Etude de la Relation entre la Pratique Sportive, l'Anxiété Physique Sociale, le Genre et les Attitudes et ComCette thèse examine l'effet modérateur (1) de l'âge, et du genre sur la relation entre la pratique sportive (minceur, individuel, libre, compétitif), et les attitudes et comportements alimentaires problématiques (six dimensions) des adolescents. (2) de l'IMC, des caractéristiques du sport, sur la relation entre l'Anxiété Physique Sociale (SAP) et les ACAP selon la théorie de la Présentation de Soi, (Leary & Kolawski, 1990). Les adolescents ayant (SAP) soumis à la pression de leur environnement, sont enclins à contrôler leur physique, peuvent être protégés des ACAP, mais peuvent aussi s'engager dans des pratiques liées aux ACAP qui peuvent mettre en danger leur santé.Population : 770 et 766 adolescents français 11-18 ans; 46 sports classés en sports de minceur et non minceur. Méthode : analyse statistique, régression 4 étapes ; Résultats : Les sports (minceur, compétition, individuels) reliés à un SAP élevé présentent des risques élevés d'ACAP en particulier chez les filles. Les garçons sont plus protégés des ACAP. Les sports individuels (vomissement-purge peur de grossir, préoccupation alimentaire, culpabilité à l'égard de manger). Les actions de prévention peuvent prévenir les ACAP. / This thesis examines the moderating effect (1) age, and gender on the relationship between sport (leanness, individual, free, competitive), and disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors ( six dimensions) adolescents. (2) BMI, characteristics of sport, on the relationship between Social Anxiety Physics (SAP ) and ACAP according to the theory of the Presentation of Self ( Leary & Kolawski , 1990). Adolescents with (SAP ) under the pressure of their environment, likely to control their physical , can be protected from ACAP , but may also engage in practices related to ACAP may damage to their health.Population: 770 and 766 teenagers 11-18 years old French ; 46 classified sports leaness and not leaness. Method: statistical analysis, regression 4 steps ;Results: sports (leanness, competition, individual), age, gender connected to a high SAP high risk ACAP especially among girls. Boys are more protected from ACAP expect in leanness. Individual sports (vomiting, purging fear of gaining weight, food preoccupation, guilt about eating. Preventive actions can prevent ACAP.

<p>Body image concerns and dieting emerge at an early age among girls and become more pronounced with increasing age. Knowledge about risk factors for disturbed eating is crucial in order to develop theoretical models and to suggest new paths for preventive efforts. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the development of disturbed eating and to evaluate a conceptual model of predictors of body dissatisfaction and disturbed eating in girls. The included studies are part of a seven-year longitudinal project employing an accelerated multi-cohort design, including several age groups (7, 9, 11, 13, 15 years at inclusion). </p><p>Study I demonstrated a marked increase in the wish to be thinner and dieting attempts between the ages 10–14 and 9–13 years, respectively. In Study II, the Body Mass Index (BMI) predicted weight-related teasing and body dissatisfaction, and body dissatisfaction predicted restrained eating among Swedish girls in Grade 8 and Australian girls in Grades 7 and 8. Weight-related teasing partially mediated between BMI and body dissatisfaction in all three samples. Study III partially supported a conceptual model implying that BMI, weight-related teasing, and body dissatisfaction at 7–11 years predicted restrained eating among girls 12–14 years old. Study IV provided support for a conceptual model positing that BMI, body esteem, and to some extent weight-related teasing, predict body dissatisfaction and restrained eating during adolescence and young adulthood. </p><p>In conclusion, there was partial support for a conceptual model including these risk factors for disturbed eating among girls.</p>

Body image concerns and dieting emerge at an early age among girls and become more pronounced with increasing age. Knowledge about risk factors for disturbed eating is crucial in order to develop theoretical models and to suggest new paths for preventive efforts. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the development of disturbed eating and to evaluate a conceptual model of predictors of body dissatisfaction and disturbed eating in girls. The included studies are part of a seven-year longitudinal project employing an accelerated multi-cohort design, including several age groups (7, 9, 11, 13, 15 years at inclusion). Study I demonstrated a marked increase in the wish to be thinner and dieting attempts between the ages 10–14 and 9–13 years, respectively. In Study II, the Body Mass Index (BMI) predicted weight-related teasing and body dissatisfaction, and body dissatisfaction predicted restrained eating among Swedish girls in Grade 8 and Australian girls in Grades 7 and 8. Weight-related teasing partially mediated between BMI and body dissatisfaction in all three samples. Study III partially supported a conceptual model implying that BMI, weight-related teasing, and body dissatisfaction at 7–11 years predicted restrained eating among girls 12–14 years old. Study IV provided support for a conceptual model positing that BMI, body esteem, and to some extent weight-related teasing, predict body dissatisfaction and restrained eating during adolescence and young adulthood. In conclusion, there was partial support for a conceptual model including these risk factors for disturbed eating among girls.

