Background: Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV 2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. HSV 2 infection is a risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of other STIs. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine prevalence and predictors of HSV 2 infection in Durban, South Africa by using available data that has not been previously analysed for the purpose of adding scientific evidence to the existing body of knowledge relating to HSV 2. Method: The study involves secondary analyses of data collected as a prospective study which enrolled women who participated in a clinical trial. A total of 3472 sexually active women were screened in the primary study from two clinics in Durban. All consenting participants were tested for HIV, HSV 2, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Neisseria gonorrhoea (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection. Results: There were 2532 women who had HSV 2 giving a prevalence of 73%. Of these, 53% also tested positive for HIV infection. In univariate analysis, co-infection with HIV was strongly associated with HSV2 (Odds Ratio (OR): 7.4, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 6.0, 9.1, p<0.001). There was also an association between other STIs, such as CT, NG and syphilis and HSV 2, although only NG was significantly associated with prevalent of HSV 2 (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3, 4.1, p=0.005). Women older than 25 years of age more likely to have HSV 2 (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 2.0,2.8, p<0.001). A risk of being infected with HSV 2 increased with the number of reported lifetime sexual partners Those with two and three or more were 2,5 and 4.6 times more likely to have HSV2 respectively (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 2.1,3.1, p<0.001 and OR: 4.6, 95% CI: 3.8, 5.6, p<0.001 respectively). Women who had less than high school education were also found to have higher risk for HSV 2. Conclusion: The secondary analysis showed a high prevalence of HSV 2 infection and a strong association of HSV 2 and HIV. A significant association of HSV 2 was noted in women having more than two sex partners and lower high school education. Therefore, it is recommended that screening for HSV 2 among high risk populations be incorporated into the STI screening and treatment packages. / Prevalence and risk factors associated with HSV 2 / Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 / HSV 2 / Department of Health Studies / M. (Public health)

