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Objectifs Dans ce mémoire, nous voulons mettre en lumière une caractéristique principale de la schizophrénie soit les symptômes de désorganisation du discours qui sont moins étudiés, bien qu’ils contribuent au dysfonctionnement social. Évalués indirectement via des tâches verbales, les études en neuroimagerie qui ont été menées sur ces symptômes produisent des résultats hétérogènes. Ainsi, ce mémoire a pour but de remédier à cette lacune dans la littérature en identifiant les régions d’intérêt les plus fiables dans la schizophrénie lors de tâches verbales. Méthodologie Pour ce faire, une fouille systématique dans PubMed, Web of Sciences et EMBASE a été nécessaire pour retracer les données d’imagerie fonctionnelle chez des patients atteints de la schizophrénie lors d’une tâche de fluidité verbale ou de traitement de sémantique. Trente-trois études ont été retenues afin d’exécuter les analyses méta-analytiques par l’approche d’estimation des probabilités d’activation. La correction family-wise error a été appliqué pour obtenir un seuil corrigé de p<0,05. Résultats Six groupements d’activation altérée ont été observés chez les individus atteints de la schizophrénie comparativement aux contrôles sains. D’abord, chez les patients, une hyperactivation a été observée dans les gyri frontaux inférieur et médial gauches et des hypoactivations ont été observées dans les gyri frontal inférieur et précentral droits ainsi que dans le noyau caudé gauche. Une seconde analyse combinant les hyper- et hypoactivations a révélé trois groupements d’activation altérée, soit dans les gyri frontaux inférieur et médial gauches, les gyri précentral, frontal inférieur et l’insula gauches et le gyrus angulaire et précuneus gauches. Conclusion De ces résultats, on ressort quatre grandes tendances, soit une altération de l’activation d’une aire classique du langage, des fonctions exécutives, des aires motrices et du réseau de mode par défaut. / Objectives In this memoir, we try to shed light on a key feature of schizophrenia, namely the speech disorganization symptoms, which are less studied despite their contribution to social dysfunction. Assessed indirectly through verbal tasks, functional neuroimaging studies led in this domain produced heterogenous results. Thus, this memoir aims to remedy this gap in the literature by identifying the most reliable regions of interest in schizophrenia during verbal tasks. Methods To do so, this memoir presents a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies using verbal tasks in schizophrenia. Hence, a systematic search in PubMed, Web of Sciences and EMBASE was necessary to trace all the functional neuroimaging data involving schizophrenia patients during a verbal fluency or a semantic processing task. Thirty-three studies were selected, and meta-analytic procedures were performed using the activation likelihood estimation approach. The family-wise error was applied to obtain a corrected threshold of p<0,05. Results Six cluster of altered activation were observed among schizophrenia patients comparatively to healthy controls. First, hyperactivation of the left inferior and medial frontal gyri in patients has been observed as well as hypoactivations in the right inferior frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus and in the left caudate nucleus. A second analysis with hyper- and hypoactivations combined revealed three clusters of activation first in the left inferior and medial frontal gyri, second in the left precentral and inferior frontal gyri and the left insula, and third in the left angular gyrus and precuneus. Conclusion From these results, four trends stand out : an altered activation of one of the classical language related areas, of the executive functions areas, the motor areas and the default mode network.

Community violence can have lasting impacts on populations that experience it, including but not limited to, financial damages, property damage, and psychological trauma. Therefore, exploring mechanisms of violence prevention is increasingly important, especially within the context of multicultural societies. This research does just that by approaching community violence prevention from an interdisciplinary perspective, including aspects of public health, political science, criminology, and sociology. This dissertation explores the interfaith organization InterFaith Leadership Council of Metro Detroit and those in the organization's network. It considers how interfaith leaders, through activism and dialogue, can contribute to community violence prevention. By applying the social ecological model and social disorganization theory, this research considers how to prevent community violence through building social capital, collective efficacy, and community capacity. This inquiry also utilized the social determinants of health to describe how violence and violence prevention is linked to community health. This dissertation uses qualitative data, including interviews, document analysis, and field notes to explore the mechanisms by which interfaith leadership can prevent community violence, specifically gang violence and violent extremism. / Doctor of Philosophy / Community violence can have lasting impacts on populations that experience it, including but not limited to, financial damages, property damage, and psychological trauma. Therefore, exploring methods of violence prevention is increasingly important. This dissertation uses qualitative data to explore community violence prevention in Metro Detroit as carried out by the InterFaith Leadership Council and its broader network. Included in this dissertation are insights from interviews, document analysis, and field notes. All this data informs the research and attempts to address how the question of how the interfaith community in Metro Detroit is working to prevent community violence. This research utilizes the social ecological model and social disorganization theory as its overarching framework for analysis. The analysis examines interfaith relationships, collective efficacy, and community capacity. This research also frames violence and violence prevention within the context of the social determinants of health in an attempt to identify the factors that affect violence and violence prevention.

