Equal treatment and prohibition of discrimination Abstract My diploma thesis deals with the topic of equal treatment and non discrimination in employment relations, which form one of the areas where the impacts of discrimination can be perceived most intensely, as such behaviour denies the freedom of making decisions about one's profession, which is highly important for the self-fulfilment of each individual. Within the context of the Czech Republic, the urgency of the topic of the thesis is given by the need to adopt new principles and tools brought by the transposition of the EU anti-discrimination legislation into the Czech legal system. Sufficient public awareness of its contents and possibilities it brings is a prerequisite for effective application of the new legislation. For that reason, the purpose of my thesis is primarily to outline gradual shifts in the understanding of the principle of equal treatment in the European area and to describe the development of the EU anti-discrimination legislation. The thesis should also present plentiful judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) interpreting the meaning of individual provisions of both primary and secondary EU legislation. The first chapter defines the terms of equality and discrimination and distinguishes two main approaches...

77 Summary The topic of this thesis is discrimination on the grounds of sex and its prohibition. The purpose of my thesis is to analyse and evaluate historical and present level of legal enactment of the equality between men and women and prohibition of discrimination. I focused on the law of EU, relevant documents of International law and on the legal order of the Czech republic. The thesis is composed of five chapters, Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis like equality and types of discrimation. The chapter Two examines relevant international agreements and other documents, chapter Three focuses on legal enactment of equal treatment and prohibition of discrimination in the primary and secindary law of EU, together with the relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the EU. The chapter Four is dedicated to the relevant Czech legislation, followed by chapter Five which provides an outline of relevant Czech case law, and level of legal protection against discrimination in effect.

Title of diploma thesis: Tactile discrimination and excitability of alpha motoneurons Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to detect whether tactile discrimination tasks affect the excitability of the alpha motoneurons. Methods: Seven volunteers aged between 20 and 26 years participated in this study. The H reflex, (M wave) were recorded during three control and three experimental conditions. The control conditions preceded each experimental condition. By stimulating the tibialis nerve in the popliteal fossa the H reflex was elicited and its amplitude and latency measured at rest (control) and during tactile discrimination tasks (experimental). As tactile discrimination tasks, three separate tasks were chosen-tactile stimulation, escape reaction to tactile stimulation, and two-point discrimination. We used an EMG stimulator with a constant voltage output and monophasic squared pulses, with a 0,5 ms interval. The stimulation was switched on manually every 3-5 seconds. To detect the electrical potential of the soleus muscle, we used a surface EMG device, a GrassTelefactor, with galvanic isolation complying with EU standards. The parameters measured were the latency and amplitude of the H reflex and M wave during the tactile discrimination tasks and these were then compared to the values at rest. The...

1 Abstract The objective of this thesis is to describe the fundamental issues related to the assessment of the material and personal scope of EU law with regard to the institution of EU citizenship. It follows that the purpose of the work is not to analyse the institute of EU citizenship as such. The attention is paid predominantly to the material scope. Contrary to the personal scope, it is precisely the area of the assessment of the material scope where we can recently observe the groundbreaking changes in the logic used by the CJEU. These changes are described by analysing four key judgments of the CJEU wherein a new approach to the assessment of the material scope was introduced. The main feature of the new approach is the abandonment of the traditional cross-border logic. In certain situations, it is now possible to deduce the material scope of EU law even without the existence of a cross-border element. This new approach is based solely on the status of EU citizenship. In this work, there is also analysis of the potential of this new approach, especially with regard to possible solutions to a problem of reverse discrimination. In addition to the introduction and conclusion the thesis contains five chapters. The first chapter is devoted to a brief explanation of the institute of EU citizenship. The...

English summary The status of migrants in the social sphere The aim of the work is to identify and describe the position of two groups of European citizens, a worker and a student, migrating over Europe and exercising their rights. On one hand, there is still some discrimination against the EU citizens, and on the other hand, there is some criticism of the ECJ for its excessive benevolence in decision making. The social area stated in the name of the work is intended not only as the area of social security and labour law, but also as the area of access to education and meeting of the cultural needs of people. The thesis is divided into two parts, general and special. Two introductory chapters comprising the general part of the work are devoted to defining of the terms free movement of persons and the European social rights, and their historical development across the primary legislation. The author notices also the historical circumstances and reasons why the developments lead this way. The relevant present legal regulations in the secondary law are analysed in detail and a possible vision for the future of the EU is introduced. A special section consisting of the third and fourth chapter aims at demonstrating of the true position of the migrants via the selected judicial decisions the ECJ. There is an...

