The diploma thesis deals with the bank valuation and this theme is viewed on in terms of standard as well as brand new approach. In its first part, the thesis focuses on understanding of the difference between the valuation of non-financial companies and banks in particular. The following section describes the above mentioned basic method which is represented by the dividend discount model and it also analyzes some partial problems associated with it. The core of this thesis represents the Sonntag model,that solves the evaluation by closing of counter-positions arising from the individual business cases -- namely taking of deposits and lending. Another part of this thesis is devoted to the issue of the discount rate, respectively the discounted value. Here I concentrate on the evaluation of applicability of the CAPM model in domestic conditions and compare it with the certainty equivalent concept based on the Black-Scholes theory of option valuation. Finally, the thesis presents a practical example -- i.e. valuation of Banco Popolare ČR (nowadays Equa Bank), application and comparison of the both mentioned models and formulation of the final recommendations for appraisers

Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier par quatre essais l'économie de migration de pays en voie de développement. Le premier chapitre évalue l'effet des catastrophes naturelles (principalement en raison du changement climatique), dans les pays en voie de développement, sur des taux de migration et regarde comment cet effet varie selon le niveau d'enseignement des personnes. Nos résultats montrent que les catastrophes naturelles sont positivement associées aux taux d'émigration et impliquent aussi la migration des personnes fortement qualifiés. Le deuxième chapitre présente les différents canaux expliquant l'intention de migrer illégalement. Une des nouveautés de l'analyse est qu'elle utilise une enquête sur mesure parmi des individus sénégalais urbains. Nous constatons que les migrants illégaux potentiels sont enclins à accepter un risque substantiel de mort et sont souvent jeunes, célibataires et avec un niveau bas d'éducation. Nous montrons aussi que le prix de l'immigration illégale, les réseaux d'immigrés, de hautes espérances, des politiques d'immigration serrées et le pays de destination jouent tous un rôle dans l'empressement de migrer illégalement. Le troisième chapitre complète le deuxième en étudiant le rôle d'aversion des risques et le taux d'escompte dans la migration illégale du Sénégal. Nos résultats montrent que ces préférences individuelles comptent dans l'empressement de migrer illégalement et payer à un contrebandier. Finalement dans le quatrième chapitre, nous nous sommes intéressés à la place des migrants sur les marchés de crédit dans un contexte rural. Selon nos résultats, avoir un migrant dans un ménage augmente autant la probabilité d'avoir un prêt que sa taille, que le prêt soit formel ou informel. Nous constatons aussi que cet effet positif reste significatif peu importe si le prêt est pris pour des raisons professionnelles ou simplement pour acheter de la nourriture. / The aim of this thesis is to study through four essays the economics of migration from developing countries. The first chapter assesses the effect of natural disasters (mainly due to climate change), in developing countries, on migration rates and looks at how this effect varies according to the level of education of people. Our results show that natural disasters are positively associated with emigration rates and also involve the migration of highly skilled people. The second chapter presents the different channels explaining the intention to migrate illegally. One of the novelties of the analysis is that it uses a tailor-Made survey among urban Senegalese individuals. We find that potential illegal migrants are willing to accept a substantial risk of death and tend to be young, single and with a low level of education. We also show that the price of illegal migration, migrant networks, high expectations, tight immigration policies and the preferred destination country all play a role in the willingness to migrate illegally. The third chapter completes the second one by studying the role of risk-Aversion and discount rate in illegal migration from Senegal. Our results show that these individual preferences matter in the willingness to migrate illegally and to pay a smuggler. Finally in the fourth chapter, we are interested in the effect of migrants on credit markets in a rural Senegalese context. According to our results, having a migrant in a household increases both the likelihood of having a loan and its size, whether the loan is formal or informal. We also find that this positive effect remains significant no matter if the loan is taken for professional activities or simply to buy food.