Background: Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV 2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. HSV 2 infection is a risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of other STIs. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine prevalence and predictors of HSV 2 infection in Durban, South Africa by using available data that has not been previously analysed for the purpose of adding scientific evidence to the existing body of knowledge relating to HSV 2. Method: The study involves secondary analyses of data collected as a prospective study which enrolled women who participated in a clinical trial. A total of 3472 sexually active women were screened in the primary study from two clinics in Durban. All consenting participants were tested for HIV, HSV 2, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Neisseria gonorrhoea (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection. Results: There were 2532 women who had HSV 2 giving a prevalence of 73%. Of these, 53% also tested positive for HIV infection. In univariate analysis, co-infection with HIV was strongly associated with HSV2 (Odds Ratio (OR): 7.4, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 6.0, 9.1, p<0.001). There was also an association between other STIs, such as CT, NG and syphilis and HSV 2, although only NG was significantly associated with prevalent of HSV 2 (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3, 4.1, p=0.005). Women older than 25 years of age more likely to have HSV 2 (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 2.0,2.8, p<0.001). A risk of being infected with HSV 2 increased with the number of reported lifetime sexual partners Those with two and three or more were 2,5 and 4.6 times more likely to have HSV2 respectively (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 2.1,3.1, p<0.001 and OR: 4.6, 95% CI: 3.8, 5.6, p<0.001 respectively). Women who had less than high school education were also found to have higher risk for HSV 2. Conclusion: The secondary analysis showed a high prevalence of HSV 2 infection and a strong association of HSV 2 and HIV. A significant association of HSV 2 was noted in women having more than two sex partners and lower high school education. Therefore, it is recommended that screening for HSV 2 among high risk populations be incorporated into the STI screening and treatment packages. / Prevalence and risk factors associated with HSV 2 / Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 / HSV 2 / Department of Health Studies / M. (Public health)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Rates of chronic disease and physical inactivity are disproportionately high among African American women. Despite the known benefits of physical activity and an increasing number of programs designed to increase activity, attendance rates to many exercise programs remain low. There is much to learn about program types, such as healthy lifestyle programs (HLP); individual factors, such as self-efficacy; and mediating variables that may influence exercise program attendance. An observational study design was used to compare exercise self-efficacy and attendance in a community-based exercise program in African American women who were enrolled in a HLP (N = 53) to women who were not (N = 27). Exercise program attendance was gathered across six months; demographics, self-efficacy and physical activity behaviors were assessed through surveys; and physiological variables (resting heart rate and blood pressure, height, and weight) and physical fitness (muscular strength and endurance and cardiovascular endurance) were measured at baseline. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participants and groups were compared using T-tests, chi-square and non-parametric statistics. Finally, mediation analyses were conducted using multiple regression models to assess self-efficacy as a potential mediator to exercise program attendance. Women who enrolled in this study were of low income (61% having an annual income less than $20,000), obese with a mean (standard deviation) body mass index (BMI) of 37.7 (7.6), pre-hypertensive with a mean (standard deviation) systolic blood pressure of 125.9 (14.4), and scored poorly and marginally on two fitness tests. On average, women reported being Moderately Confident in their ability to exercise regularly, yet had low attendance in the exercise program with a median number .5 days over six months and there were no significant differences in exercise self-efficacy (p = .23) or attendance in the exercise program between groups (p = .79). Additionally, exercise self-efficacy was not a mediating variable to program attendance. Women in this study had little discretionary income and several chronic disease risk factors, yet exercise program attendance was low even in those enrolled in a HLP. Identifying factors that increase exercise self-efficacy and factors that influence attendance beyond self-efficacy may help future program design and attendance.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Epidemiological studies suggest that depression may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although several possible mediators of this association have been proposed, the precise mechanisms are yet unknown. Accordingly, we examined periodontal disease as a novel mediator of the depression-CVD association, given its separate links with both depression and CVD. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I and its Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS) were analyzed. Participants were 3,346 individuals aged 25-74 years free of CVD at baseline (53% female, 16% non-white). Depression was assessed by the, depressed mood subscale of the General Well-Being Schedule Based on the Russell Periodontal Index, periodontal disease (43%) was defined as the presence of four or more periodontal pockets identified by a licensed dentist during an examination. The primary outcome was incident CVD (n=727, 22%), defined as nonfatal or fatal coronary artery disease or cerebrovascular disease, identified during the follow-up period by interviews and death certificate records. All analyses were adjusted for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Logistic regression analyses revealed no association between the GWBS depressed mood score and periodontal disease (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 0.96-1.14, p=.24). Cox proportional hazard models revealed that both periodontal disease (HR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.06-1.46, p=.009) and depressed mood (HR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.17, p=.03) were significant predictors of incident CVD. However, Sobel analyses found that periodontal disease was not a partial mediator of the depressed mood-incident CVD association (t=1.01, p=.31). Overall, these mediation results suggest that (a) both periodontal disease and depressed mood are independent predictors of incident CVD and that (b) the effect of depressive symptoms on incident CVD is not mediated by periodontal disease.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Recent advancements in the management of systemic glucose regulation in obesity/T2DM include drug therapies designed to utilize components of the incretin system specifically related to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). More recently, GLP-1 has been investigated for potential cardioprotective effects. Several investigations have revealed that acute/sub-acute intravenous administration of GLP-1 significantly reduces myocardial infarct size following ischemia/reperfusion injury and improves cardiac contractile function in the settings of coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, and heart failure. Despite an abundance of data indicating that intravenous infusion of GLP-1 is cardioprotective, information has been lacking on the cardiac effects of iv GLP-1 in the MetS or T2DM population. Some important questions this study aimed to address are 1) what are the direct, dose-dependent cardiac effects of GLP-1 in-vivo 2) are the cardiac effects influenced by cardiac demand (MVO2) and/or ischemia, 3) does GLP-1 effect myocardial blood flow, glucose uptake or total oxidative metabolism in human subjects, and 4) are the cardiac effects of GLP-1 treatment impaired in the settings of obesity/MetS and T2DM. Initial studies conducted in canines demonstrated that GLP-1 had no direct effect on coronary blood flow in-vivo or vasomotor tone in-vitro, but preferentially increased myocardial glucose uptake in ischemic myocardium independent of effects on cardiac contractile function or coronary blood flow. Parallel translational studies conducted in the humans and Ossabaw swine demonstrate that iv GLP-1 significantly increases myocardial glucose uptake at rest and in response to increases in cardiac demand (MVO2) in lean subjects, but not in the settings of obesity/MetS and T2DM. Further investigation in isolated cardiac tissue from lean and obese/MetS swine indicate that this impairment in GLP-1 responsiveness is related to attenuated activation of p38-MAPK, independent of alterations in GLP-1 receptor expression or PKA-dependent signaling. Our results indicate that the affects of GLP-1 to reduce cardiac damage and increase left ventricular performance may be impaired by obesity/MetS and T2DM.