Gewichts- und essstörungsrelevante Auffälligkeiten sind bereits im Kindesalter verbreitet. Neben genetischen Faktoren kommt auch die familiale Vermittlung gestörten Essverhaltens als Genesefaktor in Betracht. Ab dem Alter von zehn Jahren gibt es eine breite empirische Basis für die Verknüpfung gestörten Essverhaltens zwischen Müttern und ihren Kindern. Für das Alter unter zehn Jahren existiert bislang wenig gesichertes Wissen. Die Erforschung der spezifischen Wirkung des mütterlichen auf kindliches gestörtes Essverhalten ist jedoch im Hinblick auf Ansätze zur Prävention kindlicher Gewichts- und Essstörungen für dieses Alter von Bedeutung. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde gestörtes Essverhalten von Müttern und Kindern im Alter zwischen einem und zehn Jahren sowie die Beziehung gestörten Essverhaltens von Müttern und ihren Kindern in zwei Studien analysiert. Die erste Studie verfolgte das Ziel, gestörtes Essverhalten von Müttern und Kindern sowie deren Beziehung im Kontext mütterlichen Übergewichts zu analysieren. Es wurden 219 Mütter von Kindern im Alter von drei bis sechs Jahren befragt. In der zweiten Studie wurde neben mütterlichem Übergewicht die Rolle mütterlicher Essstörungssymptomatik fokussiert und in den Analysen des gestörten Essverhaltens von Kindern im Alter von einem bis zehn Jahren berücksichtigt. In die Untersuchung ging eine Stichprobe von 506 Müttern und deren Kindern ein. In beiden Studien beantworteten Mütter ein Fragebogenpaket, welches Instrumente zum gestörten Essverhalten der Mütter (emotionales, externales und gezügeltes Essverhalten) und gestörten Essverhalten des Kindes (emotionales und externales Essverhalten sowie Verlangen nach Essen) umfasste. In der zweiten Studie wurden darüber hinaus Primärsymptomatik einer Essstörung der Mutter (Schlankheitsstreben, Körperunzufriedenheit und bulimisches Essverhalten) und pathologisches Essverhalten der Kinder erfragt. Übergewichtige Mütter berichteten nicht nur höhere Ausprägungen emotionalen und externalen Essverhaltens, sondern auch mehr Schlankheitsstreben, Körperunzufriedenheit und bulimisches Essverhalten als normal- und untergewichtige Mütter. Insgesamt 26% der befragten Mütter der zweiten Studie berichteten eine relevante Essstörungssymptomatik, davon waren 62% übergewichtig. Für die Kinder konnten keine Geschlechtsunterschiede hinsichtlich des Essverhaltens nachgewiesen werden. Im Grundschulalter waren emotionales und pathologisches Essverhalten höher ausgeprägt als bei jüngeren Kindern. Kindliches Übergewicht war mit mehr emotionalem und externalem Essverhalten, Verlangen nach Essen sowie pathologischem Essverhalten verbunden. Das Vorliegen mütterlichen Übergewichts sowie einer mütterlichen Essstörungssymptomatik war mit höheren Ausprägungen v.a. emotionalen Essverhaltens des Kindes assoziiert. Die höchsten Ausprägungen emotionalen Essverhaltens zeigten Kinder, deren Mütter Übergewicht und eine komorbide Essstörungssymptomatik berichtet hatten. Darüber hinaus leisteten gestörte Essverhaltensweisen der Mutter über allgemeine und gewichtsspezifische Aspekte hinaus einen relevanten Beitrag zur Varianzaufklärung emotionalen und externalen Essverhaltens des Kindes. Dabei war emotionales und externales Essverhalten von Mutter und Kind spezifisch miteinander verknüpft. In der ersten Studie ließ sich im Rahmen eines Mediatormodells zeigen, dass die Beziehung zwischen mütterlichem BMI und emotionalem Essverhalten des Kindes vollständig durch das emotionale Essverhalten der Mutter vermittelt wurde. In der zweiten Studie moderierte das Alter des Kindes die Beziehung zwischen emotionalem Essverhalten von Müttern und ihren Kindern in Richtung einer signifikanten Assoziation ab dem Alter von 5,4 Jahren des Kindes. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert deutliche Hinweise auf die Verknüpfung zwischen mütterlichen gewichts- und essstörungsrelevanten Merkmalen und kindlichem gestörtem Essverhalten. Die Befunde legen nahe, dass emotionales Essverhalten als spezifischer Übertragungsweg gewichts- und essbezogener Störungen zwischen Müttern und Kindern in Betracht kommt und in Präventionsansätzen berücksichtigt werden sollte. / Overweight and eating-related disturbances are common problems already in childhood. In addition to genetic factors, the familial transmission of disturbed eating behaviors is discussed to contribute to these problems. Several studies found a significant relationship of disturbed eating behaviors between mothers and their children in preadolescence. Little is known about the age younger than ten years. With regard to activities to prevent overweight and eating disorders in this age group, examining the specific association of disturbed eating behaviors between mothers and children is of particular interest. The aim of the presented work was to analyze disturbed eating of mothers and children aged one to ten years, as well as the association of disturbed eating behaviors between mothers and their children, within two studies. The aim of the first study was to analyze disturbed eating behaviors in mothers and children and their relationship in the context of maternal overweight. 