The purpose of my thesis is to provide a comprehensive view on the issue of discrimination based on sex in labour-law relations. The aim of my thesis is to investigate why discrimination is still present in society despite all the effort made by the international organisations, legislators and non-governmental organizations. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to analyse the current position of women in society, the causes of why discrimination based on sex is emerging and to find out whether the status of women has improved over the decades and in which direction it is developing. The thesis is composed of seven chapters, each discussing different aspects of gender discrimination. The first chapter is an introductory part providing a brief look at the historical developments of the issue in the Czech Republic and abroad. It also examines individual areas of labour-law relations in which discrimination often occurs. The second chapter defines basic terminology used in the thesis, i.e. "equality", "direct and indirect discrimination", "sex", "gender" and "labour-law relations". The third chapter describes various international organisations such as The United Nations, The International Labour Organization and The Council of Europe that are active in the field of fighting discrimination and...

Non-discrimination and equal treatment in Employment relationships in the Czech Republic and in selected EU countries Abstract Principles of equality, respectively equal treatment and prohibition of discrimination, are prominent in public discourse as well as in practical life, specifically in relationships between employees and employers. It is typical that these principles and their precise content and scope may vary in accordance with cultural, local and historical contexts. In the Czech Republic, arguments relating to equal treatment and prohibition of discrimination in employment relations are not very often heard and resolved by courts; that however does not mean that problems relating to unequal treatment or discrimination would be absent. Employment laws are in many respects driven and influenced by European Union law; ban on discrimination is subject to regulation by a number of Directives, which each Member State must transpose into its national legal framework. When these national laws are interpreted and applied, the primary concern must rest in maintaining consistency with the original regulation while considering any relevant case law passed down by the Court of Justice of the European Union. For the same reasons, it may be interesting to compare, from legislative standpoint and in application...

Legislation of the women's position on labor market Abstract The aim of this thesis called "Legislation of the women's situation on labor market" is to describe not only current situation but also historic progression of women's position in employment relations. It is focused on the regulation of equal treatment and the prohibition of discrimination in international law, European law and Czech law and also on special working conditions of women, which are established for protection of female employees during pregnancy and maternity. I also try to acquaint readers with judicial decisions in this area. Women's situation on labor market was not always great and they had to fought for better position. Traditional arrangement where house keeping and raising kids is naturally considered as women's responsibility is still common in most families. That is why lots of women have to learn how to coordinate mother's role and their job. My thesis is divided into five chapters. First chapter is dedicated to evolution of women's position in society and on labor market from 19th century to the period after Velvet revolution in 1989. Second and third chapters are focused on equal treatment and the prohibition of discrimination. While the purpose of the second chapter is to define these expressions, the third chapter serves...

European legal regulation of the remuneration of women and men Abstract This thesis focuses on the legal regulation of the principle of equal pay in European law. Despite the fact that the priciples of equality of men and women are anchored in the international, regional and national laws, the actual fulfulment of the principle of equal pay in the European countries is not satisfactory. This thesis is trying to provide a systematic overview of the relevant legal regulation of the principle of equal pay on the international and European level. Within the respective legal systems, this thesis focuses on the particularity of the regulation, on the existence of controll and enforcing mechanism and on the actual aplication of the principle of equal pay through these mechanisms. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter defines the concepts essential for this thesis. In particular, it contains definitions of concepts of equality and discrimination. Furthermore, the concepts of sex, gender and diferences in remuneration are defined. The second chapter focuses on the legal regulation of equal pay as adopted by the UN. It analyses the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women and the relevant treaties of the International labour organisation, including the overview...

Diplomová práce pojednává o politice rovných příležitostí, situaci trhu práce a postavení žen v rozhodovacích procesech na úrovni Evropské unie. Hodnotí legislativní a nelegislativní nástroje v této oblasti a budoucnost rovných příležitostí. Zaměřuje se také na hodnocení rovných příležitostí v České republice, Švédsku a Rumunsku. Podává rovněž příklady good practices mezinárodních a českých firem.