This study examined whether religiosity, parental and adult support coping would moderate the influence of neighborhood risks and friends' drug use upon drug refusal efficacy and drug use among African American adolescents. One hundred and thirteen African American urban adolescents (77 females and 36 males) aged 11-17 (M=14.17) participated in this study. This study used the God Support and Religious Support scales to assess religiosity; the parental support coping subscale of the Wills Coping measure; Center for Substance Abuse Prevention's Special Event Drug Refusal Efficacy and Friends' Drug use scales; the Exposure to Neighborhood Risk Scale; and a one-item measure of adult support coping from the Wills' Coping measure. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that religiosity moderated the effects of neighborhood risks upon tobacco and alcohol refusal efficacy. Higher levels of religiosity were associated with lower levels of marijuana use, higher levels of parent support coping, and higher levels of alcohol and tobacco refusal efficacy. These findings suggest that religiosity may protect against drug use risk factors and enhance drug refusal efficacy among African American adolescents. Implications of these findings are discussed.

This study investigates both space and time aspects of neighborhood crime distributions using social disorganization as a theoretical framework in the City of Richmond, VA. Neighborhood crime, in this study, might be considered as any type of index crime aggregated to neighborhood level. For the purpose of the present study, however, neighborhood crime only includes "homicide" categorized as an index crime in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR). Homicides in neighborhoods have been realized as rare events, and have become problematic to establish robust statistical models in the literature. With the focus of neighborhood homicide, this study questions the consistency of Social Disorganization Theory (SDT) by the longitudinal research setting. It, therefore, constructs and verifies seven hypotheses (residential mobility, race/ethnic heterogeneity, family disruption, socio-economic status, population density, youth, and vacancy) to test SDT, while it establishes and further confirms its main hypothesis "Neighborhood homicide increase is likely to be associated by the increase in neighborhood social disorganization over time."This study constructs a longitudinal research design with 10 years, uses Census 1990, Census 2000 and homicide data (From the City of Richmond Police Department) as secondary data. Nonetheless, this study uses only two main census decennial years to calculate the other years' structural covariates by the linear interpolation technique such that this study is able to include additional years to construct the essential difference models. Population includes all neighborhoods in the City of Richmond such that this study works with entire population, but no sampling procedure. As an analytical strategy, this study constructs eleven different binomial logistic regressions, whereas it constructs multinomial logistic regressions as difference models to verify the main hypothesis for neighborhood homicide. Once this study realizes clustered neighborhoods with respect to experiencing homicide hotspot(s), it constructs a stepwise multiple regressions model to explore the most important social disorganization variables for the most problematic neighborhoods.In terms of findings, the most important social disorganization variables attributed to homicide distribution in the City of Richmond are: The low SES (Socioeconomic Status), residential mobility, vacancy, population density (across only the concentrated neighborhoods), and family disruption.Accordingly, this study has successfully contributed to the literature around SDT, social crime prevention, and spatially integrated crime policy analysis.

The overrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities in crime has been an issue of debate. Some evidence, however, has shown that racial differences in offending are largely accounted for by economic disadvantage. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 4,290), the relationship between race and delinquency was examined looking at social disorganization factors. It was hypothesized that there would be racial and ethnic differences in delinquency and that these differences would be accounted for by social disorganization factors, specifically collective efficacy and economic disadvantage. The results show that compared to White adolescents Hispanic adolescents have increased odds of nonviolent and violent delinquency, and Black adolescents have increased odds of violent delinquency. Contrary to expectations, social disorganization factors did not account for the racial and ethnic differences in delinquency. Unexpectedly, higher levels of collective efficacy actually increased the odds of violent delinquency.

The reported number of hate crimes in New Jersey continues to remain high despite the enforcement of laws against perpetrators. The purpose of this correlational panel study was to test Shaw & McKay's theory of social disorganization by examining the relationship between demographic diversity and hate crime rates. This study focused on analyzing the relationship between the level of diversity, residential mobility, unemployment, family disruption, proximity to urban areas, and population density in all 21 New Jersey counties and hate crime rates. The existing data of Federal Bureau of Investigations' hate crime rates and the U.S. Census Bureau's demographic diversity, operationalized as the percentage of Whites over all other races, and social disorganization from 21 between the years 2007 through 2011, for a total sample size of 105 cases of reported hate crimes. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicate that ethnic diversity did not significantly predict hate crimes (p = 0.81), residential mobility (p < 0.001), and population density (p < 0.001) had positive effects on hate crime rates. Concentrated disadvantage (p = 0.01), characterized by the number of reported unemployment rates, had a negative effect on hate crime rates. The results of the study supported social disorganization theory in reference to residential mobility and population density. Law enforcement agencies can use the results of this study to combat hate crimes in areas with a high level of residential mobility and population density.