Nowadays, women have a wide range of sources of information about childbirth. Women's attitudes toward childbirth are made by sharing experiences between women and in families but also they are based on information from media and internet. Consequently attitudes toward childbirth influence the choice of kind of delivery and women's childbirth experience. These days we can see some trends in obstetrics - the rising interest in natural births, on the one hand, and the rising number of women delivering their babies by cesarean section on the other hand. The goal of this socio-psychologically oriented thesis is to map women's attitudes to these most striking birth trends, and also to identify the reasons for these women's attitudes. The research part is thus focused qualitatively and uses the data from the analysis of the internet discussion forums for mothers. In the previous theoretical part are presented the key information necessary to understand the studied topic, such as the issues of attitudes, the specifics of the communication on the internet discussion forums and above all the current scientific knowledge about the attitudes of women to childbirth in the Czech Republic and the world. Key words Attitudes of women, natural childbirth, assisted childbirth, homebirth, caesarean section, internet...

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le champ des spécificités de la communication médiée par ordinateur et présente la diversité des pratiques écrivantes dans les forums de discussion grand public sur Internet. Les variations graphiques et visuelles s’appuient sur l’analyse d’un corpus de deux cents messages issus de quarante cinq forums proposant des thématiques variées, ainsi que sur l’étude particulière des variations individuelles dans les écrits de six scripteurs. Les différentes stratégies d’écriture sont d’abord présentées du point de vue de la structuration des messages: six profils graphiques reflètent les tendances compositionnelles des forumeurs. Puis les recherches s’étendent à l’ensemble des variations graphiques au sein des messages en soulignant les aspects expressifs et visuographiques de ces écrits de proximité originaux. Enfin, la thèse met l’accent sur l’usage et le rôle de l’image à côté d’un écrit plutôt normé qui s’ouvre à une communication visuelle plus attractive. / This study explores the specific characteristics of computer mediated communication and investigates the wealth of writing tactics to be found on online discussion forums open to the general public. Graphical and visual variants are brought to light through the analysis of a corpus of two hundred messages originating from forty five forums dealing with various issues, as well as through a particular study of individual variation in the production of six participants.In a first stage, different writing strategies are presented from the point of view of the way messages are structured: six graphical profiles show how forum users tend to organize their content. Then the range of our research is extended to embrace the whole of graphical variants within messages, bringing out the expressive and visuographical features typical of such umediated original writings. Finally, our study emphasizes the use and function of visual tools next to rule-bound writing, allowing for a more attractive visual type of communication.

Nowadays, women have a wide range of sources of information about childbirth. Women's attitudes toward childbirth are made by sharing experiences between women and in families but also they are based on informations from media and internet. Consequently attitudes toward childbirth influence the choice of kind of delivery and women's childbirth experience. These days we can see some trends in obstetrics - the rising interest in natural births, on the one hand, and the rising number of women delivering their babies by cesarean section on the other hand. The goal of this socio-psychologically oriented thesis is to map women's attitudes to these most striking birth trends, and also to identify the reasons for these women's attitudes. The research part is thus focused qualitatively and uses the data from the analysis of the internet discussion forums for mothers. In the previous theoretical part are presented the key information necessary to understand the studied topic, such as the issues of attitudes, the specifics of the communication on the internet discussion forums and above all the current scientific knowledge about the attitudes of women to childbirth in the Czech Republic and the world. Key words Attitudes of women, natural childbirth, assisted childbirth, homebirth, caesarean section, internet...

The theoretical part of this thesis named "The Analysis of Consumer Behavior of Women in the Age of Internet" describes the contemporary state of social media. The greatest attention is devoted to Internet forums and their ability to influence the consumer behavior of women in the era of Internet. The thesis also deals with the use of Internet marketing on these social forums. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the survey centered upon the greatest Czech discussion server for women -- Omlazení.cz and carried out in the form of questionnaires. The results of the survey were analyzed and on their basis the effect of individual discussions on the purchase of certain products was revealed.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur deltagare på diskussionsforumet Flashback förstår och konstruerar mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer, samt hur våldsutsatta och våldsutövare i partnerrelationer framställs. Diskussionsforum utgör en växande och dynamisk miljö som ger uttryck för en stor mångfald av röster som inte är synliga i den mediala debatten och erbjuder nya insikter i hur det komplexa könsrelaterade våldet kan förstås. Genom en dokumentstudie av 10 diskussionstrådar ämnar studien att bidra med kunskap om konstruktioner av våld i nära relation, våldsutövare och våldsutsatta, samt de ansvar dessa beskrivs ha i relationen. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten, baserad på socialkonstruktionismen och Hirdmans teori om genussystem, formar studiens förståelseram som tillämpas för att analysera materialet från den tematiska analysen. Resultaten visar att användarna på Flashback har en begränsad konstruktion av våld och sätter höga krav för att klassificera en handling som "riktigt" partnervåld. Fysiskt våld betraktas som allvarligt endast när det resulterar i allvarliga skador, psykiskt våld särskiljs från det fysiska och klassificeras många gånger inte som en konkret form av våld. Våldet förminskas genom att det framställas som förtjänt, motiverat, eller en reaktion på kvinnors beteenden. Våldsutsatta kvinnorporträtteras ofta med negativa attribut och skuldbeläggande attityder. Våldsutövare kopplas till en låg samhällsstatus och varierande maskulina eller svaga identiteter. Detta reflekterar sociala normer och förståelser av kön, våld och ansvar. I diskussioner om ansvar i våldsamma relationer placeras huvudsakligen detta ansvar på våldsutsatt kvinnor. Kvinnor kritiseras för att välja våldsamma partners och tolerera våld, medan mäns ansvar för att initiera och upprätthålla våldsamma relationer ofta förbises.

