Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 239 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Medical College of Ohio, 1996. / Major advisor: William J. Davis. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Medical College of Ohio, 1996. / Major advisor: William J. Davis. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MMil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS is spreading through Africa in epidemic proportions. Hundreds and thousands of people are infected on a daily basis. This pandemic destroys the emotional and physical strength of individuals. In Sub-Saharan Africa there is an estimated 28,1 million people living with HIV/AIDS. The military forces of Africa are not immune to this. Growing concern has shifted the focus of HIV/AIDS to the armed forces because they generally have higher levels of HIV/AIDS than the civilian population. Within the military it is critical that HIV/AIDS be managed in a manner that retards the spread of the virus as well as the negative impact that it has. The cornerstone of combat efficiency within the SANDF is its infantry section, a group of people forming the basis for the rest of the operational force structure that is deployed within an operational area. The deployment areas are dangerous and unstable and are conducive to the spread of HIV/AIDS. When forces are deployed within the operational area, they forge a bond built on trust, loyalty and a confidence in each other's work capability. HIV/AIDS impacts on this capability and results in an environment characterised by low morals, discrimination and stigma. The important element is to make soldiers aware of the implications of HIV/AIDS, and the perceptions that exist about people living with the disease. The success lies in the correct management in terms of prevention and protection. A clear understanding of the disease is the most important element in starting an effective prevention programme. People have to understand that HIV/AIDS is not only a medical problem, but also has far-reaching social and security implications. It not only affects the infected but also their families, relatives and friends. The infection has an enormous social impact that should not be underestimated. If left unchecked, HIV/AIDS will cripple the SANDF. implications. It not only affects the infected but also their families, relatives and friends. The infection has an enormous social impact that should not be underestimated. If left unchecked, HIV/AIDS will cripple the SANDF. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MIVNIGS word tans in Afrika deur duisende mense versprei en bereik epidemiese vlakke. Hierdie virus val die mens se fisiese en geestelike krag aan. In Afrika benede die Sahara is daar omtrent 28,1 miljoen mense wat met MIVNIGS leef. Die militêre mag van Afrika is nie imuun teen die stryd. Grootskaal se kommer is gefokus op die gewapende magte van Afrika omdat die militêr geneig is om meer MIVNIGS positiewe mense te hê as die siviele omgewing. Binne die militêr is dit krities dat MIVNIGS op so "n manier bestuur word dat die verspreiding van hierdie siekte belemmer word. Die infanterie seksie is die hoeksteen van vuurkrag effektiwieteit binne die SANW. Hierdie seksie is die fondament van die operasionele mag wat binne operasionele gebiede ontplooi word. Hierdie gebiede word gekenmerk deur gevaar en onstabiliteit wat die verspreiding van MIVNIGS vergemakiIk. Wanneer hierdie mag ontplooi word, is dit op die beginsel van vertroue in mekaar, lojaliteit en in "n geloofwaardigheid in mekaar se werksvermoë. MIVNIGS impak direk op hierdie beginsels en veroorsaak "n omgewing wat deur lae morele waardes, diskriminasie en negatiewe persepsies gekenmerk word. Dit is belangrik dat die soldaat ingelig word oor die persepsies en impak wat MIVNIGS moontlik kan hê. Die korrekte bestuur sal die mate van sukses bepaal hoe hierdie virus gehanteer kan word. "n Volle begrip sal die deurslaggewende beginsel wees in die effektiewe beheer van MIVNIGS word. Mense moet verstaan dat MIVNIGS nie net "n mediese probleem is maar dat dit ook "n verreikende effek het op die sekuriteit en sosiale dele van ons lewens. Dit impak ook op die families van die wat siek is, en die impak moet nie onderskat word nie. Die SANW sal tot sy knie gebring word sou hierdie virus onbepaald voortgaan.

