Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NedjaLL_DISSERT.pdf: 857167 bytes, checksum: 49e2682be8b2ef467c548d20ef43c71c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-09 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / This paper attempts to investigate the discourse manifestations of the grammatical relation direct object with respect to the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties that underlie this element. The research adopts theoretical orientation of the functionalism from North American and Brazilian schools inspired in Giv?n (1995, 2001), Hopper and Thompson (1980), Chafe (1979), Furtado da Cunha, Oliveira, Martelotta (2003) inter alia. From functionalism, the research uses principles of iconicity, markedness and informativity and it analize categories of transitivity, grounding and animacy. This research is anchored in prototype model (TAYLOR 1995); construction grammar model (GOLDBERG 1996, 2002). Both theoretical orientations share the view that language is a malleable living organism subject to socio-cultural context. Grammar is then the result of created, maintained, and systematized linguistic patterns developed from and used for language use. According to a functional linguistics and cognitivist linguistics verbs are stored in the speakers lexicon in syntactic-semantic frames which are more frequent. These frames carry information concerning obligatory and optional arguments and the semantic roles these arguments take in the clause. The analysis focuses on the semantic type of the verbs and its relationship with the argument encoded as a direct object observing the aspectual nature of verbs. Direct objects are classified according to their morphology (lexical or pronominal noun phrase), semantic role, informational content and animacy. This study discusses pedagogical implications with relation to how the grammatical concepts touched on this paper are treated in school textbooks. The empirical data come from Corpus Discurso & Gram?tica: a l?ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998). This corpus is composed of texts that contain spoken and written modalities. These modalities are in turn organized according to different types: personal narratives, retold narrative, description of preferred place, procedural place, procedural description and report on argumentation. The sample data totals 40 texts produced by four language consultants of the last graduation date. The paper shows that the same syntactic structures (formed through Subject-Verb-Object) correspond to different semantic-pragmatic structures in relation to specific communicative purposes even verb is an event, process or state. The argument structure are not aleatory but are related to experience; that is the way humans conceptualize the world and talk about it / Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar as manifesta??es discursivas da rela??o gramatical objeto direto, tomando por base os n?veis sint?tico-sem?ntico e discursivo-pragm?tico que subjazem ? manifesta??o desse elemento. Para isso, a pesquisa ? orientada pelo quadro te?rico do funcionalismo, na sua vertente norte-americana e brasileira, de inspira??o em Giv?n (1995, 2001), Hopper e Thompson (1980), Chafe (1979), Furtado da Cunha, Oliveira, Martelotta (2003), entre outros. Do ponto de vista dessa corrente te?rica, a pesquisa aplica os princ?pios de iconicidade, marca??o e informatividade, e examina as categorias transitividade, plano discursivo e animacidade. A pesquisa se ancora, ainda, na lingu?stica cognitiva, em especial, no modelo dos prot?tipos (TAYLOR, 1995) e da gram?tica das constru??es (GOLDBERG, 1996, 2002). Essas duas correntes te?ricas compartilham a vis?o de que a l?ngua ? um organismo vivo e male?vel, sujeito ?s press?es oriundas dos contextos socioculturais. A gram?tica, por sua vez, ? o resultado de padr?es lingu?sticos criados, mantidos e sistematizados no e para o uso da l?ngua. De acordo com a lingu?stica funcional e a lingu?stica cognitiva, os verbos s?o armazenados no l?xico do falante em molduras, ou enquadres sint?tico-sem?nticos, que s?o mais frequentes no uso interacional da l?ngua. Essas molduras trazem informa??o sobre que argumentos s?o obrigat?rios e quais s?o opcionais, bem como que pap?is sem?nticos esses argumentos desempenham na ora??o. A an?lise prioriza os tipos sem?nticos de verbo e sua rela??o com o argumento codificado sintaticamente como objeto direto, observando, ainda, a natureza aspectual dos verbos. Os objetos diretos s?o classificados quanto ? codifica??o morfol?gica (Sintagma Nominal lexical ou Sintagma Nominal pronominal), papel sem?ntico, status informacional e animacidade. O trabalho busca estabelecer uma ponte entre teoria lingu?stica e ensino de l?ngua, na medida em que examina os fen?menos relacionados ? estrutura argumental e a maneira como esses fen?menos s?o tratados no ?mbito dos livros did?ticos escolares. A fonte dos dados emp?ricos ? o Corpus Discurso & Gram?tica: a l?ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998), composto por textos na modalidade falada e seus correspondentes na modalidade escrita, que se configuram em diferentes tipos, a saber: narrativa de experi?ncia pessoal, narrativa recontada, descri??o de local, relato de procedimento e relato de opini?o. As amostras totalizam um conjunto de quarenta textos produzidos por quatro informantes do ?ltimo per?odo universit?rio. O trabalho evidencia que uma mesma estrutura sint?tica (formada por Sujeito Verbo Objeto) corresponde a diferentes estruturas sem?nticopragm?ticas, relacionadas a determinados fins comunicativos, seja o verbo de evento, processo ou estado. Essas estruturas argumentais n?o s?o aleat?rias, mas est?o relacionadas ? experi?ncia, isto ?, ao modo como os seres humanos apreendem o mundo e falam sobre ele

This research aims to find out whether and to what extent the valency of psych-verbs influences the word order in the Dutch sentence. Valency is defined as the ability of a verb to bind a number of elements in order to form a grammatically correct sentence. However, valency has to be seen not only from the syntactic, but also from the semantic point of view. In other words, we are not only interested in the number of elements a verb requires, but also in the semantic features of these elements. It has been noted by a number of linguists that certain verbs allow for the nominal subject to be placed behind the nominal direct or indirect object in the middle field of the Dutch sentence, i.e. between the finite verb and the final verb cluster in the main clause or between the complementizer and the verb cluster in the subordinate clause. This is contrary to the tendency to put nominal subject before the nominal object in the middle field. Most of the verbs described to behave in this manner are called psych-verbs or psychological verbs. These verbs refer to a situation in which an animate entity is subject to a change of psychological state. The analysis of sentences with psych-verbs has shown that animacy is the most important factor to influence word order in the middle field, followed by the...

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Mit der Interaktionstechnik der "direkten Objektmanipulation" für virtuelle Umgebungen wird angestrebt, virtuelle Objekte genauso realistisch und flexibel handhaben zu können, wie das bei realen Objekten der Fall ist. Das bedeutet, virtuelle Objekte können mittels eines Handmodells direkt berührt, ergriffen, getragen, gedrückt und gezogen werden. Diese Interaktionstechnik findet vor allem dort Anwendung, wo Objektmanipulationen möglichst realistisch simuliert und erfasst werden sollen, z.B. bei Ergonomieuntersuchungen, virtuellem Prototyping, Trainingssimulationen usw. Neben einigen Ansätzen zur technischen Umsetzung von direkten Objektmanipulationen werden in dieser Arbeit vor allem Konzepte und Verfahren entwickelt und vorgestellt, die eine Erfassung und Analyse von Benutzerinteraktionen unter Verwendung dieser Interaktionstechnik ermöglichen. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt dabei die Untersuchung von Greifvorgängen, insbesondere die automatische Erkennung von Greifarten. Dazu wurden mehrere ausführliche empirische Studien mit einer neuartigen systematischen Methodik durchgeführt, woraus sich Empfehlungen für die Wahl von Klassifikationsverfahren und die Zusammensetzung der Merkmale ergeben. Ein weiteres Ergebnis ist eine neue Taxonomie von Greifarten, die speziell auf den Einsatz in virtueller Realität zugeschnitten ist und sich durch die Integration nicht-prehensiler Greifarten auszeichnet. Als weiterer wesentlicher Beitrag wird ein Analyseverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem der kontinuierliche Strom von Bewegungs- und Interaktionsdaten in Sequenzen von diskreten sinntragenden Basisinteraktionen zerlegt werden kann. Diese Sequenzen können anschließend manuell ausgewertet oder im Rahmen des "Action Capture"-Verfahrens in eine abstrakte Aktionsrepräsentation überführt und durch unterschiedliche virtuelle Figuren wiedergegeben werden.