Suite aux travaux de Blumstein et ses collègues (1986), le paradigme des carrières criminelles est devenu un sujet d'importance dans la criminologie. Parmi les dimensions originales du paradigme, il n’est pas question de la performance criminelle. Ce concept permet de comprendre quel individu performe et dans quel contexte (Ouellet & Tremblay, 2014). Ceci puisque la performance qui est principalement basée sur l’appât du gain qui varie en fonction des objectifs criminogènes (Mccarthy & Hagan, 2001; Ouellet et al., 2020). Bien que des chercheurs en criminologie aient exploré son volet objectif, tel que le revenu criminel ( voir : McCarthy & Hagan, 2001; Morselli & Tremblay, 2004; Nguyen & Bouchard, 2013; Ouellet & Tremblay, 2014; Robitaille, 2004; Tremblay & Morselli, 2000; Uggen & Thompson, 2003) et l'impunité (voir : Loughran et al., 2009; Ouellet & Bouchard, 2017), le volet subjectif de la performance comprenant la réputation, le prestige ou le sentiment d’auto-efficacité a été largement sous-étudié en criminologie, et cela est encore plus vrai lorsqu'il s'agit de la population des cyberdélinquants. La littérature a longtemps utilisé les capitaux criminels pour tenter de prédire la performance des criminels. Toutefois, une revue de la littérature scientifique révèle un manque d'utilisation de modèles quantitatifs basés sur les capitaux criminels pour prédire la performance criminelle subjective. La présente étude se distingue en utilisant des données longitudinales quotidiennes provenant du plus grand forum de pirates informatiques en ligne, Hackforums.net (HF). Elle explore deux mesures de performance criminelle, à savoir la performance perçue par les pairs (réputation) et celle perçue par les administrateurs (prestige), ce qui permet d'apporter des nuances à l'analyse de la performance criminelle au sein des réseaux en ligne. Ce faisant, elle répond à l'objectif principal de l'étude : mesurer et comprendre la performance criminelle chez les participants de HF. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent la capacité distinctive des capitaux criminels à prédire les indicateurs de performance criminelle. De plus, elle souligne l'importance de la subjectivité dans l'acquisition de la performance, avec des critères de distribution de ressources limitées ou rares divergeant entre pairs et administrateurs. Enfin, cette recherche situe HF dans le contexte spécifique des sous-cultures déviantes, en raison de ses critères de performance uniques à cette sphère. / Following the work of Blumstein and his colleagues (1986), the paradigm of criminal careers has become a significant topic in scientific criminology, delving into various dimensions that constitute this paradigm. However, one of the original dimensions of the paradigm does not include criminal performance. This concept helps us understand which individuals excel in criminal activities and in what context (Ouellet & Tremblay, 2014). This is because performance, which is mainly based on the lure of gain, varies according to criminogenic objectives (McCarthy & Hagan, 2001; Ouellet et al., 2020). While researchers in criminology have explored its objective aspect, such as criminal income (see: McCarthy & Hagan, 2001; Morselli & Tremblay, 2004; Nguyen & Bouchard, 2013; Ouellet & Tremblay, 2014; Robitaille, 2004; Tremblay & Morselli, 2000; Uggen & Thompson, 2003) or impunity (see: Loughran et al., 2009; Ouellet & Bouchard, 2017), the subjective aspect of performance, including reputation, prestige, or self-efficacy, has been largely understudied in criminology, especially when it comes to the population of cybercriminals. The literature has long used criminal capital to attempt to predict criminal performance. However, a review of the scientific literature reveals a lack of quantitative models based on criminal capital to predict subjective criminal performance. This present study distinguishes itself by using daily longitudinal data from the largest online hacking forum, Hackforums.net (HF). It explores two measures of criminal performance, namely, performance perceived by peers (reputation) and that perceived by administrators (prestige), thus adding nuance to the analysis of criminal performance within online networks. In doing so, it addresses the main objective of the study: to measure and understand criminal performance among HF participants. The results of this study reveal the distinctive ability of criminal capital to predict indicators of criminal performance. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of subjectivity in acquiring performance, with criteria for the distribution of limited or rare resources differing between peers and administrators. Finally, this research situates HF in the specific context of deviant subcultures, due to its unique performance criteria in this sphere.

This applied dissertation was designed to analyze the effects of social networking for educational purposes on the academic achievement of regular and special education students in the secondary school setting. The effect of social networking on student learning has not been determined. There is a limited amount of research on how and to what extent teachers use social networking within the parameters of instruction. There is even less research distinguishing the effects of social networking on the academic achievement on regular and special education students. The student participants engaged in discussion forums as their primary social networking experience. Of the 155 participants, 94 were enrolled in a class that required participation in asynchronous discussion forum, and 61 were enrolled in a class with more traditional instruction devoid of social networking. The treatment consisted of 12 discussion prompts created by the teacher in the Blackboard course management system. The analysis of student test data showed no significant difference in mean scores attributable to social networking when educational status was ignored. When educational status was not ignored, however, the significant difference of mean scores between all regular education and all special education students was found to be highly unlikely to have been due to chance. This study also found that there was an interaction between educational status and social networking. The infusion of educational social networking helped narrow the achievement gap between regular and special education students.