The aim of this thesis work is to design and manufacture a Dissimilar Channel Angular Pressing (DCAP) system for severe plastic deformation of aluminum alloy sheets in order to obtain ultra-fine grained structure. First, a DCAP system was designed by Finite Element Analysis and constructed after various optimization trials. Next, 6061-T0 aluminum alloy plates were severely deformed by various DCAP passes through the system. The samples were characterized by metallography, X-ray diffraction, tension and hardness tests. It has been observed that the yield strength was improved about 100 % after 2 DCAP passes, and 45 nm sub-grain size was obtained.

Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre juntas dissimilares produzidas pelo processo FSpW sem e com a utilização de Zn como metal intermediário tendo a finalidade de investigar a eficácia da adição deste metal no comportamento mecânico das juntas, bem como avaliar sua influência nas características microestruturais das juntas soldadas. As juntas foram produzidas com ligas de Al AA5754-H24 e Mg AZ31-O, de particular interesse do setor automotivo. Nas condições de soldagem com metal intermediário, chapas de Al revestido com Zn por galvanização foram usadas. As propriedades mecânicas das juntas foram avaliadas através de ensaios com carregamento quasi-estáticos e dinâmicos, sendo então correlacionados com as características microestruturais. Através das análises constatou-se que a aplicação de Zn como metal intermediário mostrou-se efetiva na redução do volume de compostos intermetálicos formados na interface da solda e consequentemente, obteve-se um aumento do desempenho mecânico de cerca de 48 % no ensaio de cisalhamento por tração, 230% no ensaio de tração cruzada e de 35,31 % no ensaio de fadiga quando em comparação a juntas soldadas diretamente entre as chapas de AA5754-H24 e AZ31-O. / In this research was carried out a comparative study between dissimilar joints produced by means of the process FSpW without and with applying Zn as an intermediary metal with the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of the addition of this metal in the mechanical behavior of joints, as well as to assess its influence on the microstructural characteristics of the welded joints. The joints were produced with the AA5754-H24 Al alloy and the AZ31-O Mg alloy, materials of particular interest to the automotive industry. For the welding conditions with the Zn interlayer Al sheets coated by hot deep galvanizing were used. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were evaluated in terms of quasi-static and dynamic load and then correlated with the microstructural features. Through the analyzes it has been verified that the addition of Zn as an intermediary metal proved to be effective in reducing the amount of the intermetallic compound formed at the weld interface and consequently the mechanical performance increased about 48 % in the lap shear strength test, 230 % in the cross tensile strength test and 35,31 % in the fatigue test when compared to the welded joints produced by the direct contact among the AA5754-H24 and the AZ31-O sheets.

Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre juntas dissimilares produzidas pelo processo FSpW sem e com a utilização de Zn como metal intermediário tendo a finalidade de investigar a eficácia da adição deste metal no comportamento mecânico das juntas, bem como avaliar sua influência nas características microestruturais das juntas soldadas. As juntas foram produzidas com ligas de Al AA5754-H24 e Mg AZ31-O, de particular interesse do setor automotivo. Nas condições de soldagem com metal intermediário, chapas de Al revestido com Zn por galvanização foram usadas. As propriedades mecânicas das juntas foram avaliadas através de ensaios com carregamento quasi-estáticos e dinâmicos, sendo então correlacionados com as características microestruturais. Através das análises constatou-se que a aplicação de Zn como metal intermediário mostrou-se efetiva na redução do volume de compostos intermetálicos formados na interface da solda e consequentemente, obteve-se um aumento do desempenho mecânico de cerca de 48 % no ensaio de cisalhamento por tração, 230% no ensaio de tração cruzada e de 35,31 % no ensaio de fadiga quando em comparação a juntas soldadas diretamente entre as chapas de AA5754-H24 e AZ31-O. / In this research was carried out a comparative study between dissimilar joints produced by means of the process FSpW without and with applying Zn as an intermediary metal with the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of the addition of this metal in the mechanical behavior of joints, as well as to assess its influence on the microstructural characteristics of the welded joints. The joints were produced with the AA5754-H24 Al alloy and the AZ31-O Mg alloy, materials of particular interest to the automotive industry. For the welding conditions with the Zn interlayer Al sheets coated by hot deep galvanizing were used. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were evaluated in terms of quasi-static and dynamic load and then correlated with the microstructural features. Through the analyzes it has been verified that the addition of Zn as an intermediary metal proved to be effective in reducing the amount of the intermetallic compound formed at the weld interface and consequently the mechanical performance increased about 48 % in the lap shear strength test, 230 % in the cross tensile strength test and 35,31 % in the fatigue test when compared to the welded joints produced by the direct contact among the AA5754-H24 and the AZ31-O sheets.