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-28T18:43:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Rennan Furtado.pdf: 3276259 bytes, checksum: 8cafeadb184e367812582c17e230792f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T18:43:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Rennan Furtado.pdf: 3276259 bytes, checksum: 8cafeadb184e367812582c17e230792f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / CAPES / This work aims to develop a didactic mediation, of collaborative basis, for anaphoric direct objetcs study and use, from stand up comedy discursive genre, in groups of youngsters and adults who did not continue their studies and those who have not joined primary and/or elementary school at appropriate age. This is youth and adults education (EJA). The aim is to encourage student's participation in Portuguese classes, in public schools of the State of Rio de Janeiro (NEJA) assuming that the use of stand up comedy discursive genre would stimulate them to develop reading activities, textual production and reflection on linguistic uses, focusing on the study and use of anaphoric direct object. For this purpose, this research was based on Collaborative Learning Theory (BEHRENS, 2013), which enabled the organicity of mediation in order to promote a participatory education in which the interaction between student and teacher is the basis of the work. In addition, in linguistic theories we searched assumptions to justify the proposal. Namely: Referencing Theory (KOCH and ELIAS, 2012; CHAN, 2004) and the continuous variation of Linguistics (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005), with emphasis on continuous orality-literacy. The first one allowed the understanding of anaphoric relations, especially the Anaphoric Direct Objetc one, in a text; the second one enabled the recognition that linguistic accomplishments, variables, such as those in this category, are in a continuous line rather than on opposite sides. We also keep this continuous association with the discursive genres continuous proposed by Marcuschi (2001). This work also aimed to achieve specific objectives in Portuguese classes just as teaching referral strategies in acusativess forms, as well as other more general like promoting discussion, the collectivity, the sharing of ideas and mutual respect between teacher and students. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver uma media??o did?tica, de base colaborativa, para estudo e uso do objeto direto anaf?rico (ODA), a partir do g?nero discursivo stand-up comedy, em turmas de educa??o para jovens e adultos que n?o deram continuidade aos estudos e para os que n?o ingressaram no Ensino Fundamental e/ou M?dio com a idade apropriada. Trata-se do segmento Educa??o de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). Busca-se incentivar a participa??o, nas aulas de L?ngua Portuguesa, dos alunos inseridos nos cursos da Educa??o de Jovens e Adultos da rede p?blica do estado do Rio de Janeiro (NEJA), partindo-se da hip?tese de que o uso do referido g?nero os estimularia a desenvolver atividades de leitura, produ??o textual e reflex?o sobre usos lingu?sticos, com foco no estudo e uso do ODA. Para tanto, esta pesquisa baseou-se na Teoria Colaborativa de Aprendizagem (BEHRENS, 2013), que possibilitou a organicidade da media??o para promovermos um ensino participativo em que a intera??o entre aluno e professor constitui a base do trabalho. Al?m disso, buscamos, em teorias lingu?sticas, pressupostos para fundamenta??o da proposta. A saber: a teoria da Referencia??o (KOCH E ELIAS, 2012; CAVALCANTE, 2004) e a dos Cont?nuos de varia??o lingu?stica (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005), com ?nfase no cont?nuo oralidade-letramento. A primeira permitiu o entendimento das rela??es anaf?ricas, sobretudo a do ODA, em um texto; a segunda possibilitou o reconhecimento de que as realiza??es lingu?sticas, as vari?veis, como as dessa categoria, situam-se em uma linha cont?nua e n?o em lados opostos. Procedemos ainda ? associa??o desse cont?nuo com o cont?nuo dos g?neros discursivos proposto por Marcuschi (2001). Este trabalho buscou, ainda, atingir objetivos espec?ficos da disciplina de L?ngua Portuguesa, como ensinar estrat?gias de referencia??o em formas acusativas, al?m de outros mais gerais, como promover o debate, a coletividade, o compartilhamento de ideias e o respeito m?tuo entre professor e alunos.

