Orientador: Yuji Takahata / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T23:40:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cramer_Bruno_D.pdf: 3130926 bytes, checksum: cb235a08cda14575a90e55264b1d9d07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A tese foi organizada em forma de cinco estudos de caso de QSAR-2D, usando compostos da literatura. Foram utilizados diterpenóides clerodanos e N,N¿- dibenzoil-N-t-butilidrazinas (DBHs) para desenvolver modelos de QSAR, propondo o uso de uma metodologia que emprega análise conformacional. Os modelos de QSAR são construídos pela escolha do confôrmero que melhor reproduz a bioatividade. O critério de seleção dos confôrmeros é orientado pelo resíduo entre valor observado e o predito. O método proposto aumenta a qualidade de predição interna, auxilia a análise de outliers, e em casos específicos, pode proporcionar melhor interpretabilidade do comportamento de descritores em relação à atividade biológica. Após validação interna e externa, os modelos de QSAR foram empregados para simular a proposta de novos compostos. Duas metodologias independentes de regressão foram usadas, Regressão Linear Múltipla (MLR) e Máquinas de Vetores de Suporte (SVM), objetivando produzir modelos de QSAR equivalentes, ambos produzindo resultados próximos de predição no conjunto de treinamento, auxiliando na análise e seleção de resultados preditos de novos compostos, aumentando a confiabilidade e robustez dos modelos de QSAR. Foram propostos novos diterpenóides clerodanos derivados de produtos naturais (n = 113) e outros 53 propostos in silico contra células V79. Novas dibenzoilidrazinas propostas in silico tiveram sua atividade inseticida e larvicida predita para novos bioensaios contra Spodoptera exigua (n = 13) e S. frugiperda (n = 30). Através do estudo de homologia a tese contribui com o domínio ligante do receptor ecdisona de S. exigua (SeEcR-LBD). Empregando docking, informações foram obtidas sobre as possíveis interações das DBHs com os aminoácidos, uma contribuição na literatura pertinente. DBHs halogenadas foram analisadas identificando a provável interação dos halogênios com os aminoácidos no domínio ligante do receptor ecdisona de Heliothis virescens (HvEcR-LBD), análise estendida a S. exigua (SeEcR-LBD). / Abstract: The thesis was organized in the form of five 2D-QSAR case studies using compounds from literature. Clerodan diterpenoids and N, N¿-dibenzoy-N-tbutylhydrazines (DBHs) were used to develop predictive QSAR models proposing a methodology that uses conformational analysis. QSAR models are built by choosing the conformer that best reproduces the experimental bioactivity. The conformer selection is oriented on a residual criterion between observed and predicted values. The proposed method increases the quality of internal prediction, aids the analysis of outliers, and in specific cases, may provide better interpretability of the descriptor behavior in relation to the bioactivity. After internal and external validation, the QSAR models were used to simulate the proposition of new compounds. Two independent regression methodologies, Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used to produce equivalent QSARs, both producing close predicted results of the training set and aiding in the analysis and selectivity of MLR-SVM QSARs predicted results of new compounds, increasing the reliability and robustness of the QSAR models. New clerodan diterpenoids derived from natural products (n = 113) and another 53 in silico proposed, have their bioactivity predicted against V79 cells. New in silico dibenzoylhydrazines against Spodoptera exigua (n = 13) and S. frugiperda (n = 30) have their insecticidal and larvicidal activity predicted and proposed for new bioassays. Through homology study the thesis contributes with the S. exigua ecdyson receptor ligand-binding domain (SeEcR-LBD). Using docking, information was obtained about possible interactions of DBHs with amino acids, a contribution to the entailed literature. Halogen substituted DBHs were analyzed identifying their probable interaction with amino acids of Heliothis virescens ecdyson receptor ligand binding domain (HvEcR-LBD), analysis extended to S. exigua (SeEcR-LBD) / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

<p> Recently, the discovery that taxol (2), a highly modified diterpenoid available from Taxus species, possesses anticancer activity has attracted considerable interest. The synthesis of [1-3H]-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate(1b), a labelled form of the precursor to the diterpenoids(1a), and its incubation with a cell-free enzyme preparation from Taxus x media densiformis, a species of yew tree, were investigated.</p> <p> The investigation into the biosynthesis of taxol(2) was to be accomplished by monitoring the enzymatic transformations of (1b). The synthesis of 1b was accomplished via a convergent method using geraniol, a ten carbon compound, as the starting material. Essentially two molecules of geraniol were chemically manipulated and condensed to give geranyl geraniol which was oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde and then reduced using sodium borotritide. The radioactive alcohol was subsequently converted to the pyrophosphate (1b) using standard methodology. Cell-free extracts of Taxus x media densiformis were prepared and incubated with [1-3H]-GGPP (1b), the intermediates were extracted, and then analyzed by scintillation counting and radioactive gas chromatography. Identification of these labelled intermediates was attempted in order to provide information about the biosynthesis of 2. (Diagram included in thesis)</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Hyptis Jacq., Lamiaceae, subtribo Hyptidinae, ocorre nas regiões semiáridas tropicais da América e da África. Compreendendo cerca de 144 espécies, e é composto por ervas ou arbustos com caule quadrangular e estames epipétalos. Conhecido por ser fortemente aromático e comumente utilizado na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de infecções gastrointestinais, cólicas, dores, perturbações da pele, malária e como repelente de mosquitos. Este trabalho propõe uma avaliação dos potenciais antioxidante, antimicrobiano e anti-HIV-1 de diferentes extratos e fases produzidas a partir de folhas e eixos caulinares de H. lacustres e a realização de triagem fitoquímica dos mesmos. Para tanto, fragmentos de caule e folhas foram secos em estufa e triturados; o pó obtido foi submetido à maceração em etanol por sete dias, à temperatura ambiente. O extrato bruto hidroetanólico foi liofilizado e, parte do extrato, particionada com hexano, diclorometano e acetato de etila. Após as fases serem secas, foi realizada a caracterização das substâncias por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM) e Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE-DAD). As frações obtidas foram identificadas com o auxílio de técnicas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de 1H, 13C e DEPT 135, sendo isolados e identificados três diterpenoides abietanos: sugiol, horminona e 7-O-acetilhorminona. Os diterpenoides abietanos de duas frações foram identificados com técnicas de RMN e CG-EM, uma fração constituída por uma mistura de ácidos graxos com o diterpenoide abietano 6,7-dehidroferruginol e uma fração constituída por dois diterpenoides abietanos (8&beta;-hidroxi-9(11),13-abietadien-12-one e ferruginol) e ácidos graxos. A avaliação do potencial antioxidante foi realizada pelos métodos de sequestro dos radicais DPPH e ABTS, atividade redutora de ferro (III), atividade quelante de ferro e ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity). A fase de acetato de etila foi a mais promissora nos ensaios realizados, com