Les liaisons bimétalliques entre acier faiblement allié et acier inoxydable sont nombreuses au sein des réacteurs nucléaires français où elles assurent la connexion entre les principaux composants et les tuyauteries du circuit primaire. Le revêtement interne de cuve réalisé par soudage feuillard-flux est un autre cas de soudure dissimilaire dont le rôle est d'assurer une bonne protection contre la corrosion. Ce travail de thèse a notamment pour but de comprendre la genèse des microstructures complexes se formant à l'interface entre les deux aciers pendant le soudage. Il étudie d'autre part leur évolution durant le traitement thermique post-soudage à 610°C ainsi que les conséquences de ces transformations sur le comportement mécanique du joint soudé. Partant du métal de base, on rencontre successivement une fine bande de martensite, une zone purement austénitique puis la microstructure biphasée δ/γ de l'acier inoxydable. Des techniques de microscopie (MEB, EDS, EBSD) combinées à des calculs thermo-cinétiques (modèle de Scheil-Gulliver, surfusion en pointe de dendrite) ont permis d'expliquer le gradient de microstructure et les raisons des transitions de phases observées. Au cours du traitement thermique de détensionnement à 610°C, le gradient de potentiel chimique du carbone à travers l'interface de fusion cause la dissolution de la cémentite et la croissance des grains du côté faiblement allié. On observe également la diffusion du carbone à travers l'interface et la précipitation de carbures riches en Cr dans le liseré martensitique et la zone austénitique. Une caractérisation détaillée des profils de composition et de la précipitation a été réalisée à différentes échelles (depuis le millimètre jusqu'au niveau atomique). Un modèle mésoscopique, s'appuyant sur des bases de données thermodynamiques et cinétiques, a été développé pour coupler la diffusion à longue distance dans un milieu multi-constitué à la germination et croissance des précipités (approche de type Kampmann-Wagner). Il a permis de prévoir la teneur en carbone ainsi que la fraction volumique et la distribution de taille des précipités en fonction de la distance à l'interface. Les conséquences de la forte variabilité de microstructure sur le comportement mécanique local ont été analysées dans la dernière partie de ce travail, en particulier les aspects de déformation localisée et de rupture ductile. Des lois de comportement élasto-plastique ont été déterminées pour chacune des régions de l'assemblage à l'état détensionné. L'étude des mécanismes de rupture ductile dans les zones les plus faibles de la soudure, c'est-à-dire le métal de base décarburé et les couches de revêtement austénitique a donné lieu à des observations in-situ et une modélisation de l'endommagement. / Dissimilar welds between low-alloy steel and stainless steel are numerous within the French nuclear power plants where they enable connecting the main components to the primary circuit pipes. The internal cladding (in stainless steel) of the pressure vessel (in bainitic steel) made by submerged arc welding is another case of dissimilar weld whose goal is the protection against corrosion. This PhD work aims at understanding the complex microstructures which form at the interface between both steels during welding together with their evolution during the post-weld heat-treatment at 610°C and their consequences on the mechanical behavior of the welded assembly. Starting from the base metal, one meets successively a thin layer of martensite, a fully austenitic zone and the two-phase δ/γ microstructure of the stainless steel. Microscopy techniques (SEM, EDS, EBSD) combined with thermo-kinetics calculations (Scheil-Gulliver model, dendrite tip undercooling) have allowed explaining the graded microstructure and the reasons for the observed phase transitions. During the post-weld heat-treatment, the large gradient of carbon chemical potential across the fusion line leads to cementite dissolution and grain growth on the low-alloyed side. Carbon diffusion through the interface and Cr-rich carbides precipitation in both the martensitic layer and the austenitic weld have also been observed. An in-depth characterization has been performed at different scales (from the millimeter to the atomic level) to quantify the extent of carbon diffusion and carbides precipitation during the phase transformations. A mesoscopic thermodynamic and kinetic model based on Calphad databases has been developed to fully couple long-range diffusion in a multi-component system with precipitates nucleation and growth (Numerical Kampmann-Wagner approach). It allowed a prediction of the carbon content, volume fraction and size distribution of the precipitates at any distance from the fusion line. The consequences of the high variability of microstructures on the local mechanical behavior have been examined in the last part of this work, in particular the localization of deformation and the ductile failure. Elasto-plastic constitutive laws were determined for each region of the dissimilar weld in the heat-treated state. Ductile failure mechanisms in the weak zones of the weld, namely the decarburized base metal and the stainless steel cladding layers, were investigated through in-situ observations and damage modeling.