Cette étude a pour objectif la description syntaxique et sémantique des constructions transitives non locatives à un complément d'objet direct en grec moderne : N0 V N1. Nous nous sommes appuyée sur le cadre théorique de la grammaire transformationnelle de Zellig S. Harris et sur le cadre méthodologique du Lexique-Grammaire, défini par Maurice Gross et développé au Laboratoire d'Automatique Documentaire et Linguistique. À partir de 16 560 entrées verbales morphologiques, nous procédons à la classification des constructions transitives non locatives, à partir de 24 classes distinctes, sur la base de critères formels posés. Un inventaire de 2 934 emplois verbaux à construction transitive non locative à un complément d'objet direct a été ainsi produit et scindé en neuf classes. Parmi ces emplois, 1 884 sont formellement décrits dans 9 tables de lexique-grammaire établies : plus précisément, il s'agit de celles qui impliquent des constructions à un complément d'objet direct illustrant les concepts « apparition » (table 32GA), « disparition » (32GD), objet « concret » (32GC), « partie du corps » (32GCL), substantif « humain » (32GH), substantif avec « pluriel obligatoire » (32GPL). En outre, la transformation passive est largement interdite pour les emplois verbaux recensés dans la table 32GNM, alors que les tables 32GCV et 32GRA regroupent des verbes acceptant une transformation à verbe support. Nous présentons l'application des données linguistiques recensées dans le traitement automatique des langues naturelles (TALN), avec la conversion automatique des tables en automates à états finis récursifs, suivie de nos suggestions sur leur applicabilité à la traduction en français et à l'enseignement du grec moderne (langue maternelle ou étrangère) : acquisition/apprentissage / The current research aims to provide a syntactic and semantic analysis of Modern Greek transitive non-locative constructions with one direct object: N0 V N1. Our study is based on the syntactic framework of the Transformational Grammar defined by Zellig S. Harris. We followed the Lexicon-Grammar methodology framework developed by Maurice Gross and elaborated at the LADL (Laboratoire d'Automatique Documentaire et Linguistique). Based on 16 560 morphological verbal entries, we proceeded to the classification of transitive non-locative constructions. On the basis of formal criteria we divided them into 24 distinct classes that formed an inventory of 2 934 transitive non-locative verbal uses with one direct object. Among them, 1 884 verbal uses were split into nine classes and they were formally described in 9 lexicon-grammar tables established for this purpose. More precisely, these structures include a direct object referring to the following concepts: “appearance” (32GA table), “disappearance” (32GD), “concrete” object (32GC), “body part” (32GCL), “human” object (32GH), and “obligatory plural” (32GPL). Likewise, the passive transformation is largely blocked in the 32GNM table, while the 32GCV and 32GRA tables regroup verbs accepting a support verb transformation. We present the linguistic data application in Natural Language Processing (NLP), by means of automatic tables conversion into recursive transition network automata. Moreover, we set forth our remarks on their applicability in translation from Modern Greek to French as well as in language learning/teaching (Modern Greek as first or second language)

Mit der Interaktionstechnik der "direkten Objektmanipulation" für virtuelle Umgebungen wird angestrebt, virtuelle Objekte genauso realistisch und flexibel handhaben zu können, wie das bei realen Objekten der Fall ist. Das bedeutet, virtuelle Objekte können mittels eines Handmodells direkt berührt, ergriffen, getragen, gedrückt und gezogen werden. Diese Interaktionstechnik findet vor allem dort Anwendung, wo Objektmanipulationen möglichst realistisch simuliert und erfasst werden sollen, z.B. bei Ergonomieuntersuchungen, virtuellem Prototyping, Trainingssimulationen usw. Neben einigen Ansätzen zur technischen Umsetzung von direkten Objektmanipulationen werden in dieser Arbeit vor allem Konzepte und Verfahren entwickelt und vorgestellt, die eine Erfassung und Analyse von Benutzerinteraktionen unter Verwendung dieser Interaktionstechnik ermöglichen. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt dabei die Untersuchung von Greifvorgängen, insbesondere die automatische Erkennung von Greifarten. Dazu wurden mehrere ausführliche empirische Studien mit einer neuartigen systematischen Methodik durchgeführt, woraus sich Empfehlungen für die Wahl von Klassifikationsverfahren und die Zusammensetzung der Merkmale ergeben. Ein weiteres Ergebnis ist eine neue Taxonomie von Greifarten, die speziell auf den Einsatz in virtueller Realität zugeschnitten ist und sich durch die Integration nicht-prehensiler Greifarten auszeichnet. Als weiterer wesentlicher Beitrag wird ein Analyseverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem der kontinuierliche Strom von Bewegungs- und Interaktionsdaten in Sequenzen von diskreten sinntragenden Basisinteraktionen zerlegt werden kann. Diese Sequenzen können anschließend manuell ausgewertet oder im Rahmen des "Action Capture"-Verfahrens in eine abstrakte Aktionsrepräsentation überführt und durch unterschiedliche virtuelle Figuren wiedergegeben werden.:Abbildungsverzeichnis ix Tabellenverzeichnis xiii Verzeichnis der Listings xv 1. Einleitung 1 1.1. Wissenschaftlicher Kontext und Abgrenzung 2 1.2. Zielsetzung und Beitrag 3 1.3. Aufbau der Arbeit 5 2. Interaktion in virtuellen Umgebungen 7 2.1. Grundbegriffe 7 2.2. Techniken der Interaktion in virtuellen Umgebungen 10 2.2.1. Zeigerbasierte Interaktion 10 2.2.2. Multimodale Interaktion 11 2.2.3. Direkte Objektmanipulation 12 2.3. Eingabegeräte 14 2.3.1. Positionstracker 14 2.3.2. Datenhandschuh (Cyberglove) 15 2.3.3. Fingertracker 18 2.4. Virtuelle Objekte 20 2.4.1. Funktionale Komponenten virtueller Umgebungen 20 2.4.2. Artikulierte Objekte und Stellteile 21 2.4.3. Die Industrienorm EN 894-3 für Stellteile 23 2.5. Zusammenfassung 24 3. Direkte Objektmanipulation in der Realität 25 3.1. Menschliches Greifen 25 3.1.1. Anatomische Grundbegriffe der menschlichen Hand 26 3.1.2. Eigenschaften von Greifvorgängen 28 3.2. Taxonomien von Greifarten 31 3.2.1. Greifarten nach Schlesinger 32 3.2.2. Griffkategorien nach Napier 34 3.2.3. Taxonomie von Greifarten nach Cutkosky 37 3.2.4. Taxonomie von Greifarten nach Kamakura 38 3.3. Eine spezielle Grifftaxonomie für Objektmanipulationen in VR 41 3.3.1. Anforderungen an eine Grifftaxonomie 41 3.3.2. Erfüllung dieser Anforderungen durch bestehende Taxonomien 43 3.3.3. Entwurfsprozess der Taxonomie 44 3.3.4. Detailbeschreibung der neuen Taxonomie 46 3.4. Zusammenfassung 51 4. Umsetzung direkter Objektmanipulation in virtuellen Umgebungen 53 4.1. Annotierte Objekte 53 4.1.1. Deklaration annotierter Objekte 55 4.1.2. Szenende?nitionen 58 4.1.3. Implementierung annotierter Objekte 60 4.2. Virtuelle Stellteile 62 4.2.1. Implementierung virtueller Stellteile 62 4.2.2. Stellteilereignisse 66 4.3. Virtuelles Handmodell 67 4.3.1. Deklaration des Handmodells 69 4.3.2. Implementierung des Handmodells 70 4.3.3. Physikalisches Handmodell 72 4.4. Simulation des Greifens 72 4.4.1. Implementierung der Geometrie-basierten Simulation 74 4.4.2. Implementierung der Sensor-Kräfte-basierten Simulation 75 4.4.3. Implementierung der Dynamik-basierten Simulation 76 4.5. Zusammenfassung 77 5. Automatische Erkennung von Greifarten 79 5.1. Verwandte Arbeiten 80 5.2. Methodik 81 5.3. Erkennung basierend auf Rohdaten des Cyberglove 82 5.3.1. Erste Studie (CG-S-R): Cyberglove-Rohdaten, Schlesinger-Taxonomie, reale Objekte 83 5.3.2. Anschlussstudie zur Verbesserung der Generalisierungsfähigkeit 97 5.3.3. Zweite Studie (CG-H-R): Cyberglove-Rohdaten, neue Taxonomie, reale Objekte 108 5.4. Erkennung basierend auf Gelenkwinkeln des Fingertrackings 119 5.4.1. Dritte Studie (FT3-S-R): Fingertracking, Schlesinger-Taxonomie, reale Objekte 119 5.4.2. Vierte Studie (FT5-S-V): Fingertracking, Schlesinger-Taxonomie, virtuelle Objekte 130 5.5. Vergleichende Diskussion aller Studien 143 5.6. Zusammenfassung 146 6. Erfassung und Analyse von direkten Objektmanipulationen in virtuellen Umgebungen 149 6.1. Erfassung und Aufzeichnung von Interaktionen 149 6.1.1. Ebene 0 - Rohdaten der Eingabegeräte 150 6.1.2. Ebene 1 - Bewegungsdaten der Körpermodells 151 6.1.3. Ebene 2 - Interaktionsdaten 152 6.2. Basisinteraktionen 153 6.2.1. Taxonomie von Basisinteraktionen 153 