Introdução: O Protocol Aids Clinical Trial Group (PACTG 076), publicado em 1994, demonstrou que a utilização da zidovudina (ZDV) reduzia a taxa de transmissão materno-infantil do HIV (TMI HIV) de 25% para 8,3%. Atualmente a terapia antirretroviral (TARV) combinada associada a uma série de medidas pode reduzir a taxa de TMI HIV para menos de 2%. Embora o Ministério da Saúde preconize a adoção destas medidas, a TMI HIV ainda permanece acima dos níveis desejados, principalmente em nosso meio. De acordo com levantamento da Vigilância Epidemiológica do Município de Porto Alegre, no ano de 2012 a taxa TMI HIV foi de 2,9%. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores que interferem na TMI HIV em um Hospital Universitário do Município de Porto Alegre/RS. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte histórico, tendo como amostra 292 bebês nascidos de mulheres portadoras do HIV, cujos nascimentos ocorreram no Centro Obstétrico de um Hospital Universitário do Município de Porto Alegre/RS, entre 1º de janeiro de 2010 a 31 de dezembro de 2014. Resultados: Dos 292 bebês, cujas mães eram portadoras do HIV, 3,8% (n=11) foram contaminados. Destes 90,9% (n=10) nasceram por cesariana; 90,9% (n=10) tinham d37 semanas; 54,6% (n=6) receberam ZDV xarope isoladamente e 45,4% (n=5) receberam ZDV + nevirapina (NVP). Quatro gestantes cujos bebês foram contaminados apresentaram sífilis na gestação (36,4%). A má adesão a TARV (p<0,003), a carga viral d1.000 cópias/mL ou ignorada no 3º trimestre (p<0,001) e o CD4 <500 células/mm3 (p<0,046) no terceiro trimestre foram significativamente associados a maior TMI HIV. Conclusão: Os fatores associados significativamente a TMI HIV foram à má adesão a TARV, a presença de sífilis na gestação, a carga viral d1000 cópias e o CD4 <500 células/mm³ no terceiro trimestre. / Introduction: Protocol Aids Clinical Trial Group (PACTG 076), published in 1994, demonstrated that the use of zidovudine (ZDV) had reduced the rate of mother-tochild transmission (MTCT) of HIV from 25% to 8.3%. Currently, a combined antiretroviral therapy (HAART) associated with a number of measures can reduce the rate of MTCT to less than 2%. Although the Ministry of Health recommends the adoption of these measures, the MTCT still remains above desired levels, especially in our center. According to a survey of Epidemiological Surveillance of Porto Alegre, in 2012 the rate of MTCT was 2.9%. Objective: To evaluate the factors that interfere with MTCT from HIV-positive women who gave birth in a University Hospital of Porto Alegre/RS. Method: A historical cohort study, with a sample 292 babies from HIV infected mother whose delivery occurred at Obstetric Center of the University Hospital of Porto Alegre/RS, at period of January 2010 till December 2014. Results: Of 292 babies of women HIV positive, 3.8% (n=11) were infected. Of those 90.9% (n=10) was born by cesarean section; 90.9% (n=10) had d37 weeks; 54.6% (n=6) received only ZDV syrup and 45.4% (n=5) received ZDV+nevirapine (NVP). Four pregnant women whose babies were infected, mother had syphilis during pregnancy (36.4%). Poor adherence to HAART (p<0.003), viral load d1000 copies/mL or ignored in the third trimester (p<0.001) and CD4 <500 cells/mm3 (p<0.046) in the third trimester were significantly associated with higher MTCT. Conclusion: We conclude that the presence of syphilis in pregnancy, viral load d1000 copies/mL or ignored in the third trimester, the CD4 <500 cells/mm³ in the third trimester, poor adherence to HAART were significant factors for MTCT.

Diseases that infect wildlife populations pose a significant threat to public health, agriculture, and conservation efforts. The spread of these diseases can be influenced by the social structure of the population, and therefore often need to be accounted for in disease models. In this thesis I use high-resolution contact data to explore the social structure of a high-density population of European badgers (Meles meles). I explore how this structure might influence the spread of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a debilitating disease of cattle for which badgers are a wildlife reservoir. Denning and home range data collected using radio tracking is also used to determine how this social structure is related to badger space use. I use social network analysis to identify the community structure of the badger population, revealing that badgers interact in fewer, more distinct groups than previously assumed. This is likely to inhibit the spread of disease through the population, given that the probability of infection entering a new social group will be reduced. However, among-group contact is still found to occur even between the most isolated groups. I show that this among-group contact is more likely to occur between less related individuals, possibly suggesting that breeding behaviour may drive among-group contact as a mechanism for inbreeding avoidance. To gain additional insight into this among-group contact, I determine how badger spatial behaviours are related. I show that the use of dens (setts) away from the social group’s main sett (outlier setts) in the spring is associated with extra-territorial ranging. I also show that this extra-territorial ranging is associated with more central network positions. The seasonality of this behaviour further suggests that this may be related to breeding activity. These findings suggest that behaviours associated with extra-group ranging may increase the risk of acquiring and transmitting infection. Therefore, use of outlier setts in the spring could act as a spatial proxy to identify high-risk individuals for disease spread, offering potential targets for disease control. Finally, I discuss the implications of these findings in regard