Abstract The thesis deals with numerical methods designed for the modeling and inversion of geophysical electromagnetic (EM) measurements using a conductive thin plate model. The main objectives are to study the EM induction problem in general and to develop practical interpretation tools for mineral prospecting in particular. The starting point is a linearized inversion method based on the singular value decomposition and a new adaptive damping method. The inversion method is introduced to the interpretation of time-domain EM (TEM) measurements using a thin plate in free-space. The central part of the thesis is a new approximate modeling method, which is based on an integral equation approach and a special lattice model. At first the modeling method is applied to the interpretation of frequency-domain EM (FEM) data using a thin plate in conductive two-layered earth. After this time-domain responses are modeled applying a Fourier-sine transform of broadband FEM computations. The results demonstrate that the approximate computational method can model the geophysical frequency and time-domain EM responses of a thin conductor in conductive host medium with sufficient accuracy, and that the inversion method can provide reliable estimates for the model parameters. The fast forward computation enables interactive interpretation of FEM data and feasible forward modeling of TEM responses. The misfit function mapping and analysis of the singular value decomposition have provided additional information about the sensitivity, resolution, and the correlation behavior of the thin plate parameters.

L'utilisation des microondes pour le diagnostic est en plein essor dans le domaine médical. Une des toutes dernières applications concerne la détection d'AVC (Accident vasculaire Cérébral) par imagerie microonde. La Société EMTensor GmbH basée à Vienne en Autriche étudie actuellement un tel système en collaboration avec le LEAT, le LJAD de l’Université Côte d’Azur et le LJLL de Sorbonne Université, pour le diagnostic et le contrôle de l'efficacité de traitement. Le but de ce travail était de modéliser le système de mesure de l'imagerie du cerveau, développé par la société EMTensor GmbH. Il s'agit d'un système d'émission/réception composé de 160 antennes disposées en 5 couronnes de 32 antennes réparties sur une cuve métallique cylindrique de section circulaire semi-ouverte. Un des enjeux majeurs de ce travail consiste en la modélisation et la simulation électromagnétique (EM) du système complet incluant un modèle réaliste de cerveau. La difficulté réside à la fois dans la taille du problème EM à simuler en raison du rapport entre la taille considérable du système et la taille très faible de certaines inhomogénéités à l’intérieur du cerveau, et dans la grande hétérogénéité des permittivités diélectriques présentes à l’intérieur du cerveau. Nous avons décidé d’utiliser un code open source, FreeFem++ pour cette modélisation car il permet de déployer du calcul hautement parallèle et la décomposition de domaines, qui sont bien adaptés à la complexité du problème EM. Dans un premier temps, nous avons comparé les résultats de simulation du système de mesure à vide (sans le cerveau) aux mesures et aux résultats obtenus par le logiciel de simulation EM HFSS basé sur la FEM comme FreeFem++. Nous avons ensuite simulé un modèle de tête tridimensionnel virtuel, à partir de coupe d’image du cerveau (scanner et IRM), en partenariat avec EMTensor en recherchant la position et le type d'AVC (ischémique et hémorragique). L'influence du bruit de mesure, la valeur du gel d'adaptation utilisé, le couplage entre les capteurs et le couplage entre la tête et les capteurs sont également étudiés. Afin de valider ces modèles, deux cas simples ont été étudiés. Un grand tube et un petit tube en plastique sont remplis de liquide d'adaptation symbolisant les caractéristiques diélectriques d'un cerveau afin de retrouver la forme du tube utilisé. Nous avons montré qu’il est possible de développer des algorithmes de reconstruction pour montrer permettant de retrouver la forme des objets par imagerie qualitative. Enfin, avec les partenaires et l'entreprise d'EMTensor nous avons appliqué une méthode quantitative à la détection d’un AVC ischémique par la tomographie microonde. Le problème direct repose sur l’utilisation de FreeFem++, en utilisant des éléments d'ordre supérieur et des préconditionneurs parallèles pour la méthode de décomposition de domaine. Nous avons résolu le problème inverse par un algorithme de minimisation, afin de reconstruire des images tomographiques du cerveau dans des temps compatibles avec les impératifs médicaux définis par les cliniciens. / The use of microwaves for diagnosis is booming in the medical field. One of the latest applications is the detection of strokes by microwave imaging. The company EMTensor GmbH based in Vienna, Austria is currently studying such a system in collaboration with LEAT, the LJAD of the Côte d’Azur University and the LJLL of Sarbonne University, for the diagnosis and control of the treatement efficiency. The purpose of this work is to model the brain imaging measurement system developed by EMTensor GmbH. It is a transmission/ reception system consisting of 160 antennas arranged in 5 rings of 32 antennas distributed on a cylinder metal tank of semi-open circular section. One of the major issues of this work is the modeling and electromagnetic simulation (EM) of the complete system including a realistic brain model. The difficulty lies both in the size of the EM problem to be simulated beacause of the relationship between the considerable size of the system and the the very small size of certain inhomogeneities within the brain, and the great heterogeneity of the dielectric permittivities present inside the brain. We decided to use an open source software, FreeFem++ for this modelling because it is well adapted to high performance computing through domain decomposition methods, which is mandatory for the complexity of the EM problem. First, we compared the simulation results of the vacuum matching measurement system (without the brain) to the measurements and the results obtained by the FEM-based EM HFSS simulation software to those obtained by FreeFem++. We then simulated a virtual threedimensional head model, from brain imaging system cuts (CT scan and MRI), in partnership with EMTensor, looking for the position and type of stroke (ischemic and hemorragic). The influence of the measurement noise, the value of the adaptation gel used, the coupling between the sensors and the coupling between the head and the sensors are also studied. In order to validate these models, two simple cases have been studied. A large tube and a small plastic tube are fielld with adaptation liquid with the dielectric characteristic of a brain to find the shape of the tubes used by qualitative imaging. Finally, with the MEDIMAX project partners and the EMTensor company we applied a quantitative method to the detection of ischemic stroke by the microwave tomography. The direct problem has been solved with the help of FreeFem++, using hight order elements and parallel preconditioners for the domain decomposition method. We solved the inverse problem by a minimization algorithm, in order to reconstruct tomographic images of the brain in times compatible with medical imperatives defined by clinicians.”

A Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica (TIE) é uma técnica relativamente nova e que tem se mostrado bastante promissora na obtenção de imagens do interior de um corpo explorando as diferenças entre as propriedades elétricas (condutividade e permissividade) dos diferentes materiais que o constituem. A técnica se baseia na aplicação de um perfil de potencial elétrico ou de corrente elétrica no contorno da seção do corpo e na medição da resposta. A partir da relação entre os dados da excitação e da resposta, estima-se a distribuição de condutividade no interior do domínio, o que pode ser traduzido, computacionalmente, como uma imagem dessa seção. Apesar de promissora, a TIE ainda apresenta dificuldades, principalmente no que se refere à resolução da imagem e ao elevado tempo computacional necessário para sua reconstrução. A reconstrução de uma imagem na TIE é uma tarefa realizada em duas etapas: primeiro deve-se resolver o problema direto, que se resume na determinação dos potencias elétricos no interior do domínio e das respostas no contorno a partir dos dados da excitação; segundo, deve-se resolver o problema inverso, que é a determinação da condutividade dos pontos internos do domínio a partir da relação entre os dados de excitação e resposta no contorno. Dependendo do método utilizado para a resolução do problema inverso, deve-se resolver o problema direto iterativamente inúmeras vezes, onerando computacionalmente o processo. Esse trabalho se propõe a aplicar o Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC) como técnica de resolução numérica do problema direto. A vantagem é que o MEC requer apenas a discretização do contorno e não de todo o domínio, como ocorre com os outros métodos. Essa redução na dimensão do problema diminui consideravelmente o tamanho do sistema linear a ser resolvido a cada resolução do problema direto, o que pode reduzir satisfatoriamente o tempo computacional empregado na reconstrução de cada imagem. Para isso, foi implementado um programa em linguagem C que resolve o problema direto da TIE, especificamente para um domínio bidimensional, utilizando o MEC. O programa, a princípio, aceita formas genéricas de geometria do domínio e de condições de contorno. Foram realizados testes com domínios quadrado e circular e com diferentes tipos e valores para as condições de contorno. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados tanto com resultados analíticos como obtidos na literatura e foram bastante satisfatórios. / The Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a quite new technique and has proved to be promising in obtaining inner body images exploring the differences between electric qualities (conductivity and permissity) of different materials that constitute it. The technique is based on applying an electric potential profile or electric current on the boundary of the body section and by measuring the response. From the relation of data of excitement and response, the distribution of conductivity in the interior of the dominion is assessed, what may be translated, computationally, as an image of that section. Although being promising, the EIT still presents difficulties, especially regarding image definition and the long time taken to its reconstruction. A EIT image reconstruction is a task done in two phases: first, one must solve the direct problem which is basically the determination of electrical potentials in the interior of the dominion and the responses on the boundary from the excitation data; second, the inverse problem must be solved, which is the determination of conductivity of the inner points of the dominion from the relation between the excitation data and the response on the boundary. Depending on the method used to solve the inverse problem, the direct problem must be iterative solved countless times, burdening the process computationally. This work has the purpose of applying the Boundary Element Method (BEM) as numeric resolution technique of the direct problem. The advantage is that the BEM requires only the discretization of the boundary and not of the whole dominion, as it occurs with the other methods. This decrease in the problem dimension reduces the size of the linear system to be solved at each resolution of the direct problem, what may reduce satisfactory the computational time employed on the reconstruction of each image. For that, a C language program was implemented, which solves the direct problem of the EIT, particularly for a two dimensional dominion, using the BEM. The program, at first, accepts generic forms of the dominion geometry and of boundary conditions. Tests were performed with square and circular and with different types and values for the boundaries conditions. The obtained results were compared to analytic results as well as the ones obtained from literature and were quite satisfactory.

A Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica (TIE) é uma técnica relativamente nova e que tem se mostrado bastante promissora na obtenção de imagens do interior de um corpo explorando as diferenças entre as propriedades elétricas (condutividade e permissividade) dos diferentes materiais que o constituem. A técnica se baseia na aplicação de um perfil de potencial elétrico ou de corrente elétrica no contorno da seção do corpo e na medição da resposta. A partir da relação entre os dados da excitação e da resposta, estima-se a distribuição de condutividade no interior do domínio, o que pode ser traduzido, computacionalmente, como uma imagem dessa seção. Apesar de promissora, a TIE ainda apresenta dificuldades, principalmente no que se refere à resolução da imagem e ao elevado tempo computacional necessário para sua reconstrução. A reconstrução de uma imagem na TIE é uma tarefa realizada em duas etapas: primeiro deve-se resolver o problema direto, que se resume na determinação dos potencias elétricos no interior do domínio e das respostas no contorno a partir dos dados da excitação; segundo, deve-se resolver o problema inverso, que é a determinação da condutividade dos pontos internos do domínio a partir da relação entre os dados de excitação e resposta no contorno. Dependendo do método utilizado para a resolução do problema inverso, deve-se resolver o problema direto iterativamente inúmeras vezes, onerando computacionalmente o processo. Esse trabalho se propõe a aplicar o Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC) como técnica de resolução numérica do problema direto. A vantagem é que o MEC requer apenas a discretização do contorno e não de todo o domínio, como ocorre com os outros métodos. Essa redução na dimensão do problema diminui consideravelmente o tamanho do sistema linear a ser resolvido a cada resolução do problema direto, o que pode reduzir satisfatoriamente o tempo computacional empregado na reconstrução de cada imagem. Para isso, foi implementado um programa em linguagem C que resolve o problema direto da TIE, especificamente para um domínio bidimensional, utilizando o MEC. O programa, a princípio, aceita formas genéricas de geometria do domínio e de condições de contorno. Foram realizados testes com domínios quadrado e circular e com diferentes tipos e valores para as condições de contorno. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados tanto com resultados analíticos como obtidos na literatura e foram bastante satisfatórios. / The Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a quite new technique and has proved to be promising in obtaining inner body images exploring the differences between electric qualities (conductivity and permissity) of different materials that constitute it. The technique is based on applying an electric potential profile or electric current on the boundary of the body section and by measuring the response. From the relation of data of excitement and response, the distribution of conductivity in the interior of the dominion is assessed, what may be translated, computationally, as an image of that section. Although being promising, the EIT still presents difficulties, especially regarding image definition and the long time taken to its reconstruction. A EIT image reconstruction is a task done in two phases: first, one must solve the direct problem which is basically the determination of electrical potentials in the interior of the dominion and the responses on the boundary from the excitation data; second, the inverse problem must be solved, which is the determination of conductivity of the inner points of the dominion from the relation between the excitation data and the response on the boundary. Depending on the method used to solve the inverse problem, the direct problem must be iterative solved countless times, burdening the process computationally. This work has the purpose of applying the Boundary Element Method (BEM) as numeric resolution technique of the direct problem. The advantage is that the BEM requires only the discretization of the boundary and not of the whole dominion, as it occurs with the other methods. This decrease in the problem dimension reduces the size of the linear system to be solved at each resolution of the direct problem, what may reduce satisfactory the computational time employed on the reconstruction of each image. For that, a C language program was implemented, which solves the direct problem of the EIT, particularly for a two dimensional dominion, using the BEM. The program, at first, accepts generic forms of the dominion geometry and of boundary conditions. Tests were performed with square and circular and with different types and values for the boundaries conditions. The obtained results were compared to analytic results as well as the ones obtained from literature and were quite satisfactory.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude d’un problème inverse de sources pour un modèle bidimensionnel d’intrusion saline. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation du phénomène d’intrusion saline dans un aquifère côtier non confiné. En tenant compte des hypothèses particulières, nous obtenons dans le cas stationnaire une équation elliptique de la charge hydraulique dont le second membre est constitué des sources ponctuelles. L’étude du problème direct consiste à analyser le modèle dérivé et à établir un résultat d’existence et d’unicité d’une solution. Ensuite, dans la partie problème inverse, il s’agit de l’identification de termes sources à partir des mesures locales. Nous traitons les trois questions relatives à ce problème inverse, l’identifiabilité, l’identification et la stabilité. Concernant l’identification, nous formulons le problème inverse comme un problème de contrôle avec une fonctionnelle coût qui calcule l’écart quadratique entre les mesures expérimentales et celles obtenues par la résolution du problème direct. L’optimisation de cette fonction nécessite le calcul de son gradient que nous obtenons par la méthode de sensibilités et par la méthode de l’état adjoint. Quant à la stabilité, nous établissons deux types d’estimations, logarithmiques et lipschitziennes, pour les positions et les intensités de sources dans le cas de l’équation elliptique obtenue et en considérant toujours des mesures intérieures. De plus, nous avons généralisé les résultats des estimations lipschitziennes pour l’équation elliptique de la forme –Δu+k2u=F. La dernière partie de la thèse est destinée à montrer les résultats de l’identification numérique en fonction des paramètres intervenant dans le modèle principal. / This thesis deals with the study of an inverse source problem for a two dimensional seawater intrusion model. First, we focus on the modeling of the seawater intrusion phenomenon in a costal unconfined aquifer. Then considering some specific assumptions, we obtain, in the steady state, an elliptic equation of the hydraulic head with a left hand side formed by point wise sources. The study of the direct problem aims to analyze the derived model and to establish a result of existence and uniqueness of solution. The inverse problem concerns the identification of sources from local measurements. We are interested in the study of uniqueness, identification and stability.Concerning the identification, we transform the inverse problem to a control problem with a cost functional computing the quadratic error between the experimental measures and those obtained by solving the direct problem. To optimize this function, we need to compute its gradient and this can be done by the sensibility and the adjoint methods. Moreover, regarding the stability, we establish two types of estimates, logarithmic and lipschitz, for sources positions and intensities in the case of the elliptic equation assuming interior observations. Furthermore, we have generalized the results of Lipschitz estimates for the elliptic equation –Δu+k2u=F. The last part of the thesis is intended to show the results of the numerical identification based on parameters involved in the main model.