<p>This thesis consists of an introduction and four papers exploring various aspects of the Namibian economy. These aspects cover shadow pricing, environmental valuation and capital market development in Namibia.</p><p>Paper I estimates the shadow prices of capital, labour and foreign exchange for the Namibian economy. The results suggest that the shadow price of capital for Namibia is 7.2%. The economic costs of Namibian labour, as a share of financial costs, are 32% for urban semi- and unskilled labour, and 54% for rural semi- and unskilled labour. The economic cost of foreign labour as a share of financial costs is 59%. The estimated shadow exchange rate factor is 4% for the Namibian economy.</p><p>Paper II derives a set of accounting price ratios (APRs) for the various economic sectors of Namibia by using the Semi-Input–Output (SIO) Technique. An APR is the ratio between the market or financial price and the efficiency or economic value of a specific commodity or sector, which is useful for the economic analysis of investment or development initiatives. This larger set of APRs, derived on the basis of information contained in a Namibian Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), should be useful in improving the effective appraisal of development projects and other major investment programmes in Namibia.</p><p>Paper III analyses returns and volatility on the Namibian and South African stock markets, using the daily closing indices of the Namibian Stock Exchange (NSX) and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The sample covers the period from 4 January 1999 to 20 March 2003. The methodology has three main parts: (i) unit root tests, (ii) cointegration analysis, and (iii) volatility modelling. The results show that the two markets exhibit very low correlations, and there is no evidence of a linear relationship between the markets. Furthermore, a volatility analysis shows evidence of no spillover effects. These results suggest that the NSX could be an attractive risk diversification tool for regional portfolio diversification in southern Africa</p><p>Paper IV studies the determinants of property prices in the township areas of Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. The work‟s major finding is that properties located close to an environmental bad (e.g. garbage dump) sell at considerable discounts. On the other hand, properties located near an environmental good (e.g. a recreational open space) sell at a premium. These results provide evidence of the importance of environmental quality in lower-income property markets in developing countries. It is important, therefore, for Namibian urban planners to incorporate environmental quality into the planning framework for lower-income areas.</p>

This thesis consists of an introduction and four papers exploring various aspects of the Namibian economy. These aspects cover shadow pricing, environmental valuation and capital market development in Namibia. Paper I estimates the shadow prices of capital, labour and foreign exchange for the Namibian economy. The results suggest that the shadow price of capital for Namibia is 7.2%. The economic costs of Namibian labour, as a share of financial costs, are 32% for urban semi- and unskilled labour, and 54% for rural semi- and unskilled labour. The economic cost of foreign labour as a share of financial costs is 59%. The estimated shadow exchange rate factor is 4% for the Namibian economy. Paper II derives a set of accounting price ratios (APRs) for the various economic sectors of Namibia by using the Semi-Input–Output (SIO) Technique. An APR is the ratio between the market or financial price and the efficiency or economic value of a specific commodity or sector, which is useful for the economic analysis of investment or development initiatives. This larger set of APRs, derived on the basis of information contained in a Namibian Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), should be useful in improving the effective appraisal of development projects and other major investment programmes in Namibia. Paper III analyses returns and volatility on the Namibian and South African stock markets, using the daily closing indices of the Namibian Stock Exchange (NSX) and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The sample covers the period from 4 January 1999 to 20 March 2003. The methodology has three main parts: (i) unit root tests, (ii) cointegration analysis, and (iii) volatility modelling. The results show that the two markets exhibit very low correlations, and there is no evidence of a linear relationship between the markets. Furthermore, a volatility analysis shows evidence of no spillover effects. These results suggest that the NSX could be an attractive risk diversification tool for regional portfolio diversification in southern Africa Paper IV studies the determinants of property prices in the township areas of Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. The work‟s major finding is that properties located close to an environmental bad (e.g. garbage dump) sell at considerable discounts. On the other hand, properties located near an environmental good (e.g. a recreational open space) sell at a premium. These results provide evidence of the importance of environmental quality in lower-income property markets in developing countries. It is important, therefore, for Namibian urban planners to incorporate environmental quality into the planning framework for lower-income areas.

Bakgrund Antalet svenskar som sparar i aktier har på 20 år mer än fördubblats. Värderingsmetoderna har genom tiderna förändrats. Kassaflödesvärdering dominerar för tillfället tillvägagångssätten att värdera företag/aktier. Det debatteras huruvida kassaflödesvärdering är en pålitlig metod eller ej. Det finns flera kassaflödesmodeller att välja bland. Modellerna bygger på många komplexa antaganden som kan påverka resultatet av värderingen. Syfte Syftet med undersökningen är att: undersöka och analysera hur kassaflödesmodeller används vid aktievärdering samt hur vridbarheten påverkar användbarheten. Vidare ska vi presentera vilka viktiga antaganden som behövs göras för kassaflödesmodeller och uppvisa hur de inverkar på kassaflödesvärderingen. Metod Utifrån syftet valdes att använda en kvalitativ metod med personliga och telefonintervjuer som verktyg. Valet av metodansats och verktyg baserades på att djupgående information behövdes för att uppnå syftet Slutsats Det finns ett flertal kassaflödesmodeller att välja bland; Dividend-Discount modellen, Fritt KassaFlöde till Aktieägare modellen, och Fritt KassaFlöde till Företaget modellen. Undersökningen visade att det är Fritt KassaFlöde till Företaget modellen som nästan uteslutande används mest. Det finns tre olika varianter av dessa kassaflödesmodeller; en med en konstant fas av tillväxt, en med två faser av tillväxt och en med tre olika faser av tillväxt. Det är varianten som behandlar tre olika faser av tillväxt som uteslutande används mest. Anledningen till detta är at den är närmast tillväxtförfarandet i verkligheten. Kassa-flödesmodellerna bygger på komplexa antaganden som i hög grad påverkar värdet, de är alltså vridbara. De antaganden som påverkar värdet mest är: tillväxten, diskonteringsfaktorn och räntan. En ökning i tillväxtantagandet ökar värdet. Ökar diskonteringsfaktorn kommer värdet att minska. Räntan påverkar inte värdet i så stor utsträckning men förändringar i räntan påverkar andra antagandena. Kassaflödesmodellernas vridbarhet har bevisats begränsa användbarheten. Kassaflödesvärdering bör användas som ett komplement till andra värderingsmetoder.

This dissertation investigates the pricing and the market reaction to the announcement of private placements. A sample of 181 private placement announcements during January 2002 and March 2007 in Taiwan was obtained. This dissertation consists of two essays on the private placements. The first essay identifies the conditions determining insiders will pay more (or less) in private placement. We explore the argument of private placement pricing sold to insiders by considering the changes in the control power of the largest shareholders in private placement, using the Banzhaf power index to better reflect the largest shareholder¡¦s relative power of influence. Our results indicate that, if the existing insiders maintain their leading control status, in cases where insiders are the main investors, private placements are issued at deep discounts that benefit themselves; however, in cases where outsiders/new insiders are the main investors, outsiders and new insiders will pay relatively more when existing insiders dominate. Contrarily, if existing insiders fail to retain their leading position and become less powerful after private placement, outsiders and new insiders buy at lower prices. In more than 65% of the sample, the largest shareholders lost their leading control status, and the issuer¡¦s ownership structure becomes more concentrated following private placements. In the second essay, we examine whether the announcement of private placement and public offering share the same announcement effects. In particular, we investigate whether the market reactions to private placement announcements vary with different placement motivations and investor types. In addition, we focus on the dark side of private placement by studying how the stock price reaction to private offerings when insiders intentionally lower the offer price to self-dealing, or when within-group private placements are motivated by the controlling shareholders¡¦ tunneling. The results indicate that private placements generally result in a positive wealth effects, however, public offerings associated with negative announcement effects. The market reacts more favorably to private placements in which a strategic alliance or merger are involved, or to private placements where investors actively participate in the management or even procures the controlling rights of the company. It suggests that the motivation and investor type of private placement convey important information to market investors regarding the issuing firm¡¦s performance. Moreover, we have evidence to support the dark side of private placements. For issuing firms with stronger tendency towards self-dealings by insiders or tunneling in transactions between firms within a business group, they are more likely to have poor performance after private placement. However, we have no evidences to support the firm quality hypothesis.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the problem of offer pricing and share issuing in the issuer with a dynamic model. The result shows: First, the correlation between discount and the prosperity of the market is not a linear function. Thus, ¡¥the IPO¡¦s timing¡¦ should be the key issue of issuing firm, which can reasonably explain the fluctuations in underpricing over time. Second, we also discover that the relationship between the ownership structure and the prosperity of the market is not a liner function as what Bolton and Thadden (1998) have claimed. Third, the firm with low quality prefers to release issuing shares in IPO when the market is booming. Fourth, the less the IPO discount in traditional industry, the more the share releasing. Finally, the more the phenomena of subscription, the more the investors subscribe blindly and generate an effect of the cascade. One of the contributions in this model comprises the views between the prosperity of the market and IPO discount in the literature to integrate a profound viewpoint by dividing the IPO discount into the offer pricing error and the market pricing error. Another finding is that the offer pricing error will decrease subject to the prosperity of the market. This is consistent with the viewpoint of Chemmanur (1993) that when the market is booming, the issuers can decrease the cost of adverse choice. As for the non-linear relation between the market pricing error and the prosperity of the market is coordinate with what Ma(1999) has claimed that IPO discount is influenced by the offer pricing and the market pricing. Besides, the non-linear relationship between ownership structure and the prosperity of market can reasonably account for the real situation. Besides, the benefit of controlling authority is better than the value of the cash flow of the released shares owing to the depression of the market, even the market is turning booming. Therefore, the issuers will minimize releasing share. However, the issuers will increasing released shares up to the market is keeping booming and the value of the cash flow of the released shares is better than the benefit of controlling authority. An auction model is established to analyze the choice of firms between fixed-price offerings and auctions. Chemmanur and Liu(2003) stated that obtaining the auction information is more advanced; however, the cost is high so that it can not catch enough investors to produce information which does not favor the discovery of the secondary market price. On the contrary, we proclaim that the information transmitting effect produced by auction will be helpful to the discovery of the secondary market price. Thus, a profitable company but suffers from high levels of information asymmetry prior to the IPO might expect the secondly market price to reflect its real value by auction. Moreover, the choice of underwriting mechanisms lies in the prosperity of the market, the reputation of the company and the degree of the releasing shares. The result of the empirical study is consistant with the expectation of our model.

<p>Bakgrund</p><p>Antalet svenskar som sparar i aktier har på 20 år mer än fördubblats. Värderingsmetoderna har genom tiderna förändrats. Kassaflödesvärdering dominerar för tillfället tillvägagångssätten att värdera företag/aktier. Det debatteras huruvida kassaflödesvärdering är en pålitlig metod eller ej. Det finns flera kassaflödesmodeller att välja bland. Modellerna bygger på många komplexa antaganden som kan påverka resultatet av värderingen.</p><p>Syfte</p><p>Syftet med undersökningen är att: undersöka och analysera hur kassaflödesmodeller används vid aktievärdering samt hur vridbarheten påverkar användbarheten. Vidare ska vi presentera vilka viktiga antaganden som behövs göras för kassaflödesmodeller och uppvisa hur de inverkar på kassaflödesvärderingen.