Direct RF modulation on semiconductor lasers of wavelength 1310 nm has been widely applied to amplitude modulation vestigial side-band(AM-VSB)lightwave cable television (CATV) systems. The channel capacity is limited mainly by the nonlinear distortion of laser diode, which induces system performance degradation of composite second order (CSO) and composite triple beats (CTB). Though the linearity of laser diode has been improved during the fabrication process, carrier to noise ratio (CNR), CSO, and CTB were still degraded by increasing either RF output power level or the channel loading. Thus, some linearization techniques were proposed to extend the channel capacity. The predistortion approach is the simplest and the lowest cost one among the techniques. This paper describes a distortion compensation method with an electrical ¡§branch¡¨ circuit configuration, which is designed to reduce the nonlinear distortion induced by the laser diode. In this architecture, we utilize the method of impedance non-matching and the reflection of signals. According to the experiment results, we have found that before predistortion compensation, CNR / CSO / CTB are 51.6 dB / 62 dBc / 70 dBc, respectively. After compensation, CNR / CSO / CTB are 51.5 dB / 70 dBc / 71 dBc, respectively. Comparing with and without the distortion compensation, we found that CSO has an improvement with 8 dB, which reveals that the predistorion circuit improves the linearity of laser obviously. This study may give a guideline of predistortion technique and help to design optical transmitter.

In this thesis, we address the action retrieval and the object category segmentation problems by directly optimizing application specific performance measures using deep learning. Most deep learning methods are designed to optimize simple loss functions (e.g., cross-entropy or hamming loss). These loss functions are suitable for applications where the performance of the application is measured by overall accuracy. But for many applications, the overall accuracy is not an appropriate performance measure. For example, applications like action retrieval often use the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC curve) to measure the performance of a retrieval algorithm. Likewise, in object category segmentation from images, the intersection-over-union (IoU) is the standard performance measure. In this thesis, we propose approaches to directly optimize these complex performance measures in deep learning framework. / October 2016

Directly modulated lasers (DMLs) are a low cost solution for moderate reach systems due to their small footprint, low power dissipation and high output optical power. However, commercial 10-Gb/s on-off keying DMLs have been limited by an inherent modulation of the optical phase that accompanies the desired modulation of the optical intensity, which reduces their transmission distance to below 20 km. Furthermore, the ability to generate bit rates beyond 10-Gb/s with advanced modulation formats has been limited by the strict requirements on the laser drive current. The primary objective of this research is to dramatically enhance the capability of DML based systems through precise control over the drive current. This is achieved by digital signal processing (DSP) combined with a single digital-to-analog converter (DAC). In this research, a novel method to pre-compensate dispersion for metro and regional networks is demonstrated at 10.709-Gb/s. A look-up table (LUT) for the driving current is optimized for dispersion mitigation. Experimental results show a 25 fold increase in the transmission reach of a DML from 10 km to 252 km. A similar approach applied to a directly modulated chirp managed laser reveals a remarkable increase in the achievable transmission reach from 200 km to 608 km. In the context of access networks the DSP and DAC configuration is utilized for directly modulating a passive feedback laser (PFL) to generate differential phase shift keying (DPSK) signals at bit rates of 10.709-Gb/s, 14-Gb/s and 16-Gb/s. The quality of the DPSK signals is assessed using both noncoherent detection for a bit rate of 10.709-Gb/s and coherent detection with DSP involving a LUT pattern-dependent distortion compensator. For very short reach optical links, a 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation signal is generated using subcarrier modulation with a subcarrier frequency of half the symbol rate, Nyquist pulse shaping, and a directly modulated PFL at bit rates up to 56-Gb/s. Using polarization multiplexing emulation, a pre-amplified direct detection receiver and DSP, loss margins of 12.6 dB and 8 dB are achieved for a 112-Gb/s dual polarization signal within a 33 GHz optical bandwidth at back-to-back and after 4 km transmission, respectively. / Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-01-31 13:58:56.327

O Tratamento Supervisionado consiste num dos melhores instrumentos disponíveis na luta contra a Tuberculose. Assim propôs-se analisar a organização do Tratamento Supervisionado nos 36 municípios prioritários do Estado de São Paulo. Para o alcance dos objetivos utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, que buscou entender o significado do fenômeno individual ou coletivo para a vida das pessoas, selecionando-se para este fim todos os coordenadores dos municípios prioritários do Estado de São Paulo. A técnica utilizada na análise dos dados foi analise de conteúdo, modalidade temática, evidenciando-se dois núcleos de sentido centrais: Aspectos técnicos-operacionais na execução do Tratamento Supervisionado e Estratégias de Intervenção para Adesão do paciente. Em relação ao primeiro núcleo, verificou-se que em 13 (59%) dos municípios não utilizam critérios para a inserção do paciente em TS, 13 (59%) determinam à freqüência de supervisão, seguindo normas ou protocolos institucionais, 18 (81%) dos municípios realizam a supervisão da ingesta medicamentosa predominantemente em Unidades de Saúde, sendo que na maioria desses, não há possibilidade da realização do TS no domicílio, em casos de impossibilidade do paciente deslocar até o serviço. A supervisão medicamentosa em 11 (50%) dos municípios prioritários é realizada, exclusivamente, por profissionais de saúde, entretanto importantes atores estão se integrando ao TS, como membros da família, da comunidade e Agentes Comunitários de Saúde. No que se refere ao segundo núcleo, nota-se que uma das estratégias de intervenção lançadas pelas equipes consiste na entrega de incentivos e benefícios, demonstrando as relações de solidariedade entre profissionais de saúde e paciente, observando-se assim que as relações de acolhimento e vínculo são os pilares principais para as equipes que buscam a adesão do paciente. Destaca-se ainda, que a relação de vínculo, faz com que as equipes ao realizar o TS, sintam-se tão próximas do paciente, que num processo de transferência, sentem-se responsáveis por todas as suas necessidades. Um ponto ainda a ser destacado como estratégia de adesão, corresponde a própria flexibilidade das equipes, durante a realização do TS, respeitando as escolhas dos pacientes. Conclui-se, portanto que o TS deve ser realizado dentro de um espírito democrático, tendo como protagonista principal o próprio paciente, assumindo a responsabilidade na regularidade da ingestão medicamentosa, mas dentro de uma conformação de respeito e empatia. / The Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) is one of the best available instruments used in the struggle against Tuberculosis. There for, it was intended to analyze the Directly Observed Therapy Organization, in the 36 priority counties, in the Sao Paulo State. To achieve the objectives, it was used a qualitative approach, that did not intent to understand the phenomenon, but instead, to understand the individual or collective meaning that had for the people life; for this purpose, were selected all the coordinators in the priority counties, in the Sao Paulo State. The data was analyzed using the Content Analyzes method - Thematic Mode; two central cores were emphasized: Technical-Operational Aspects in the Directly Observed Therapy Execution and Intervention Strategies Seeking the Patient Adhesion. Related to the first core, it was found that, in 13 (59%) counties, did not utilize criteria to include the patients in the DOT; 13 (59%) counties established supervision frequencies, following institutional norms and protocols; 18 (81%) counties supervised the drugs intake, specially, in the Health Units; when the patient could not attend the Unit, it was not possible to realize the DOT at their homes. The drugs intake supervision, in 11 (50%) priority counties, was controlled exclusively by the health professionals; however, other important actors were joining the DOT, such as family members, community members and Community Health Workers. In the second core, was perceived a strategy, developed by the team, that works thru benefits and incentives, demonstrating the relations of solidarity between the health professionals and the patients, and also, that the relationships created during the reception and the bonds of linkage were the main tools to be used by the teams to seek the patients adhesion. Even further, it was highlighted that the bond that links professionals and patients, made that the teams, when performing the DOT, felt very close to the patients, and in a transfer process, the team felt responsible by all the patients needs. Another point to be highlighted, as an adhesion strategy, was the team flexibility, demonstrated during the DOT, when it considered the patients preferences. It was concluded, that the DOT must be realized with a democratic spirit, having as it main actor the patient itself, who must ingest the medicine and accept the responsibility of this action – all this developed in an environment of respect and empathy.

With a rapid increase in information capacity of Internet access, high-speed, highly-efficiency, and cost-effectiveness laser source for optical fiber communication is required. High-speed 25Gb/s directly modulated laser is essential of this communication range, because of its simple structure, direct-modulation characteristics, low cost, and integration capability for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system, and moreover, it can achieved 100Gb/s data transmission by four channel module system. In this work, data modulation speed of 25Gb/s direct modulation DFB laser has been achieved. By employing high-speed coplanar waveguide structure with semi-insulating substrate, high-speed with f3dB > 20GHz has been demonstrated. By the electrical reflection measurement, it confirmed that the high-speed direction modulation can be realized through reduction of electrical parasitics. The laser chips is measured under continuous-wave mode at room temperature. In 1300nm and 1550nm wavelength device, slope efficiency obtained by taper fiber coupled of 0.045 and 0.07mW/mA respectively, output power up to 2.73 and 3.96mW/facet at 60mA. The Side Mode Suppression Ratio was greater than 35dB. 3dB bandwidth of greater than 16GHz and 20.5GHz, relaxation oscillation frequency of 12GHz and 16.6GHz. Finally, clearly back-to-back 25Gb/s eye diagram and error-floor-free performance were obtained.

No description available.

O Tratamento Supervisionado consiste num dos melhores instrumentos disponíveis na luta contra a Tuberculose. Assim propôs-se analisar a organização do Tratamento Supervisionado nos 36 municípios prioritários do Estado de São Paulo. Para o alcance dos objetivos utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, que buscou entender o significado do fenômeno individual ou coletivo para a vida das pessoas, selecionando-se para este fim todos os coordenadores dos municípios prioritários do Estado de São Paulo. A técnica utilizada na análise dos dados foi analise de conteúdo, modalidade temática, evidenciando-se dois núcleos de sentido centrais: Aspectos técnicos-operacionais na execução do Tratamento Supervisionado e Estratégias de Intervenção para Adesão do paciente. Em relação ao primeiro núcleo, verificou-se que em 13 (59%) dos municípios não utilizam critérios para a inserção do paciente em TS, 13 (59%) determinam à freqüência de supervisão, seguindo normas ou protocolos institucionais, 18 (81%) dos municípios realizam a supervisão da ingesta medicamentosa predominantemente em Unidades de Saúde, sendo que na maioria desses, não há possibilidade da realização do TS no domicílio, em casos de impossibilidade do paciente deslocar até o serviço. A supervisão medicamentosa em 11 (50%) dos municípios prioritários é realizada, exclusivamente, por profissionais de saúde, entretanto importantes atores estão se integrando ao TS, como membros da família, da comunidade e Agentes Comunitários de Saúde. No que se refere ao segundo núcleo, nota-se que uma das estratégias de intervenção lançadas pelas equipes consiste na entrega de incentivos e benefícios, demonstrando as relações de solidariedade entre profissionais de saúde e paciente, observando-se assim que as relações de acolhimento e vínculo são os pilares principais para as equipes que buscam a adesão do paciente. Destaca-se ainda, que a relação de vínculo, faz com que as equipes ao realizar o TS, sintam-se tão próximas do paciente, que num processo de transferência, sentem-se responsáveis por todas as suas necessidades. Um ponto ainda a ser destacado como estratégia de adesão, corresponde a própria flexibilidade das equipes, durante a realização do TS, respeitando as escolhas dos pacientes. Conclui-se, portanto que o TS deve ser realizado dentro de um espírito democrático, tendo como protagonista principal o próprio paciente, assumindo a responsabilidade na regularidade da ingestão medicamentosa, mas dentro de uma conformação de respeito e empatia. / The Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) is one of the best available instruments used in the struggle against Tuberculosis. There for, it was intended to analyze the Directly Observed Therapy Organization, in the 36 priority counties, in the Sao Paulo State. To achieve the objectives, it was used a qualitative approach, that did not intent to understand the phenomenon, but instead, to understand the individual or collective meaning that had for the people life; for this purpose, were selected all the coordinators in the priority counties, in the Sao Paulo State. The data was analyzed using the Content Analyzes method - Thematic Mode; two central cores were emphasized: Technical-Operational Aspects in the Directly Observed Therapy Execution and Intervention Strategies Seeking the Patient Adhesion. Related to the first core, it was found that, in 13 (59%) counties, did not utilize criteria to include the patients in the DOT; 13 (59%) counties established supervision frequencies, following institutional norms and protocols; 18 (81%) counties supervised the drugs intake, specially, in the Health Units; when the patient could not attend the Unit, it was not possible to realize the DOT at their homes. The drugs intake supervision, in 11 (50%) priority counties, was controlled exclusively by the health professionals; however, other important actors were joining the DOT, such as family members, community members and Community Health Workers. In the second core, was perceived a strategy, developed by the team, that works thru benefits and incentives, demonstrating the relations of solidarity between the health professionals and the patients, and also, that the relationships created during the reception and the bonds of linkage were the main tools to be used by the teams to seek the patients adhesion. Even further, it was highlighted that the bond that links professionals and patients, made that the teams, when performing the DOT, felt very close to the patients, and in a transfer process, the team felt responsible by all the patients needs. Another point to be highlighted, as an adhesion strategy, was the team flexibility, demonstrated during the DOT, when it considered the patients preferences. It was concluded, that the DOT must be realized with a democratic spirit, having as it main actor the patient itself, who must ingest the medicine and accept the responsibility of this action – all this developed in an environment of respect and empathy.

The objective of this thesis is to study the dynamic properties of laser diodes and the compensation for the nonlinearities of laser diodes based on the theory of Volterra series. In the first part of this thesis, an analytical expression in Volterra series is discussed to depict the nonlinear distortion of laser diodes up to the third order. The simulation results of this analytical method show that Volterra series model improves the accuracy of the description of the nonlinearity of laser diodes in comparison with small-signal analysis model. In the second part, the p^th-order inverse theory is introduced to compensate the lasers' nonlinear distortion. The compensation scheme is constructed and the simulation of the system is conducted in this thesis. The result shows that the laser nonlinear distortion can be compensated by using this technique. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Technology: Environmental Health, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Worldwide Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern. The Directly Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS) has been used widely internationally and in South Africa (SA) to control the disease yet defaulting on treatment has still not achieved its World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 5.0%. The eThekwini Municipality reported a defaulter rate of 18.9% in 2007 even with the adoption of DOTS in 1996. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of default amongst informal dwellers of eThekwini and to evaluate the implementation and the efficiency of the DOTS programme within the eThekwini Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), and SA. The study population comprised of 102 defaulters from informal settlement, 16 nurses and 5 health personnel that are involved in TB management and control. The study was a mixed method cross sectional descriptive study that generated both quantitative and qualitative data. The Cyril Zulu Communicable Disease Centre (CDC) Electronic TB Register was used to trace the defaulters from the informal settlements that were interviewed. Non-defaulters were matched from the CDC Electronic TB Register but could not be traced due to accessibility and financial issues. Due to the low response from nurses 16(53%), semi structured qualitative interviews were conducted with health personnel. The three sets of data generated were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Multivariate logistic regression models found smoking, drinking and having a family member with TB as statistical significant predictors of default. Based on the multivariate model with a 95% confidence interval (CI), smoking (OR: 11.23, CI: 5.79, 21.78; p<0.005), alcohol consumption (OR: 15.22; CI: 7.66, 30.25; p<0.005) and had family member with TB (OR: 4.60, CI: 2.34, 9.04; p<0.005) were all significantly associated with defaulting. It was apparent that DOTS implementation was partly implemented due to lack of human resources. Tracing of defaulters, DOTS supporters, DOTS sites and incentives to patients and volunteers were major challenges hindering the iv effective implementation of the DOTS programme in eThekwini. Defaulting occurs as a result of an association between patient and health care characteristics. This study provides useful information specific to predictors of default amongst informal dwellers and the implementation and efficiency of the DOTS programme specific to informal settlements. The results from this study could be used to improve TB control and management specifically in informal settlements addressing factors that predict default and tracing and supporting patients to ensure adherence to TB treatment. / DUT Finance

A tuberculose se constitui historicamente como um dos grandes desafios para os serviços de saúde. A política pública do Tratamento Diretamente Observado objetiva o fortalecimento da adesão do doente ao tratamento e requer que a gestão em saúde se responsabilize no desenvolvimento e implantação da mesma, junto à organização dos serviços de saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a discursividade dos gestores de saúde na transferência de política do Tratamento Diretamente Observado da tuberculose no município de Manaus/AM. Pesquisa qualitativa no campo analítico da Análise de Discurso de linha francesa. Participaram oito gestores de saúde que atuavam como integrantes de equipes gestoras. As entrevistas transcritas foram organizadas com uso do software Atlas.ti versão 6.0. Após leitura minuciosa do material empírico procedeu-se a análise por meio da base conceitual da Análise de Discurso onde procurou-se compreender os processos polissêmicos, parafrásticos e metafóricos, além da interdiscursividade dos gestores, os quais possibilitaram a identificação de três blocos discursivos: atenção à saúde na tuberculose; multiculturalidade do cenário na atenção à tuberculose; e, sentidos da transferência de políticas. Nos discursos dos gestores evidenciam-se elementos constitutivos da atenção à saúde na tuberculose, da multiculturalidade do cenário na atenção à doença e na transferência de políticas do Tratamento Diretamente Observado, os quais estão ancorados em movimentos discursivos promissores para novas formas de organização dos serviços de saúde; novas composições e desafios na gestão em saúde; na adoção da transferência de políticas enquanto políticas de Estado; e, discursos que movimentam e se assentam em formações ideológicas. Conclui-se que o atual momento vivenciado pelo cenário sugere benefícios quanto a real incorporação da política do TDO em Manaus/AM / Tuberculosis constitute, historically, in one of the big challenges to health services. The public policy of Directly Observed Therapy aims to improve patient adherence to treatment and requires that health management became responsible for the development and implementation of them, together with the organization of health services. This study had the goal to analyze the discourse of health managers in policy transfer of Directly Observed Therapy in Manaus/AM. Qualitative research in the analytical field of French Discourse Analysis framework. Eigth health managers, who worked as management teams members, participate of the study. The interviews were transcribed and then organized using Atlas. TI 6.0. After carefully reading of the empirical data, the analyze was performed through conceptual base in Discourse Analysis, when there was sought to comprehend the process of polysemy, paraphrase and metaphor, besides of health manager\'s interdiscursivity, which enable the identification of three discursive blocks: attention to health in tuberculosis; multiculturality in tuberculosis\' attention setting; and, senses of policy transfer. In the discourses of health managers, it were evident the constitutive elements of health attention in tuberculosis, of the multiculturality at the setting of disease attention and policies transfer of Directly Observed Therapy, which are anchored in promissory discourses movements to new ways of health services organization; new compositions and challenges in health management; in the adoption of policies transfer as State Policies; and discourses that moves and solidify in ideological formations. Concluding that the actual setting suggests benefices regarding the real incorporation of Directly Observed Therapy policies in Manaus/AM