219 mothers of children aged three to six years participated. The focus of the second study was the role of maternal disordered eating beyond maternal overweight in disturbed eating behaviors of children aged one to ten years. 506 mothers and their children participated. In both studies, mothers were asked to fill in a set of questionnaires concerning their own disturbed eating (emotional, external and restraint eating) and disturbed eating of their children (emotional and external eating as well as food responsiveness). Furthermore, the second study included measures to evaluate disordered eating in mothers (drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction und bulimia) and disordered eating in children. Overweight mothers scored higher in emotional and external eating behavior, as well as in drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction and bulimia, than normal- and underweight mothers. In the second study, 26% of mothers reported relevant eating disorders, 62% of these mothers were also overweight. In children, no sex differences were found in disturbed eating behaviors. School-aged children scored higher in emotional and disordered eating than younger children. Overweight in children was associated with higher emotional and external eating, higher food responsiveness as well as higher disordered eating. Maternal overweight and maternal eating disorders were above all connected to higher emotional eating in children. The highest emotional eating showed children of mothers who reported overweight and eating disorders as well. In addition, after controlling for general and weight parameters, disturbed eating behaviors of mothers were able to account for an additional variance of emotional and external eating of their children. Emotional and external eating of mother and child were specifically associated. In the first study, maternal emotional eating completely mediated the relation between maternal BMI and emotional eating of children. In the second study, child’s age moderated the relation between maternal emotional eating and child’s emotional eating towards a significant association at the age of 5.4. The presented work highlights the relationship between characteristics of maternal weight and disordered eating and child’s disturbed eating. The findings suggest emotional eating as a specific transmission path of weight- and eating-related disturbances between mothers and their children, and therefore emotional eating should be integrated in prevention programs.

The overall aim of this thesis was to examine the development and prediction of disturbed eating attitudes in girls aged 7–20 years. The four studies are part of a seven-year longitudinal project including 1279 girls in several age groups (7, 9, 11, 13, 15 years at inclusion) and their parents. Study I showed that among girls aged 11 and 13 years, in addition to a positive relation between disturbed eating attitudes and age, eating attitudes, higher BMI than peers, a less healthy relation to family, and fathers’ eating attitudes, predicted disturbed eating attitudes two years later. Study II demonstrated that girls aged 9–15 years, who wished to be thinner dieted more often, thought that they would be more popular if they were thinner, were skipping meals more often and had a higher BMI, over five years, compared with the girls without such a wish. Study III demonstrated an increasing trend in the wish to be thinner and dieting attempts between the ages of 9 and 18 years. Motives for wishing to be thinner were, e.g., “to feel better about yourself” and “to correspond to the societal ideal”. A majority of the girls adopted healthy weight control practices, but unhealthy and extreme methods were also used. In Study IV, among girls aged 9 and 13 years, a wish to be thinner, fathers’ eating attitudes and mothers’ perfectionism contributed most to the prediction of disturbed eating attitudes seven years later. Protective factors were low BMI and more healthy eating attitudes moderated by high self-esteem, and low-to-medium degree of perfectionism. In conclusion a wish to be thinner, higher BMI than peers, girls’ and fathers’ disturbed eating attitudes, mothers’ perfectionism and a less healthy relation to family predict the development of disturbed eating attitudes in girls. Low BMI and more healthy eating attitudes especially influenced by high self-esteem, and a low-to-medium degree of perfectionism protect against it. The “thin-ideal” is internalized early in girls and it is important to take a critical stand against the thinness ideal in our society, especially in families, and schools. / The IDA-Project