</p><p>Metod</p><p>Utifrån syftet valdes att använda en kvalitativ metod med personliga och telefonintervjuer som verktyg. Valet av metodansats och verktyg baserades på att djupgående information behövdes för att uppnå syftet</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>Det finns ett flertal kassaflödesmodeller att välja bland; Dividend-Discount modellen, Fritt KassaFlöde till Aktieägare modellen, och Fritt KassaFlöde till Företaget modellen. Undersökningen visade att det är Fritt KassaFlöde till Företaget modellen som nästan uteslutande används mest. Det finns tre olika varianter av dessa kassaflödesmodeller; en med en konstant fas av tillväxt, en med två faser av tillväxt och en med tre olika faser av tillväxt. Det är varianten som behandlar tre olika faser av tillväxt som uteslutande används mest. Anledningen till detta är at den är närmast tillväxtförfarandet i verkligheten. Kassa-flödesmodellerna bygger på komplexa antaganden som i hög grad påverkar värdet, de är alltså vridbara. De antaganden som påverkar värdet mest är: tillväxten, diskonteringsfaktorn och räntan. En ökning i tillväxtantagandet ökar värdet. Ökar diskonteringsfaktorn kommer värdet att minska. Räntan påverkar inte värdet i så stor utsträckning men förändringar i räntan påverkar andra antagandena. Kassaflödesmodellernas vridbarhet har bevisats begränsa användbarheten. Kassaflödesvärdering bör användas som ett komplement till andra värderingsmetoder.</p>

Syfte: Uppsatsen syfte är att klargöra och analysera reporäntans ränteförändringars påverkan på aktiekurserna för samtliga svenska banker i large cap på Stockholmsbörsen. Metod: Kvantitativa händelsestudier har gjorts med deduktiv forskningsansats på fyra företag, samtliga noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. Den onormala avkastningen för de undersökta aktiekurserna har beräknats en dag före till en dag efter samtliga realiseringar av reporänteförändringar som skett mellan åren 2004 till 2015.  Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen för studien består av den effektiva marknadshypotesen och överreaktionshypotesen. Slutsatser: Studien har påvisat att det råder signifikant samband mellan ränteförändringar och de studerade aktiernas avkastning vid realisering av ränteförändringarna. / Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to clarify and analyze the changes in the discount rate and its impact on stock prices of all Swedish listed banks in large cap on the Stockholm stock exchange. Methodology: Quantitative event studies has been done with deductive research approach on four companies, all listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The abnormal returns for the examined stock prices have been calculated one day before to one day after all the realizations of the changes in the discount rate that occurred between year 2004 to 2015. Theory: The theoretical framework in this study consists of The Effective Market Hypothesis and The Overreaction Hypothesis. Conclusions: The study has shown that there is a significant correlation between the changes in the discount rate and the equity returns of the studied stocks.

Inovatyvaus verslo vertinimas - itin svarbus modernaus verslo, augančio į ateitį, valdymo uždavinys. Šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas - suformuoti galimus inovatyvaus verslo matavimo bei vertinimo metodus. Sekant nusibrėžta kryptimi, išnagrinėti inovacinio turto matavimo rodikliai, panaudojant inovatyvumo valdymo rodiklių generavimo instrumentą IMPROVE. Toliau nuosekliai išvestas ir ištirtas bazinis N-kartinio generavimo-diskontavimo modelis DFV, kaip inovatyvaus verslo vertės nustatymo metodo matematinis pagrindas. Parodyta, kad plačiai naudojamas DCF metodas, sekantis iš DFV modelio kaip ribinis atvejas, principialiai netinka inovatyvaus verslo vertinimui. Pasiūlyta vertinimo uždaviniuose įvesti diskonto normos tikimybinę funkciją p(j). Galiausiai pateikta fizinio bei intelektualinio turto ir atitinkamų srautų dinamikos schema parametrizuotų bazinių DFV modelių forma, kaip galimas inovatyvaus verslo vertinimo metodas DFV. / Assessment of innovative businesses is one of the most important tasks of modern businesses management. The goal of present article is the research of possible methods for measurement and evaluation of innovative business. On the way to this goal there were analyzed the measurement indicators of innovation asset using the indicator generation tool IMPROVE. Then there was made consecutive derivation of the N-generating-discounting model DFV as the mathematical base of the businesses assessment method. It was shown, that the well-known DCF method could be derived from DFV as the marginal case and is inadequate in innovative businesses assessment. Finally it was proposed dynamic layout of the physical and intellectual asset flows in the form of basic parameterized DFV models as the possible method of innovation businesses assessment.