valores de EC50 de 16,73 &mu;g mL-1 para DPPH, 5,18 &mu;g mL-1 para ABTS, 44,75 &mu;g mL-1 para quelante, 5,35 &mu;g mL-1 para FRAP e 0,81 &mu;g mL-1 para o ORAC. Para o teste de potencial antimicrobiano utilizou-se o método de microdiluição em caldo dos inóculos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli e Bacillus subtilis. A fase hexânica foi a mais promissora contra B. subtilis (MIC50 de 8,87 &mu;g mL-1) com o sugiol e a horminona apresentando MIC50 de 190,92 e 81,97 &mu;M respectivamente. Os ensaios para a avaliação do potencial anti-HIV-1 foram realizados por meio de método colorimétrico com o uso do Kit Elisa RT (Roche), sendo a fase hidrometanólica a mais promissora, MIC50 de 230 &mu;g mL-1 / Hyptis Jacq. belongs to Lamiaceae, subtribe Hyptidinae, occurring in the semiarid tropical regions of America and Africa. Comprising 144 species, this genus has herbs or shrubs with squared stems and epipetals stamens. Hyptis is heavily fragrant and used in popular medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections, cramps, pains, skins diseases, malaria and mosquito repellent. The aims of this research was evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-HIV potential of different extracts and phases produced with leaves and stems of H. lacustris, and performe their phytochemical screening. Fragments of stems and leaves were dried and powdered; the powder was macerated in ethanol 70% for seven days in room temperature. The ethanol extract was freeze-dried and part of it was partitioned with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. Phases were chemical characterized by the use of gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The obtained fractions were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of 1H, 13C and DEPT 135, and were identified three isolated abietane diterpenes: sugiol, horminone and 7-O-acetylhorminone. The abietane diterpenoids components of two fractions were identified by NMR and GC-MS techniques: one fraction as a mixture of fatty acids and 6,7-dehydroferruginol; and the other a mixture of fatty acids and two abietane diterpenoids (8&beta;-hydroxy-9(11),13-abietadien-12-one and ferruginol). The antioxidant potential was evaluated using the following methods: DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, iron reducing ability, iron chelating activity and ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity). The ethyl acetate phase was the most promising in all assays, EC50 of 16.73 &mu;g mL-1 for DPPH, 5.18 &mu;g mL-1 for ABTS, 44.75 &mu;g mL-1 for iron chelating, 5.35 &mu;g mL-1 for iron reducing and 0.81 &mu;g mL-1 for ORAC. For the antimicrobial assay was used the broth microdilution method with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The hexane phase was the most promising against B. subtilis (MIC50 8.87 &mu;g mL-1). Sugiol and horminone also had activity against B. subtillis, MIC50 190.92 and 81.97 ?M, respectively. A colorimetric assay kit produced by Roche was used to evaluate the anti-HIV potential, being the hydromethanolic phase the most promising among all phases, presenting MIC50 of 230 &mu;g mL-1

O gênero Salvia L. (Lamiaceae), constituido de aproximadamente 900 espécies, possui 60 representantes no Brasil. Dentre suas propriedades medicinais destacam-se as atividades antitumoral, anti-inflamatória, cicatrizante e antibacteriana. Óleos essenciais e diterpenos de núcleos abietano, clerodano, primarano estão entre os principais constituintes químicos relatados para as espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização química dos óleos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestilação de seis espécies de Salvia nativas da região Sul do Brasil (S. guaranitica, da Seção Coerulae; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata e S. borjensis, da Seção Rudes e S. procurrens e S. uliginosa, da Seção Uliginosae), utilizando cromatografia à gás/espectrometria de massas. A análise química dos óleos essenciais mostrou que todas as espécies apresentaram apenas sesquiterpenos, além de compostos alifáticos como aldeidos e ácidos graxos de cadeia longa. Entre estes últimos, nonadecanal estava presente em todas as espécies, sendo abundante (13% a 56%) em S. procurrens, S. ovalifolia e S. borjensis. Em relação à composição dos sesquiterpenos, observou-se que espatulenol estava presente em quantidades relativamente grandes (10% - 40%) nas espécies S. cordata, S. borjensis e S. ovalifolia. Estas espécies também apresentaram β-cariofileno, sesquiterpeno encontrado, ainda, em S. guaranitica. S. cordata apresentou o sesquiterpeno epi-globulol (32,3%) e 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11,4%). O óleo essencial de S. uliginosa apresentou ácido hexadecanóico (30,1%), n-nonadecano (17,5%) e nonadecanal (4,5%) como componentes majoritários. Os óleos essenciais e os extratos diclorometano das espécies da Seção Uliginosae (S. uliginosa e S. procurrens) mostraram atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus, quando testados pelo método de bioautografia. As analises preliminares sugerem a presença de diterpenos de núcleo abietano-quinona nos extratos orgânicos destas espécies. Os extratos diclorometano dessas duas espécies foram também avaliados quanto à atividade amebicida contra amebas de vida livre Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Entre estes, apenas o de S. uliginosa foi ativo, apresentando 100% de atividade nas concentrações de 7,5 e 5 mg/mL. / The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) has about 900 species, 60 of them found in Brazil. Among the medicinal properties it is possible to highlight anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Essential oils and diterpenes with abietane, clerodane and primarane skeletons are the main componentes of these plants. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to characterize the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Salvia species native to southern Brazil (S. guaranitica, Section Coerula; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata and S. borjensis, Section Rudes and S. procurrens and S. uliginosa, Section Uliginosae), using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chemical analysis of the essential oils showed that all species had only sesquiterpenes, and aliphatic compounds such as aldehydes and long chain fatty acids. Among the latter, nonadecanal was present in all species, being abundant (13% to 56%) in S. procurrens, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia. Regarding the composition of the sesquiterpenes, it was observed that spathulenol was present in relatively large amounts (10% - 40%) in S. cordata, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia oils. These species also showed β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene also found in S. guaranitica. S. cordata showed the sesquiterpene epi-globulol (32.3%) and 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11.4%). S. uliginosa essential oil presented hexadecanoic acid (30.1%), n-nonadecane (17.5%) and nonadecanal (4.5%) as the main compound. The essential oils and the dichloromethane extracts of of the species from the Section Uliginosae (S. uliginosa and S. procurrens) demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus when investigated by the bioautography method. Preliminary analyses indicated theat the main compounds present in the organic extracts are diterpenes with the abietane type-diterpene quinone nucleous. The dichloromethane extracts of these two species were also evaluated for the activity against Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Only the extract of S. uliginosa was active, with 100% activity at concentrations of 7.5 and 5 mg/mL.