6.2.2. Detailbeschreibung der Basisinteraktionen 154 6.3. Erkennung von Basisinteraktionen 157 6.3.1. Segmentierung der Bewegungen 158 6.3.2. Verarbeitung von Kontaktinformationen 160 6.3.3. Verarbeitung von Stellteilereignissen 161 6.3.4. Weiterverarbeitung von Basisinteraktionen 162 6.4. Interaktionsereignisse 162 6.4.1. Typen von Interaktionsereignissen 163 6.4.2. XML-Format 164 6.4.3. Typabhängige Inhalte 166 6.4.4. Sequenzen von Interaktionsereignissen 171 6.4.5. Visualisierung von Interaktionsereignissen 171 6.5. Interaktionsdatenbank 172 6.5.1. Interaktionskanäle 173 6.5.2. Aufzeichnungssitzungen 174 6.6. Zusammenfassung 176 7. Beispielszenarien 179 7.1. Objekt an andere Position tragen (pick and place) 180 7.1.1. Die Werkbank-Szene 180 7.1.2. Interaktionssequenz im Detail 181 7.2. Stellteilbedienung 191 7.2.1. Die Pult-Szene 191 7.2.2. Die Interaktionssequenz mit dem Stellteil im Detail 192 7.3. Beispiel eines virtuellen Prototyps 200 7.3.1. Die Autocockpit-Szene 200 7.3.2. Aufgezeichnete Aktionssequenz 201 7.4. Zusammenfassung 203 8. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 205 8.1. Ergebnisse 205 8.2. Einbettung der Arbeit in das „Action Capture“-Verfahren 209 8.2.1. Automatische Generierung von Aktionsbeschreibungen 209 8.2.2. Erzeugung von Animationen 211 8.3. Diskussion: Limitierungen und Anwendbarkeit des vorgestellten Ansatzes 213 8.4. Ausblick 215 A. Schemata der XML-Formate 219 A.1. Interaktionsereignisse 219 A.2. Handsensoren 223 A.3. Annotierte Objekte 224 A.4. Szenenbeschreibung 226 B. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 227 Literaturverzeichnis 229

[pt] Esta tese investiga os fatores semânticos e sintáticos que afetam a codificação do objeto direto anafórico (ODA) no português brasileiro (PB). O ODA pode ser um DP pleno [+ definido], um clítico acusativo, um pronome tônico ou um elemento nulo (cuja natureza é controversa na teoria linguística). Busca-se: (i) avaliar como fatores semânticos (animacidade, especificidade e gênero conceitual), sintáticos (função sintática) e pertinentes à interface sintaxe/semântica (papel temático) afetam a codificação da retomada, em diferentes contextos sintáticos (sentenças simples e ilha sintática) e/ou discursivos (respostas a perguntas QU e complementação de narrativas curtas ou conversas informais); (ii) verificar a influência da escolarização nas estratégias de codificação do ODA; e (iii) discutir a natureza das formas nulas produzidas. O aporte teórico parte da concepção de língua veiculada no Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY,1995. 2005) e da perspectiva de produção trazida do modelo de computação gramatical em tempo real (CORRÊA, 2006; 2008; CORRÊA; AUGUSTO, 2007; em diante) no tratamento das questões ligadas à acessibilidade relativa do antecedente a ser retomado (ARIEL, 2001; ARNOLD, 2010; BOCK; WARREN, 1985; SANDERS; GERNSBACHER, 2004), quando da codificação gramatical do enunciado (LEVELT, 1989). Parte-se da hipótese de que a produção de ODAs é função das condições de processamento às quais o falante está submetido e que propriedades semânticas e sintáticas do antecedente afetam sua acessibilidade relativa, impondo restrições à codificação de sua retomada. Seis experimentos de produção eliciada são reportados. O contexto sintático influenciou a acessibilidade dos antecedentes, retomados predominantemente por DPs completos entre sentenças no discurso; e por formas mínimas (pronominais e elementos nulos), quando em sentenças complexas. Os efeitos de animacidade e de especificidade sugerem que o pronome tônico seja default para antecedentes acessíveis [+animado; +específico], enquanto o nulo o é para [-animados; mais ou menos específico], corroborando achados da literatura com produção espontânea. O gênero conceitual não foi decisivo para a retomada anafórica, mas pareceu aumentar a especificidade de antecedentes cujo gênero conceitual era conhecido. O papel temático, por si só, não é decisivo para a forma da retomada anafórica. Entretanto, a possibilidade de o elemento nulo recuperar um fato/evento descrito anteriormente o compatibiliza com uma alternativa ao clítico sentencial. O grau de escolaridade dos participantes elevou as taxas de clíticos acusativos, especialmente com antecedentes [+animado] (como alternativa aos pronomes tônicos), evidenciando a interferência da língua escrita sobre a língua falada, bem como a produtividade dessa forma para falantes com alto grau de escolaridade. A função sintática do antecedente não interferiu no ODA. A ocorrência do elemento nulo em contextos de ilha corrobora a visão de que este não seja uma variável no PB. À luz do modelo de computação em tempo real, considera-se que as condições de acesso do antecedente determinam a natureza da forma nula: se a representação da estrutura sintática do antecedente se mantiver ativa na memória de trabalho, este pode ser recuperado como uma elipse, a ser restaurada na interface semântica; se apenas seus traços phi ou a representação semântica de seu antecedente são acessíveis, ODA é codificado como pro. / [en] This thesis investigates the semantic and syntactic factors that affect the encoding of the anaphoric direct object (ADO) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). The ADO can be a full DP [+definite], an accusative clitic, a stressed pronoun, or a null element (whose nature is controversial in linguistic theory). This research aims to: (i) investigate how the semantic properties (animacy, specificity and conceptual genre) of the antecedent, its syntactic function and factors pertaining to the syntax/semantic interface (thematic role) affect the encoding of the ADO in different syntactic contexts (simple sentences and syntactic island) and/or discourse (answers to WH-questions and continuations of short narratives or informal conversations); (ii) verify the influence of schooling in the strategies of ADO encoding; and (iii) discuss the nature of the null forms produced. The theoretical background incorporates the conception of language conveyed in the Minimalist Program (CHOMSKY, 1995; 2005) and an approach to issues regarding the relative accessibility of the antecedent to be resumed (ARIEL, 2001; ARNOLD, 2010; BOCK; WARREN, 1985; SANDERS; GERNSBACHER, 2004) in the grammatical encoding of a sentence (LEVELT, 1989), in the light of an on-line model of grammatical computation (CORREA, 2006; 2008; CORREA; AUGUSTO, 2007) The working hypothesis is that the production of the ODA is a function of particular processing conditions and that the semantic and syntactic properties of the antecedent affect its relative accessibility, imposing restrictions on its resumption. Six elicited production experiments are reported. The syntactic context influenced the accessibility of the antecedents, predominantly recovered by full DPs, when between-sentences in the discourse; and by minimal forms (pronominals and null elements) in complex sentences. The effects of animacy and of specificity corroborate spontaneous production data, suggesting that the full pronoun is the default option for [+animated; +specific], while the null form is the default option for [-animated; +- specific] antecedents. The conceptual genre of the antecedent was not decisive for a particular form of encoding, but it seemed to enhance the specificity of the antecedent whose conceptual gender was known. The thematic role, by itself, does not determine the form of anaphoric resumption. However, the possibility of the null resumption of an fact/event previously mentioned makes it compatible with an alternative to the sentential clitic. Schooling increased the rates of accusative clitics, especially with [+animated] antecedents (as an alternative to tonic pronouns), showing the interference of the written language on the spoken language, as well as the productivity of this form for educated speakers. The syntactic function of the antecedent did not affect ADO production. The occurrence of the null element in island contexts corroborates the view that the null element is not a variable in BP. It is argued, in the light of the on-line model, that the accessibility of the antecedent determines the nature of null element: if the representation of the syntactic structure of the antecedent is still active in working memory, it can be retrieved as an ellipsis, to be restored at the semantic interface; if it is the phi features of the antecedent or the semantic representation of its referent that remain available, ADO is encoded as a pro.