La reconstruction tomographique par temps de première arrivée est rendue difficile par son caractère mal posé et par la non-linéarité du problème direct associé. Dans cette thèse, on se propose d'employer un modèle déformable, permettant d'introduire un a priori global sur la forme des objets à reconstruire, pour obtenir des solutions plus stables et de meilleure qualité. Dans un premier temps, nous introduisons des contraintes de forme de haut niveau en reconstruction tomographique d'émission, modalité où le problème direct est linéaire. Dans un second temps, différentes stratégies de résolution du problème non linéaire de reconstruction en temps d'arrivée sont envisagées. La solution retenue approche le problème direct par une suite de problèmes linéaires, conduisant à un algorithme par minimisations successives simples, au coursdesquelles l'a priori de forme est introduit. L'efficacité de la méthode est montrée en simulation et à partir de données réelles, acquises sur un banc développé par l'IFSTTAR pour le contrôle non destructif de structures de génie civil. / Image reconstruction from first time arrival is a difficult task due to its ill-posedness nature and to the non linearity of the direct problem associated. In this thesis, the purpose is to use a deformable model because it enables to introduce a global shape prior on the objects to reconstruct, which leads to more stable solutions with better quality. First, high level shape constraints are introduced in Computerized Tomography for which the direct problem is linear. Secondly, different strategies to solve the image reconstruction problem with a non linearity hypothesis are considered. The chosen strategy approximates the direct problem by a series of linear problems, which leads to a simple successive minimization algorithm with the introduction of the shape prior along the minimization. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated for simulated data as for real data obtained from a specific measurement device developped by IFSTTAR for non destructive evaluation of civil engineering structures.

this thesis complex inverse heat transfer problem, which is focused on optimal design of experiment, is studied. There are many fields and applications in technical practice, where inverse tasks are or can be applied. On first place main attention is focused on industrial metallurgical processes such as cooling of continues casting, hydraulic descaling or hot rolling. Inverse problems are in general used to calculate boundary conditions of differential equations and in this field are used to find out Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC). Knowledge of numerical approximation of precise boundary conditions is nowadays essential. It allows for example design of optimized hot rolling mill cooling focused on material properties and final product quality. Sequential Beck’s approach and optimization method is used in this work to solve inverse heat transfer problems. Special experimental test bench measuring heat transfer intensity was developed and built to full fill specific requirements and required accuracy. There were four different types of thermal sensor applied and studied. Those sensors are in usage in Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow laboratory (Heatlab) at various experimental test benches. Each specific sensor was tailored in Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Laboratory to specific metallurgical application. Fist type of sensor was designed to simulate cooling during continuous casting. Second sensor is used for experiments simulate hot rolling mill cooling, while third sensor is designated for experiments with fast moving hot rolled products. Last sensor is similar to sensor type one, but thermocouple is located parallel to cooled surface. Experimental part of this study covers series of measurements to investigate Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) for various types of coolant, cooling mixtures and spray parameters. Results discovered in this study were compared with published scientific articles, and widely extend the knowledge of cooling efficiency for commonly used