O gênero Salvia L. (Lamiaceae), constituido de aproximadamente 900 espécies, possui 60 representantes no Brasil. Dentre suas propriedades medicinais destacam-se as atividades antitumoral, anti-inflamatória, cicatrizante e antibacteriana. Óleos essenciais e diterpenos de núcleos abietano, clerodano, primarano estão entre os principais constituintes químicos relatados para as espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização química dos óleos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestilação de seis espécies de Salvia nativas da região Sul do Brasil (S. guaranitica, da Seção Coerulae; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata e S. borjensis, da Seção Rudes e S. procurrens e S. uliginosa, da Seção Uliginosae), utilizando cromatografia à gás/espectrometria de massas. A análise química dos óleos essenciais mostrou que todas as espécies apresentaram apenas sesquiterpenos, além de compostos alifáticos como aldeidos e ácidos graxos de cadeia longa. Entre estes últimos, nonadecanal estava presente em todas as espécies, sendo abundante (13% a 56%) em S. procurrens, S. ovalifolia e S. borjensis. Em relação à composição dos sesquiterpenos, observou-se que espatulenol estava presente em quantidades relativamente grandes (10% - 40%) nas espécies S. cordata, S. borjensis e S. ovalifolia. Estas espécies também apresentaram β-cariofileno, sesquiterpeno encontrado, ainda, em S. guaranitica. S. cordata apresentou o sesquiterpeno epi-globulol (32,3%) e 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11,4%). O óleo essencial de S. uliginosa apresentou ácido hexadecanóico (30,1%), n-nonadecano (17,5%) e nonadecanal (4,5%) como componentes majoritários. Os óleos essenciais e os extratos diclorometano das espécies da Seção Uliginosae (S. uliginosa e S. procurrens) mostraram atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus, quando testados pelo método de bioautografia. As analises preliminares sugerem a presença de diterpenos de núcleo abietano-quinona nos extratos orgânicos destas espécies. Os extratos diclorometano dessas duas espécies foram também avaliados quanto à atividade amebicida contra amebas de vida livre Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Entre estes, apenas o de S. uliginosa foi ativo, apresentando 100% de atividade nas concentrações de 7,5 e 5 mg/mL. / The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) has about 900 species, 60 of them found in Brazil. Among the medicinal properties it is possible to highlight anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Essential oils and diterpenes with abietane, clerodane and primarane skeletons are the main componentes of these plants. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to characterize the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Salvia species native to southern Brazil (S. guaranitica, Section Coerula; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata and S. borjensis, Section Rudes and S. procurrens and S. uliginosa, Section Uliginosae), using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chemical analysis of the essential oils showed that all species had only sesquiterpenes, and aliphatic compounds such as aldehydes and long chain fatty acids. Among the latter, nonadecanal was present in all species, being abundant (13% to 56%) in S. procurrens, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia. Regarding the composition of the sesquiterpenes, it was observed that spathulenol was present in relatively large amounts (10% - 40%) in S. cordata, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia oils. These species also showed β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene also found in S. guaranitica. S. cordata showed the sesquiterpene epi-globulol (32.3%) and 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11.4%). S. uliginosa essential oil presented hexadecanoic acid (30.1%), n-nonadecane (17.5%) and nonadecanal (4.5%) as the main compound. The essential oils and the dichloromethane extracts of of the species from the Section Uliginosae (S. uliginosa and S. procurrens) demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus when investigated by the bioautography method. Preliminary analyses indicated theat the main compounds present in the organic extracts are diterpenes with the abietane type-diterpene quinone nucleous. The dichloromethane extracts of these two species were also evaluated for the activity against Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Only the extract of S. uliginosa was active, with 100% activity at concentrations of 7.5 and 5 mg/mL.

O gênero Salvia L. (Lamiaceae), constituido de aproximadamente 900 espécies, possui 60 representantes no Brasil. Dentre suas propriedades medicinais destacam-se as atividades antitumoral, anti-inflamatória, cicatrizante e antibacteriana. Óleos essenciais e diterpenos de núcleos abietano, clerodano, primarano estão entre os principais constituintes químicos relatados para as espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização química dos óleos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestilação de seis espécies de Salvia nativas da região Sul do Brasil (S. guaranitica, da Seção Coerulae; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata e S. borjensis, da Seção Rudes e S. procurrens e S. uliginosa, da Seção Uliginosae), utilizando cromatografia à gás/espectrometria de massas. A análise química dos óleos essenciais mostrou que todas as espécies apresentaram apenas sesquiterpenos, além de compostos alifáticos como aldeidos e ácidos graxos de cadeia longa. Entre estes últimos, nonadecanal estava presente em todas as espécies, sendo abundante (13% a 56%) em S. procurrens, S. ovalifolia e S. borjensis. Em relação à composição dos sesquiterpenos, observou-se que espatulenol estava presente em quantidades relativamente grandes (10% - 40%) nas espécies S. cordata, S. borjensis e S. ovalifolia. Estas espécies também apresentaram β-cariofileno, sesquiterpeno encontrado, ainda, em S. guaranitica. S. cordata apresentou o sesquiterpeno epi-globulol (32,3%) e 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11,4%). O óleo essencial de S. uliginosa apresentou ácido hexadecanóico (30,1%), n-nonadecano (17,5%) e nonadecanal (4,5%) como componentes majoritários. Os óleos essenciais e os extratos diclorometano das espécies da Seção Uliginosae (S. uliginosa e S. procurrens) mostraram atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus, quando testados pelo método de bioautografia. As analises preliminares sugerem a presença de diterpenos de núcleo abietano-quinona nos extratos orgânicos destas espécies. Os extratos diclorometano dessas duas espécies foram também avaliados quanto à atividade amebicida contra amebas de vida livre Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Entre estes, apenas o de S. uliginosa foi ativo, apresentando 100% de atividade nas concentrações de 7,5 e 5 mg/mL. / The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) has about 900 species, 60 of them found in Brazil. Among the medicinal properties it is possible to highlight anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Essential oils and diterpenes with abietane, clerodane and primarane skeletons are the main componentes of these plants. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to characterize the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Salvia species native to southern Brazil (S. guaranitica, Section Coerula; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata and S. borjensis, Section Rudes and S. procurrens and S. uliginosa, Section Uliginosae), using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chemical analysis of the essential oils showed that all species had only sesquiterpenes, and aliphatic compounds such as aldehydes and long chain fatty acids. Among the latter, nonadecanal was present in all species, being abundant (13% to 56%) in S. procurrens, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia. Regarding the composition of the sesquiterpenes, it was observed that spathulenol was present in relatively large amounts (10% - 40%) in S. cordata, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia oils. These species also showed β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene also found in S. guaranitica. S. cordata showed the sesquiterpene epi-globulol (32.3%) and 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11.4%). S. uliginosa essential oil presented hexadecanoic acid (30.1%), n-nonadecane (17.5%) and nonadecanal (4.5%) as the main compound. The essential oils and the dichloromethane extracts of of the species from the Section Uliginosae (S. uliginosa and S. procurrens) demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus when investigated by the bioautography method. Preliminary analyses indicated theat the main compounds present in the organic extracts are diterpenes with the abietane type-diterpene quinone nucleous. The dichloromethane extracts of these two species were also evaluated for the activity against Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Only the extract of S. uliginosa was active, with 100% activity at concentrations of 7.5 and 5 mg/mL.

Nature’s expertise in creating breathtaking structural wonders which are vital for sustenance of life on this planet has astonished and inspired many synthetic chemists. We too have been attracted towards understanding, exploring and mimicking a few of these magnificent molecular entities. Our efforts are directed towards the synthesis of two types of molecular assembles of contemporary interest; first of them are medium ring carbohydrate mimetics which are unnatural compounds inspired by Nature and other class consisted of the terpenoid natural products which are conceived and assembled by Nature in ever increasing numbers. The spectacular development of carbohydrate mimetics, prompted primarily by their properties as glycosidase inhibitors, has led to the conception and synthesis of a wide variety of novel structures, the most significant ones belonging to the families of imino sugars and carbasugars. Major advances in diverse subjects such as chemical synthesis, analytical chemistry, structural biology, cell-surface recognition, molecular modeling and spectroscopy have made carbohydrate mimetics embraced by scientific community with increasing vigor. A major area of interest of organic chemistry is the total synthesis of complex natural products conceived and created by Nature. As a result of refinements in isolation and purification techniques and recent advances in spectroscopy and crystallography, unravelling of natural products from exotic species such as wild plants to microorganisms and from geographic locations ranging from mountain tops to the ocean floors, has made identification and structural elucidation of complex natural products a fairly routine exercise. Among natural products, terpenoids are considered as masterpieces of structural diversity with their bewildering carbocyclic arrangements and diverse functionalities embedded in them. The present thesis entitled “Synthesis of medium ring carbasugar analogues and terpenoid natural products” is an effort to design and synthesise natural and unnatural molecular entities either conceived by human mind or inspired by Nature. The research described in this thesis has been organized under three chapters. Chapter I: Design and synthesis of cyclooctanoid and cyclononanoid carbasugar analogues. Chapter II: A total synthesis of putative structure of sesquiterpenoid natural product dichomitol. Chapter III: A total synthesis of diterpenoid natural product guanacastepene C. A brief overview of each of these three chapters is presented below.(For Equations and Figures Refer PDF File) Chapter I: Design and synthesis of cyclooctanoid and cyclononanoid carbasugar analogues In recent years, the search for new therapeutically useful glycosidase inhibitors, mimicking carbohydrates 1, has extended beyond the realm of five and six membered cyclitols 2 (carbasugars), and targeted towards the medium-sized carbocyclic cores. In this context, we have conceptulised a new family of novel cyclooctanoid 3 and cyclononanoid 4 carbasugar analogues in order to study the effect of the enhanced flexibility and of new spatial distribution displayed by these structures on their adaptability in the active site of the enzymes. We have developed a versatile synthesis of cyclooctane based polyols 3 from commercially available hydrocarbon cyclooctatetraene 5. It was visualised that a bicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-trien-9-one 6 is a functionally locked cyclooctatetraene with dispensed and differentiated double bonds and a masked C9 cycloocta-carbasugar from which the eight membered ring can be extracted through oxidative C1-C9 bond scission, Scheme 1. Several transformations in 6, leading to a range of polyhydroxylated cyclooctanoids was envisaged. Bayer-villiger oxidation in ketone 6 was smooth and led to a δ-lactone which on catalytic OsO4 dihydroxylation furnished diol 7. Further acetylation on 7 delivered a rearranged γ-lactone 8. LAH reduction in 8 and peracetylation furnished diene 9. Controlled catalytic hydrogenation in 8 furnished 1:1 mixture of 10 and 11, which on hydride reduction gave tetrols 12 and 13, respectively, Scheme 2. Protection of vic diol in 12 led to 14. Hydroboration-oxidation of 14 and peracetylation furnished three diastereomeric mixture of acetonide triacetates in 9:4:1 ratio and they were hydrolysed to give 15-17, Scheme 3. Interestingly, pentahydroxy 16 is an eight membered analogue of α-talose. Reagents and conditions: i) m-CPBA, DCM, 60% ii) OsO4, NMMO, acetone-H2O, 75% iii) Ac2O, Py, 90% iv) LAH, THF v) Ac2O, Py, 36% (2 steps) vii) H2, Pd/C, EtOAc, 95% viii) LAH, THF, 40%. Reagents and conditions: i) acetone, amberlyst-15, 80% ii) BH3-THF, NaOH, H2O2 iii) Ac2O, Py, 54% (2 steps) iv) 2N, HCl, 76%. Acetylation of 12 led to tertraacetate 18 which on OsO4-dihydroxylation and acetylation furnished two diastereomeric hexaacetates in 1:1 ratio. Hydrolysis of these hexaacetates with base furnished 19-20, Scheme 4. Reagents and conditions: i) Ac2O, Py, 90% ii) OsO4, NMMO, acetone-H2O iii) Ac2O, Py, 72% (2 steps) iv) NaOMe, MeOH, 75%. Diene 9 on exhaustive stereoselective double dihydroxylation and base hydrolysis led to octahydroxycyclooctane 21, Scheme 5. A cyclooctane derivative bearing eight oxygen atoms has been prepared for the first time. Reagents and conditions: i) OsO4, NMMO, acetone-H2O ii) NaOMe, MeOH, 56% (2 steps). In an unconventional but interesting enterprise, commercially available hydrocarbon cyclooctatetraene 5 has been elaborated to a rare hexose sugar (DL)-β-allose and its 2C branched analogue. The main theme in this approach was to generate a cyclic acetal moiety, a structural characteristic of sugars through ozonolytic cleavage of an appropriately crafted olefin and in situ intramolecular acetalisation, Scheme 6. Acetonide protection in 7 led to 22. LAH reduction in 22 liberated the diol and selective primary alcohol protection as TBS derivative furnished 23. Ozonolysis of 23 and PCC oxidation of the resulting lactal 24 led to lactone 25. Methoxide mediated lactone opening in 25 and protection of anomeric hydroxyl group as methyl ether led to 26. LAH reduction of ester led to 27 and further deprotections furnished (DL)-methyl-2-deoxy-2C-hydroxymethyl-β-allose 28. Protected hexose homologue 27 was converted via a mesylate to the terminal olefin 29 through a series of functional group transformations. Ozonolysis of 29 furnished hemiacetal 30, which on sodium borohydride reduction and acetonide deprotection delivered (DL)-methyl-β-allopyranoside 31, Scheme 7. Motivated and encouraged by the synthesis of cyclooctane carbasugar analogues, it was decided to venture into the synthesis of cyclononane carbasugar analogues. It was visualized that appropriately functionalized bicyclo[4.3.1]decane system 32, can serve as a masked C10 cyclononane carbasugar from which the nine membered ring can be extracted through the C1-C10 bond scission, Scheme 8. Reagents and conditions: i) 2,2-DMP, CSA, 65% ii) LAH, THF, 80% iii) TBSCl, imidazole, 54% iv) O3, DCM-MeOH, DMS v) PCC, DCM, 40% (2 steps) vi) NaOMe, MeOH vii) MeI, Ag2O, 73% (2 steps) viii) LAH, THF, 85% ix) TBAF, THF, 70% x) amberlyst-15, MeOH, 65% xi) Ac2O, DMAP, 92% xii) TBAF, THF, 74% xii) MsCl, DCM, 65% xiv) KOtBu, DMSO, 70% xv) O3, DCM, 75% xvi) NaBH4, MeOH, 80% xvii) amberlyst-15, MeOH, 60%. The bridged dienone 32 was readily prepared from cyclohexanone following a literature protocol. Ketone 32 on Bayer-Villiger oxidation furnished lactone 33 in moderate yield, and further exhaustive double dihydroxylation furnished two unanticipated rearranged products δ-lactone 34 and γ-lactone 35 in 5:3 ratio. Both, the novel lactones 34 and 35 were further elaborated to the corresponding hexahydroxy cyclononane carbasugar analogues 36 and 37, Scheme 9. These novel medium ring carbasugar analogues involving a nine memebered carbocycle have been synthesized for the first time. Reagents and conditions: i) m-CPBA, DCM, 60% ii) OsO4, NMMO, acetone-H2O, 54% of 34 and 32% of 35 iii) acetone, PPTS, 98% iv) LAH, THF, 90% v) 2N HCl, 88% vi) acetone, PPTS, 92% vii) LiBH4, THF, 50% viii) 2N HCl, 88%. All the details of our synthetic efforts towards several novel carbasugar analogues which have been synthesised for the first time, along with the synthesis of some interesting polyoxygenated carbocyclic intermediates, unusual products from rearrangements, incisive NMR studies and X-ray analyses to solve the stereochemical puzzles, along with enzyme inhibition studies will be presented in this chapter of the thesis. Chapter II: A total synthesis of putative structure of sesquiterpenoid natural product Dichomitol This chapter describes the first total synthesis of the putative structure of the sesquiterpenoid natural product dichomitol 55 bearing a novel triquinane framework, and reported in 2004 from the bascidiomycete fungi Dichomitus squalens by a group of Chinese researchers. Dichomitol 55 not only represented a novel skeletal-type among linear triquinanes but was also biogenetically quite intriguing as it was suggested to be related to hirsutanes through an unusual methyl shift. This unusual positioning of methyl group in Reagents and conditions: i) CO(OCH3)2, THF, 82% ii) MeI, THF, 90% iii) ethanedithiol, PTSA, 75%, iv) Raney-Ni, EtOH, 90% v) PCC, DCM, 90% vi) LHMDS, THF, -78 °C; Pd(OAc)2, CH3CN, 86% vii) MeLi, ether viii) PCC, DCM, 84% (2 steps) ix) Mg, 4-bromobutene, CuBr-DMS, THF; AcOH, 95% x) LHMDS, THF, -78 °C; Pd(OAc)2, CH3CN, 80% xi) DBU, KOtBu, PTSA, RhCl3. dichomitol 55 which probably originated through a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of a corresponding ceratopicane derivative aroused our interest, curiosity (and suspicion) towards this natural product and it was decided to undertake its total synthesis. Our synthesis commenced from the known bicyclic ketone 39 readily accessible from commercially available 1,5-cyclooctadiene 38 through a sequence previously developed in our laboratory. Successive α- carbomethoxylation and α-methylation correctly installed C-11 centre in 40. Carbonyl group in 40 was protected as its thioketal to furnish 41 which on reductive desulphurization with simultaneous benzyl deprotection and further oxidation led to ketone 42. Following Saegusa protocol, 42 was converted into enone 43. Alkylative transposition in 43 furnished enone 44, which on Cu(I) mediated 1,4-conjugate addition delivered 45 with desired methyl stereochemistry with preferred addition from the exo-face. Kende cyclization in 45 smoothly delivered tricyclic 46, a C5-C6 double bond isomer of the desired tricyclic precursor of the natural product. Several attempts to isomerise the C5-C6 double bond in 46 to the required C6-C7 position failed to deliver 47, Scheme 11. Reagents and conditions: i) ethyleneglycol, PTSA, C6H6, 97% ii) LAH, THF, 96% iii) amberlyst-15, acetone, 95% iv) TBSCl, imidazole, DCM, 98% v) OsO4, NMMO, acetone-H2O, 90% vi) TBSCl, imidazole, DCM, 86% vii) IBX, DMSO-toluene, 78% viii) LHMDS, THF, -78 °C, 40% ix) Martin sulfurane, CHCl3, 40% x) DIBAL-H, DCM, 90% xi) TBAF, THF, 85%. At this stage it was decided to pursue an aldol based approach as it may help to install the tetrasubstituted C6-C7 double bond. Bicyclic ketone 45 was protected as its ethylene ketal, ester group was reduced with LAH and ketal deprotection furnished 48. The primary hydroxyl protection in 48 led to 49. Dihydroxylation on the butenyl arm gave diol 50, wherein the primary hydroxyl was protected as TBS derivative and secondary hydroxyl group was oxidized to furnish 51. Employing LHMDS as a base, key aldol reaction was carried out on 51 to give three aldol products in which the required compound 52 was the major product. The tertiary hydroxyl group in 52 when subjected to dehydration using Martin sulfurane delivered the required 53 with correctly installed C6-C7 double bond, only in trace amounts, along with two other regioisomeric dehydration products. DIBAL-H reduction on 53 stereoselectively delivered 54 and TBS deprotection furnished a product 55 bearing the structure assigned for the natural product ‘dichomitol’, Scheme 12. Significant variation in the spectral characteristics of our synthetic product 55 and those reported for ‘dichomitol’ necessitates a reinvestigation of the structure of natural product. All the details of our synthetic efforts, problems and challenges encountered enroute and the synthetic insights used to address them will be presented in this chapter of the thesis. Chapter III: A total synthesis of diterpenoid natural product Guanacastepene C This chapter describes the first total synthesis of a novel 5,7,6 fused tricyclic diterpenoid natural product guanacastepene C 71 isolated from an unidentified fungus growing on the tree Daphnopsis americana by Clardy in 2001. Besides guanacastepene C 71, fourteen other guanacastepenes A-O have also been isolated and these compounds have evoked unprecedented attention from the synthetic community. In particular, several Reagents and conditions: i) LAH, THF, 55% ii) a. PMBCl, THF, 67% b. TBSOTf, DCM, 68% c. DDQ, DCM-H2O, 95% iii) IBX, toluene-DMSO, 92% iv) Ph2POCH2COCH2COOEt, THF, 86% v) H2, Pd/C, EtOAc, 99% vi) a. 6N H2SO4, THF-H2O, 80% b. 2,2-DMP, PPTS, 91% vii) PCC, DCM, 80% viii) DBU, C6H6, 82% guanacastepenes exhibit antibacterial activity against MRSA and VREF. Several total syntheses of guanacastepenes have been reported in the last two years due to their enticing architecture and promising biological activity profile. Our group has also been in the fray and following the early leads, we embarked on an ambitious journey towards the total synthesis of guanacastepene C 71. The synthetic approach towards guanacastepene C 71, envisaged in this study, was revealed through a retrosynthetic analysis which identified hydroazulene core 57, bearing AB rings of the natural product as an advanced precursor on which ring ‘C’ could be annulated, Scheme 13. Earlier efforts from our group have demonstrated that AB ring precursor 57 can be elaborated from readily available tri-cylcopentadienone 56. Keto-ester in 57 on LAH reduction led to diol 58 and following a three step protocol of protection-deprotection led to 59 wherein the free primary hydroxyl was oxidized to furnish the required aldehyde 60. It was condensed with appropriate four carbon Horner-Wittig partner to furnish a mixture of keto-enol tautomers 61. Hydrogenation of trans double bond led to 62 and TBS deprotection and concomitant acetonide deprotection followed by acetonide protection furnished the hemiketal 63. PCC oxidation in 63 furnished tricyclic precursor 64 for the key Knoevenagel cyclization. Exposing 64 to DBU delivered 65 embodying complete tricarbocyclic framework of guanacastepene C, Scheme 14. LAH reduction on 65, was stereoselective and led predominantly to the unrequired α- isomer 66. Reagents and conditions: i) LAH, THF, -78 °C, 65% ii) PPh3, C6H5COOH, DIAD, THF, 78% iii) LAH, THF, 84% iv) Ac2O, DCM, 90% v) 4N H2SO4, THF-H2O, 44% vi) DDQ, THF, 85% vii) K2CO3, MeOH, 70%. Diol 66 was subjected to standard Mitsunobu protocol to furnish dibenzoate 67 which was hydrolysed and reprotected as diacetate 68 with the desired 5β stereochemistry. Deprotection of acetonide in 68 led to the diol 69. Chemoselective allylic oxidation of vicinal diol employing DDQ furnished guanacastepene C diacetate 70. Finally, careful base hydrolysis of 70 delivered guanacastepene C 71, Scheme 15. Synthesis of guanacastepene C was a difficult and often frustrating journey. Many trials and tribulations to overcome the synthetic challenges and our persistant and sincere efforts to overcome the hurdles confronted by us during the synthesis and finally attainment of the first total synthesis of guanacastepene C 71 will be the subject matter of the last chapter of this thesis.(For structural formula pl refer pdf file)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Sabendo da importÃncia de cÃlulas de mamÃferos em cultura para avaliar a citotoxicidade de novas substÃncias com aÃÃo terapÃutica, o presente trabalho determinou, inicialmente, a atividade citotÃxica por MTT e hemolÃtica de 7 diterpenos clerodanos (Ãcido hardiwickiico, casearinas L, O, U e sua forma degradada, e casearinas X e Y) isolados a partir das folhas de Casearia sylvestris frente a um painel de 9 linhagens de cÃlulas tumorais e a eritrÃcitos de camundongos. Na ausÃncia de hemÃlise de todos os diterpenos, a Casearina U (Cas U) mostrou ser o mais ativo contra cÃlulas tumorais. A atividade citotÃxica da Cas U parece depender do anel formado pelos carbonos C-18 e C-19, uma vez que a hidrÃlise Ãcida e sua abertura levam à diminuiÃÃo ou perda total da bioatividade. Posteriormente, os estudos de mecanismo de aÃÃo com a Cas U (0,4; 0,8 e 1,6 Âg/mL) revelaram reduÃÃo concentraÃÃo-dependente na viabilidade celular por azul de tripan e na sÃntese de DNA por incorporaÃÃo de BrdU, sendo o mecanismo antiproliferativo da Cas U independente de aÃÃo inibitÃria sobre a topoisomerase I. As anÃlises morfolÃgicas feitas por hematoxilina/eosina e por incorporaÃÃo de brometo de etÃdio/laranja de acridina mostraram alteraÃÃo no padrÃo de morte em favorecimento da necrose proporcional à concentraÃÃo, como desintegraÃÃo membranar e picnose nuclear (1,6 Âg/mL), embora tenha ocorrido tambÃm retraÃÃo celular, condensaÃÃo e fragmentaÃÃo da cromatina nucleares (0,4 e 0,8 Âg/mL), sinais condizentes com apoptose. Nos ensaios de fragmentaÃÃo do DNA por citometria de fluxo e de genotoxicidade por cometa, a atividade da Cas U foi concentraÃÃo-dependente e sem diferenciaÃÃo entre cÃlulas normais (linfÃcitos perifÃricos humanos) e cancerosas (HL-60). A avaliaÃÃo antitumoral (10 e 25 mg/kg/dia, intraperitoneal; 25 mg/kg/dia, oral) em camundongos transplantados com Sarcoma 180 revelou atividade apenas na maior dose via intraperitoneal, causando reduÃÃo de 90 % do crescimento tumoral e alteraÃÃes renais incipientes e reversÃveis, enfatizando a potencialidade da Cas U como molÃcula modelo para a sÃntese de novos compostos com propriedades anti-cÃncer. / Knowing the importance of mammalian cell culture in evaluating the cytotoxicity of new substances with therapeutic action, this work initially examined the cytotoxicity (by MTT assay) and hemolytic activity of 7 clerodane diterpenoids (acid hardiwickiico, casearins L, O and U and its degradation product, and casearins X and Y) isolated from leaves of Casearia sylvestris against a panel of 9 tumor cell lines and on mouse erythrocytes. All diterpenes studied showed no hemolytic effect, while casearin U (Cas U) was found to be the most active against tumor cells. Cytotoxic activity of Cas U seems to depend on the ring structure formed by carbons C-18 and C-19, since acid hydrolysis and ring opening led to a decrease or total loss of bioactivity. Subsequently, studies on the mechanism of action of Cas U (0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 Âg/mL) revealed a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion and in DNA synthesis assayed by BrdU incorporation, where this antiproliferative mechanism of Cas U was not found to be dependent on an inhibitory action on topoisomerase I. Morphological analysis assessed by hematoxylin/eosin and ethidium bromide/acridine orange staining showed alterations in the pattern of cell death toward necrosis according to concentration, as seen by membrane disintegration and pyknotic nuclei (1.6 Âg/mL). However, there also were cell volume reduction, and condensation and fragmentation of nuclear chromatin, consistent signs with apoptosis. DNA fragmentation was examined by flow cytometry and genotoxicity determined with the comet assay, and Cas U activity was found to be dependent on concentration but did not differ between normal (human peripheral lymphocytes) and malignant (HL-60) cells. Antitumor activity of Cas U was tested in mice transplanted with sarcoma 180 (10 and 25 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally; 25 mg/kg/day, orally), and only the highest intraperitoneal dose was found to effective, leading to 90 % inhibition of tumor growth, with reversible changes in the kidneys. These findings point to the potential of Cas U as a model molecule to synthesize new compounds with anticancer properties.

The construction of diverse molecular architecture conceived and created by Nature, continues to be the most exiting and challenging task to the practitioners of organic synthesis. As a result of refinement in isolation and purification techniques, recent advances in the spectroscopic methods particularly two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and routine use of single crystal X-ray crystallography, the isolation and structural elucidation of the complex natural products has become a routine exercise. Even those natural products which are present in minute quantity, are being unraveled from the newer and exotic sources such as marine flora and fauna, microbial organisms and insect world. This has been a big boon for the synthetic organic chemists, providing them with increasing number of exciting objectives. The recent advances in the field of natural product synthesis testify to the organic chemists endeavors to meet these emerging challenges. Nature's expertise and virtuosity in creating a phenomenal array of carbocyclic frameworks is most notably highlighted in the terpenoid group of natural products. Indeed, the number and type of carbocyclic skeleta among terpenes continues to grow unabated as more and more natural products are being routinely isolated from the various sources. Thus, various polycyclic natural products bearing new and novel fused assemblies of five, six, seven and eight membered rings and replete with dense functionalization and stereogenic centers are being regularly encountered. The present investigation represents synthetic efforts towards some novel and recently isolated terpenoid natural products. Two main themes have been pursued. The first involves the construction of a functionalized hydroazulene framework employing RCM as the key step and its further elaboration to the 5,7,6-tricyclic framework present in diterpene guanacastepene-A and 5,11-fused bicyclic system present in neodolabellane diterpenes. The second theme explores the synthetic versatility of the well-established photo-thermal metathetic approach to linear triquinanes through its application to the total synthesis of novel and recently isolated natural product cucumin E. It further explores the utility of 5-5-5 fused ring system to access 5-8 system. This strategy has led to the stereoselective total synthesis of natural product asterisca-3(15),6~diene belonging to the rare asteriscane family. The present thesis entitled "Towards the Total Synthesis of Terpenoid Natural Products" describes our endeavors towards the synthesis of 5-7-6, 5-11, 5-5-5 and 5-8 fused natural products and has been organized under four chapters. Chapter I. Studies toward the total synthesis of novel diterpene antibiotic guanacastepene A. Chapter EL Synthesis of the novel 5,11-fused bicyclic framework of neodollabellane diterpenoids. Chapter HI. A Stereoselective total synthesis of the novel triquinane sesquiterpene cucumin E. Chapter IV. Total synthesis of 5-8 ring fused sesquiterpene hydrocarbon asterisca-3(15),6-diene. The Chapter I describes a stereoselective approach towards the construction of the novel 5,7,6-rig fused framework present in the diterpene antibiotic guanacastepene A 1, recently isolated from an unidentified fungus growing on the tree Daphnopsis americana by Clardy et al. Besides its structural novelty, guanacastepene A exhibits impressive activity towards methicilline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycine-resistant Entereococcusfaecium. Thus, 1 has evoked an unprecedented attention from the synthetic community and we too were enticed to enter this arena. Scheme 1 (structural formula) The synthetic approach towards guanacastepene A 1, envisage in this study, was revealed through a retrosynthetic analysis which identified hydroazulenic core 2 (AB rings) with requisite level of functionalities as an advanced precursor to which a six membered ring could be annulated through appropriate protocols. The hydroazulene core 2 was to be accessed from the substituted cyclopentenone 4 through the intermediacy of 3 and the former in turn could be prepared from the readily available endo tricyclo[5.2.1.026]deca-3,8-diene-5-one 6, Scheme 1. In this approach to the AB ring hydroazulenic core 2 of 1, some essential requirements were recognized at the outset. These were the setting up the key cis relationship of the angular methyl group at C11 and the neighboring bulky-isopropyl group at C12, installation of a desirable level of functionalization in the five membered ring and a functional group handle in seven-membered ring to Scheme 2 (structural formula) append the six membered ring with requisite functionality. Keeping these considerations in mind, readily available endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02-6]deca-3,8-diene-5-one 6 with well-established propensity toward reactivity on exro-face was identified to be starting point, Scheme 1. Copper(I)mediated stereoselective 1,4-addition of isopropylmagnesium iodide on 6, followed by sequential a-alkylation with allyl bromide and methyl iodide led to 7 as a single diastereomer and correctly installed the methyl and isopropyl groups in the required cis-relationship, Scheme 2* Retro-Diels-^Ider reaction in 7 under flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) liberated the cyclopentenone 8. For the annulation of a seven-membered ring to cyclopentenone 8, recourse was taken to a ring closing metathesis-(RCM) based protocol. Barbier-type addition of 4-bromo-1-butene to 8 in the presence of lithium metal and oxidative transposition of the resulting allylic alcohol with PCC furnished enone 9 in good yield. On exposure to Grubbs' catalyst, enone 9 underwent smooth RCM reaction to deliver the desired hydroazulenic framework 10, Scheme 2. The bicyclic hydroazulenic enone 10 was now poised for the elaboration of functionalities in the context of evolution to the natural product 1. Thus, 10 was elaborated to epoxy alcohol 11 in a three step sequence, Scheme 2. TMSOTf mediated opening of epoxide ring to yield cis-enediol, protection of the resultant diol as an acetonide and allylic oxidation furnished the key enone 12, Scheme 2. Attempts to alkylate the enone 12 to install the C16 methyl group and the precursor side chain for six membered ring annulation failed consistently. Recourse was then taken to a-carboethoxylation in 12 using Mander's reagent proved to be quite effective and further alkylation with methyl iodide furnished 13 as a single stereoisomer with the correct stereochemical positioning of the quaternary methyl group at C8. Intermediate 13 was elaborated to tricyclic framework 14 of guanacastepane A in five steps, by setting up NaOEt mediated intramolecular aldol reaction as key step, for the construction of six membered ring, Scheme 2. In tricyclic cross-conjugated dienone 14, complete carbon framework of the natural product guanacastepene A 1, with a copious disposition of functionalities was realized. Further efforts to transform 14 to 1 were not very encouraging. However a variant of ring C annulation on 12 is being investigated by a colleague in the group to achieve the total synthesis of the natural product. In travails towards 1 and 14, several deviations from the expected course, leading to the new tricyclic structural variants of the biologically promising guanacastepene A 1 were encountered and these findings will also be detailed in this chapter of the thesis. In the Chapter n of the thesis, synthetic studies directed towards the bicyclic framework present in novel neodolabellane type diterpenes like a-and (3-neodolabellenol 17a and 17b isolated from an unknown species of Australian soft coral by Coll et al will be delineated. The readily accessible bicyclic hydroazulenic enone 13, also served as an advanced intermediate for the construction of the 5-11 fused bicyclic skeleton 16 of neodollabellane diterpenoids via an oxy-Cope rearrangement. Elaboration of 13 to the divinyl carbinol 15 and its [3.3] sigmatropic rearrangement (oxy-Cope rearrangement) to 16 and related reactions will be described, Scheme 3. Scheme 3(Structral formula) Chapter III describes the first total synthesis of the sesquiterpenoid natural product cucumin E 26 bearing a novel triquinane framework, and reported recently from the mycelial cultures of agaric Macrocystidia cucumis (Pers ex Fr.) by the groups of Steglich and Anke. Synthesis of 26 was accomplished following an interesting variant of the photo-thermal metathetic approach to linear triquinanes delineated by us sometime ago, Scheme 4. Cucumin E 26 attracted our attention as this sesquiterpene [Scheme 4 (Structural formula)] bears an Interesting biogenetic relationship to the related hirsutane group of linear triquinanes from which it can be derived through the migration of a methyl group. Towards the synthesis of 26, the readily available pentacyclic dione 18 was identified as the key starting material and was elaborated to 19 using FVP (flash vacuum pyrolysis) conditions under which 18 underwent [2+2]-cycloreversion of the cyclobutane ring to furnish the cis, syn, cis-triquinane, Scheme 5. On exposure to base, 19 could be equilibrated through back and forth double bond isomerization to furnish the cis,antecis-isorner 20 in reasonable yield. Attention was now turned towards the installation of the network of four methyl groups present in 26 and relevant functional group adjustments. Catalytic hydrogenation of 20, selective mono-Wittig olefination and subsequent gem-dimethylation furnished olefinic ketone 21. At this stage, the carbonyl group in 21 was sought to be removed and recourse was taken to the Barton deoxygenation protocol to furnish 22, Scheme 5. The next task en-route to the cucumin skeleton was the introduction of the angular methyl group at C7 to generate the complete Cis carbon framework. For this purpose, the ketal group in 22 was deprotected to furnish the ketone 23. Angular methylation in 23 exhibited fair regioselectivity to yield 24 as the major product. The enone moiety in 24 was established through allylic oxidation following the Sharpless catalytic selenium dioxide oxidation followed by PDC oxidation to afford 25. Rh(III)-mediated isomerization of the exocyclic double bond in 25 delivered cucumin E 26, whose spectral characteristics were exactly identical to the natural product as established through direct comparison, Scheme 5. In Chapter IV, the total synthesis of the bicyclo[6.3.0]undecane-based sesquiterpene hydrocarbon asterisca-3(15),6-diene 38, isolated from Lippia integrifolia (Griseb) by Konig et al. and representing the simplest member of the asteriscane family, is described. Our approach to the bicyclo[6.3.0]undecane system was based on the 'carbocyclic ring equivalency' concept. Thus, bicyclo[3.3.0]octane ring system is an eight-membered ring equivalent and tricyclo[6.3.0.02'6]undecane (linear triquinane system) is the latent form of the bicyclo[6.3-0]undecane system through the scission of the central bond as shown in Scheme 6. Following this concept a synthesis of 38 was envisaged from the cfe,syn, cis-triquinane bis-enone 28, readily and quantitatively available from the pentacyclic-caged dione 27, through flash-vacuum pyrolysis (FVP), as described earlier. More stable bis-enone 29 was obtained from 28 by relocation of one of the enone moieties in 28 through thermal activation under static conditions. The two double bonds in 29 could be now easily differentiated and hence it served as an appropriate substrate for further elaboration. Thus, bis-enone 29 on selective catalytic hydrogenation and regioselective gem-dimethylation afforded 30, Scheme 7. At this stage, the two-carbonyl functionalities in 30 were sought to be removed and this was achieved in a stepwise manner. The sequence involved chemoselective thioketalisation of the enone carbonyl followed by reductive desulfurization in metal-ammonia milieu and led to a diastereomeric mixture of alcohols (resulting from the concurrent reduction of the saturated ketone under metal-ammonia conditions). The diastereomeric mixture of alcohols was deoxygenated following the Barton protocol to yield tricyclic hydrocarbon 31, Scheme 7. Catalytic ruthenium mediated oxidative fragmentation of the tetrasubstituted olefinic bond in 31 afforded the 5,8-fused os-bicyclic dione 32. Wittig olefination of cis-bicyclic dione 32 proceeded regioselectively at the carbonyl group distant from the ring junction and furnished keto-olefin 33. However, the isomerization of exocyclic double bond in 33 to the desired endo position (corresponding to C6-C7 in the natural product) to yield 34 proved to be difficult due to unwanted transannular cyclization. Consequently, the transformation of 33 to the desired 34 was carried out through a five-step sequence. The sequence involved the reduction of the carbonyl group in 33 to yield alcohol, protection of the resultant alcohol as IMS-ether and RhCb mediated isomerization of the exo-double bond to the desired endo position. Further deprotection of the TMS ether and oxidation led to the acquisition of the expected enone 34, Scheme 7. Finally, the exo- methylene unit present in the natural product was installed by Wittig olefination in 34 to furnish 35, corresponding to the 'assigned structure' of the natural product. However the spectral data of synthetic 35 was distinctly different from that reported for the natural product and a revision of the natural product structure was warranted. A careful analysis of the spectral data led us to the surmise that the natural product could be the trans-isomer and we embarked on its synthesis. Consequently, cis-bicyclic diketone 32 on exposure to base could be readily equilibrated to the more stable trans-isomer 36 in which the later was the major product (1:4). Bicyclic trans-dione 36, like its cis sibling 32 underwent a facile regioselective Wittig olefination to yield keto-olefin 37, Scheme 8. RhCk-mediated double-bond isomerization in 37 proceeded without any complications and gave a readily separable mixture of regiomeric olefinic ketones 38 and 39 in the ratio 2:3, respectively. Wittig olefination on the required keto olefin 39 proceeded smoothly to furnish the bicyclic hydrocarbon 40 whose spectral characteristics [lH NMR, 13C NMR) exactly matched those reported for the natural product, Scheme 8. A total synthesis of the natural product asterisca-3(15),6-diene has been accomplished. These synthetic efforts necessitate the revision of the earlier assigned structure of the natural product from cis-35 to trans-38. (For structural formula pl see the original document)

As part of an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG), extracts of plants from Suriname and Madagascar were bioassayed for cytotoxicity and antimalarial activity. Six cytotoxic extracts and one potential antimalarial were selected for fractionation, and yielded a number of bioactive compounds which were characterized by spectroscopy methods. Craspidospermum verticillatum (Apocynaceae) yielded four known indole alkoids. Casimirella sp (Icacinaceae) gave three new and five known diterpenoids. Pentopetia androsaemifolia (Apocynaceae) afforded one new and three known cardenolide glycosides. Physalis angulata (Solanaceae) yielded seven known physalins. Roupellina boivinnii (Apocynaceae) yielded four known and three new cardenolide glycosides, and three known cucurbitacins were isolated from Octolepis aff. dioica (Thymelaeaceae). In addition to these structural studies, a synthetic approach to lucilactaene, a cell cycle inhibitor was developed. / Ph. D.