The purpose of the study was to investigate Grade 12 learners’ perceptions of their vulnerability to HIV infections in order to gain insight of their experiences on HIV and AIDS at schools in the Eastern Cape. This was done by using a mixed method approach where focus-group discussions and questionnaires were used to gather data. This study found that the teaching of HIV and AIDS or Life Skills is not adequate. It is possible that the lack of learner involvement in the design and implementation of the programmes could be one of the reasons why there is low participation by learners in intervention programmes in schools, as noted in this study. There is need for strong advocacy on the use of condoms as a preventive measure against unwanted pregnancies, and sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) including HIV. More involvement in extra-curricular activities would help learners to develop self-esteem and the ability to resist drugs and other risky sexual behaviours. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV & AIDS)

The purpose of the study was to describe the determinants and practice of HIV self-testing among health care workers (HCWs) in Nyeri provincial hospital, Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the rate of HIV self-testing, explore the factors influencing the practice and describe access to HIV psychosocial support, care and treatment. The study was guided by the concepts of the protection motivation theory. Data was collected from 348 HCWs and analysed by means of logistic regression. Results showed that 65.8% of the HCWs had practiced HIV self-testing among themselves. Age, self efficacy and response efficacy were found to be significant predictors of HIV self-testing. Willingness to access HIV psychosocial support (71.3%) and care and treatment (73.9%) was high. Self-testing is highly practiced by HCWs. / HIV self-testing among health care workers at Nyeri Provincial Hospital in Kenya / HIV self-testing among health care workers / Public Health / M.A. (Public Health)

The purpose of the study was to investigate Grade 12 learners’ perceptions of their vulnerability to HIV infections in order to gain insight of their experiences on HIV and AIDS at schools in the Eastern Cape. This was done by using a mixed method approach where focus-group discussions and questionnaires were used to gather data. This study found that the teaching of HIV and AIDS or Life Skills is not adequate. It is possible that the lack of learner involvement in the design and implementation of the programmes could be one of the reasons why there is low participation by learners in intervention programmes in schools, as noted in this study. There is need for strong advocacy on the use of condoms as a preventive measure against unwanted pregnancies, and sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) including HIV. More involvement in extra-curricular activities would help learners to develop self-esteem and the ability to resist drugs and other risky sexual behaviours. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV & AIDS)

The purpose of the study was to describe the determinants and practice of HIV self-testing among health care workers (HCWs) in Nyeri provincial hospital, Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the rate of HIV self-testing, explore the factors influencing the practice and describe access to HIV psychosocial support, care and treatment. The study was guided by the concepts of the protection motivation theory. Data was collected from 348 HCWs and analysed by means of logistic regression. Results showed that 65.8% of the HCWs had practiced HIV self-testing among themselves. Age, self efficacy and response efficacy were found to be significant predictors of HIV self-testing. Willingness to access HIV psychosocial support (71.3%) and care and treatment (73.9%) was high. Self-testing is highly practiced by HCWs. / Public Health / M.A. (Public Health)