the mechanical nociceptive threshold was quantified by electronic von-Frey, before and 3 hours after its injection. Dypirone, 4-MAA or 4-AA was administrated 30 minutes before the von-Frey test. The selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251, CB2 receptor antagonist AM630, cGMP inhibitor ODQ (32 ?g) or KATP blocker glibenclamide (80 ?g) was administrated 30 minutes before Dypirone, 4-MAA or 4-AA. The antisense-ODN against CB1 receptor expression (30 ?g) was intrathecally administrated once a day during four consecutive days. PGE2-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was inhibited by dypirone, 4-MAA, and 4-AA in a dose-response manner. AM251 or ODN anti-sense against neuronal CB1 receptor, but not AM630, reversed the antihyperalgesic effect mediated by 4-AA, but not by dypirone or 4-MAA. On the other hand, the anti-hyperalgesic effect of dypirone or 4-MAA was reversed by Glibenclamide or ODQ. These results suggest that the activation of neuronal CB1, but not CB2 receptor, in the peripheral tissue is involved in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of 4-aminoantipyrine. In addition, 4- methylaminontipyrine mediates anti-hyperalgesic effect by the cGMP activation and the KATP opening / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Background: Dipyrone (metamizole) is one of the most widely used non-opioid analgesics for the treatment of cancer pain. Aim: Because evidence-based recommendations are not yet available, a systematic review was conducted for the German Guideline Program in Oncology to provide recommendations for the use of dipyrone in cancer pain. Design: First, a systematic review for clinical trials assessing dipyrone in adult patients with cancer pain was conducted. Endpoints were pain intensity, opioid-sparing effects, safety, and quality of life. Data sources: The search was performed in MedLine, Embase (via Ovid), and the Cochrane Library (1948–2013) and additional hand search was conducted. Finally, recommendations were developed and agreed in a formal structured consensus process by 53 representatives of scientific medical societies and 49 experts. Results: Of 177 retrieved studies, 4 could be included (3 randomized controlled trials and 1 cohort study, n = 252 patients): dipyrone significantly decreased pain intensity compared to placebo, even if low doses (1.5–2 g/day) were used. Higher doses (3 × 2 g/day) were more effective than low doses (3 × 1 g/day), but equally effective as 60 mg oral morphine/day. Pain reduction of dipyrone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not differ significantly. Compared to placebo, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and morphine, the incidence of adverse effects was not increased. Conclusion: Dipyrone can be recommended for the treatment of cancer pain as an alternative to other non-opioids either alone or in combination with opioids. It can be preferred over non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs due to the presumably favorable side effect profile in long-term use, but comparative studies are not available for long-term use.