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-21T12:28:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAHP.pdf: 20929236 bytes, checksum: 9155db1a5f243ba39ba646a03991adb3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-22T14:04:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAHP.pdf: 20929236 bytes, checksum: 9155db1a5f243ba39ba646a03991adb3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-22T14:04:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAHP.pdf: 20929236 bytes, checksum: 9155db1a5f243ba39ba646a03991adb3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T14:12:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAHP.pdf: 20929236 bytes, checksum: 9155db1a5f243ba39ba646a03991adb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Multimaterial structures between aluminum and titanium alloys are a technologically attractive field of research and their increasing use in the transportation sector for weight and emission reduction is part of the motivation of this study. The currently used techniques are either too expensive or limited in performance, especially by excessive formation of undesirable intermetallic compounds, opening opportunities for innovation in this area. Friction spot welding (FSpW), a solid state joining process recently developed by Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, has proven to be one of the promising technologies for joining dissimilar materials as it involves short steps and low thermal cycles, also with the advantages of adding no weight to the structure and having geometrical compatibility to replace rivets. The present work studies the feasibility in welding AA5754-H22/Ti6Al4V and AA6181-T4/Ti6Al4V joints through FSpW. In addition, it is intended to establish the microstructure/ properties / process relationships of the resultant joints, in order to understand the formation and growth of the joining interface and its consequences on the mechanical performance. The proposed joints are produced in overlap configuration through different combinations of parameters, which were established by statistical methods involving design of experiments, and later submitted to mechanical and metallurgical characterization. The results reveal that Al/Ti dissimilar joints with high strength and reproducibility can be produced by using FSpW. The mechanical behavior of the joints presents a strong dependence on the intermetallic thickness formed at the bounding interface, identified as TiAl3. Tool rotational speed and dwell time are key process parameters in controlling the resistance of welded joints. Moreover, the bending load associated to differences in stiffness and/or thickness of the welded specimen appears as an important variable influencing the crack propagation path during shear and fatigue tests. / Estruturas multimateriais entre ligas de alumínio e titânio são um campo de estudo atrativo tecnologicamente e seu uso crescente no setor de transportes, visando à redução de peso e de emissão de gases, faz parte da motivação deste trabalho. As técnicas de soldagem utilizadas atualmente na união de tais materiais são limitadas em certos aspectos, sobretudo pela formação excessiva de compostos intermetálicos indesejáveis, abrindo caminhos para inovação nesta área. A soldagem a ponto por fricção (FSpW) tem demonstrado ser uma das alternativas promissoras na união de materiais dissimilares, destacando-se principalmente por ser um processo de poucas etapas, sem adição de peso, com baixos ciclos térmicos e compatibilidade geométrica para substituir rebites. O presente trabalho estuda a viabilidade técnica da soldagem dissimilar das juntas AA5754-H22/Ti6Al4V e AA6181-T4/Ti6Al4V através do processo FSpW. Ao mesmo tempo busca estabelecer a relação microestrutura / propriedades / processamento, a fim de compreender a possível formação e crescimento dos compostos intermetálicos na região interfacial e as suas consequências no desempenho das juntas. As juntas foram produzidas em configuração de sobreposição por diferentes combinações de parâmetros, estabelecidas por metodologias estatísticas de planejamento de experimentos, e posteriormente submetidas à caracterização mecânica e metalúrgica. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que soldas de boa qualidade e reprodutibilidade podem ser produzidas através do processo de soldagem proposto. O comportamento mecânico apresenta uma forte dependência em relação à espessura dos compostos intermetálicos formados na camada interfacial, constituída principalmente por grãos alongados de TiAl3, sendo a velocidade de rotação da ferramenta e o tempo de mistura parâmetros de processo chaves no controle da resistência das juntas soldadas. Ademais, a carga de flexão associada à diferença de rigidez e/ou espessura entre as ligas de alumínio e titânio demonstra ser uma variável importante nos ensaios de cisalhamento e fadiga, influenciando o caminho de propagação das trincas.

Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre juntas dissimilares produzidas pelo processo FSpW sem e com a utilização de Zn como metal intermediário tendo a finalidade de investigar a eficácia da adição deste metal no comportamento mecânico das juntas, bem como avaliar sua influência nas características microestruturais das juntas soldadas. As juntas foram produzidas com ligas de Al AA5754-H24 e Mg AZ31-O, de particular interesse do setor automotivo. Nas condições de soldagem com metal intermediário, chapas de Al revestido com Zn por galvanização foram usadas. As propriedades mecânicas das juntas foram avaliadas através de ensaios com carregamento quasi-estáticos e dinâmicos, sendo então correlacionados com as características microestruturais. Através das análises constatou-se que a aplicação de Zn como metal intermediário mostrou-se efetiva na redução do volume de compostos intermetálicos formados na interface da solda e consequentemente, obteve-se um aumento do desempenho mecânico de cerca de 48 % no ensaio de cisalhamento por tração, 230% no ensaio de tração cruzada e de 35,31 % no ensaio de fadiga quando em comparação a juntas soldadas diretamente entre as chapas de AA5754-H24 e AZ31-O. / In this research was carried out a comparative study between dissimilar joints produced by means of the process FSpW without and with applying Zn as an intermediary metal with the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of the addition of this metal in the mechanical behavior of joints, as well as to assess its influence on the microstructural characteristics of the welded joints. The joints were produced with the AA5754-H24 Al alloy and the AZ31-O Mg alloy, materials of particular interest to the automotive industry. For the welding conditions with the Zn interlayer Al sheets coated by hot deep galvanizing were used. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were evaluated in terms of quasi-static and dynamic load and then correlated with the microstructural features. Through the analyzes it has been verified that the addition of Zn as an intermediary metal proved to be effective in reducing the amount of the intermetallic compound formed at the weld interface and consequently the mechanical performance increased about 48 % in the lap shear strength test, 230 % in the cross tensile strength test and 35,31 % in the fatigue test when compared to the welded joints produced by the direct contact among the AA5754-H24 and the AZ31-O sheets.

Friction Bit Joining (FBJ) is a new technology that allows lightweight metals to be joined to advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). Joining of dissimilar metals is especially beneficial to the automotive industry because of the desire to use materials such as aluminum and AHSS in order to reduce weight and increase fuel efficiency. In this study, FBJ was used to join 7075 aluminum and DP980 ultra-high-strength steel. FBJ is a two-stage process using a consumable bit. In the first stage, the bit cuts through the top material (aluminum), and in the second stage the bit is friction welded to the base material (steel). The purpose of the research was to examine the impact a solid head bit design would have on joint strength, manufacturability, and ease of automation. The solid head design was driven externally. This design was compared to a previous internally driven head design. Joint strength was assessed according to an automotive standard established by Honda. Joints were mechanically tested in lap-shear tension, cross-tension, and peel configurations. Joints were also fatigue tested, cycling between loads of 100 N and 750 N. The failure modes that joints could experience during testing include: head, nugget, material, or interfacial failure. All tested specimens in this research experienced interfacial failure. Welds were also created and examined under a microscope in order to validate a simulation model of the FBJ process. The simulation model predicted a similar weld shape and bond length with 5 percent accuracy. Joints made with external bits demonstrated comparable joint strength to internal bits in lap-shear tension and cross-tension testing. Only external bits were tested after lap-shear tension, because it was determined that external bits would perform comparably to internal bits. Joints made with external bits also exceeded the standard for failure during fatigue testing. Peel tested specimens did not meet the required strength for the automotive standard. Examining specimens under a microscope revealed micro-cracks in the weld. These defects have been shown to decrease joint strength. Joint strength, especially during peel testing, could be increased by reducing the presence of micro-cracks. The external bit design is an improvement from the internal bits for manufacturability and ability to be automated, because of the less-expensive processes used to form the bit heads and the design that lends to ease of alignment.

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