to what they reveal about badger behaviour, disease transmission, and the design of effective disease control strategies. The importance of understanding population social structure for the study of wildlife disease in general is also discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-31 / A terapia anti-retroviral (TARV) contribui para a diminuição da morbidade e da mortalidade, com conseqüente aumento da sobrevida. No Brasil, há diferenças regionais relativas à dinâmica da epidemia do HIV e ao seu enfrentamento no grupo das gestantes e das crianças com HIV/AIDS. Este estudo verifica o tempo de sobrevida após o diagnóstico de aids em 914 crianças infectadas por transmissão vertical, entre os anos de 1983 e 1998 e acompanhadas até 2002, nas cinco regiões brasileiras. O tempo decorrido do nascimento ao diagnóstico de infecção pelo HIV, ao longo dos anos, apresenta uma diminuição, principalmente nos estados das regiões Sul e Sudeste. Houve melhora significativa da sobrevivência, mais de 75% dos casos ainda estavam vivendo quatro anos após o diagnóstico, no grupo de 1997 e 1998. Esta análise brasileira mostra ser possível para um país em desenvolvimento, estabelecer um sistema efetivo de acesso gratuito e universal à TARV, mesmo com dificuldades regionais para a organização de uma infra-estrutura ideal de saúde, tendo como resultado um aumento significativo na sobrevivência. / Antiretroviral therapy contributes to decreasing morbidity and mortality, and consequently increasing survival. In Brazil, there are regional differences about HIV epidemic dynamics and in confront among pregnant women and children with HIV/AIDS. This study verifies survival time after AIDS diagnosis in 914 children infected by mother-to-child transmission, between 1983 and 1998 and followed until 2002, in the five Brazilian regions. Time between birth and HIV diagnosis, along the years, decreased mainly in the states of South and South-East regions. There was a significant improvement in survival; more than 75% of cases still living four years after diagnosis in the 1997-1998 group. This Brazilian study demonstrates that even with regional inequalities for organizing an ideal structure of health care it is possible for a developing country to establish an effective system of universal and free access to HAART and having a significant increase in survival. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-25 / Objetivo: investigar a ocorrência de Escherichia coli (E.coli) em amostras de saliva em crianças de até 36 meses após a exposição da criança em creche pública e ambientes domésticos. Métodos: Nós investigamos a presença de E. coli, considerando como um indicador de contaminação fecal, em amostras de saliva de 141 crianças, 53 não frequentadoras e 88 frequentando creche infantil. Duas amostras de cada criança foram coletadas no mesmo dia, às 7h e 15h e semeadas em Agar MacConkey para posterior identificação de E. coli. As seguintes características da creche, foram avaliados: presença em tempo integral apenas crianças de até 36 meses, treinamento de pessoal, área de troca de fraldas e banheiros apenas para uso das crianças. Resultados: As amostras E.coli negativo na parte da manhã e positivo no período da tarde foram estatisticamente associados com a condição da criança frequentando creche (Odds ratio = 2,72; intervalo de confiança 95% = 1.15/6.46). Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre sexo, idade superior a 12 meses, a mamadeira, o uso de fralda e chupeta, e de escovação dentária. Conclusão: A exposição ao ambiente de creche favoreceu o risco potencial de transmissão de enteropatógenos, como demonstrado pela presença de E. coli em saliva, mesmo que a creche desde práticas de cuidado adequado da criança e tinha condição de higiene. O método mostrou ser de fácil amostragem, não-invasiva e viável em crianças pequenas. Como se sabe quanto tempo de E. coli podem sobreviver na cavidade oral, que pode ter impedido a descoberta de associações entre amostras positivas e alguns fatores de risco, dependendo da época da amostragem. / Objective: To investigate the ocurrence of Escherichia coli (E.coli) in samples of saliva in children up to 36 months after exposure to child public daycare center and home environments. Methods: We investigated the presence of E. coli, considered as an indicator of fecal contamination, in saliva samples from 141 children, 53 non-attending and 88 attending child daycare center. Two samples of each child were collected on the same day at 7:00 am and 3:00 pm and plated on MacConkey Agar for further identification of E. coli. The following characteristics of the daycare center were evaluated: attended full-time only children up to 36 months, staff training, diaper changing area and toilets only for children’s use. Results: Samples E. coli negative in the morning and positive in the afternoon were statistically associated with the condition of the child attending day care center (Odds ratio= 2.72; 95% confidence interval= 1.15/6.46). There were no statistically significant associations between gender, age over 12 months, bottle feeding, use of diaper and pacifier, and tooth brushing.Conclusion: Exposure to the daycare center environment favored the potential risk of transmission of enteropathogens, as demonstrated by the presence of E. coli in saliva, even though the daycare center provided adequate child care practices and had good hygiene condition. The method proved to be easy to sampling, non-invasive and feasible in young children. As is unknown how long E. coli can survive in oral cavity that may have prevented the finding of associations between positive samples and some risk factors depending upon the time of the sampling. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações