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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Exploring Factors Contributing to Injury Severity at Freeway Merging and Diverging Areas

Mergia, Worku Y. January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
12

Fluid dynamics of cavitating sonic two-phase flow in a converging-diverging nozzle

Asher, William January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Steven Eckels / Both cavitating and flashing flows are important phenomena in fluid flow. Cavitating flow, a common consideration in valves, orifices, and metering devices, is also a concern in loss of coolant accidents for liquid water in power plants when saturation pressures are below atmospheric pressure. Flashing flow is a common consideration for devices such as relief and expansion valves and fluid injectors as well as for loss of coolant accidents in which the coolant’s saturation pressure is above atmospheric. Of the two phenomena, flashing flow has received greater interest due to its applicability to safety concerns, though cavitating flow is perhaps of greater interest in terms of energy efficiency. It is possible for cavitating and flashing flow to actually become sonic. That is, the local velocity of a fluid can exceed the local speed of sound due to the unique properties of two-phase mixtures. When a flow becomes sonic, it is possible for the flow to accelerate and impose additional energy losses that would not otherwise occur. Models of this aspect of two-phase flow are not well developed, typically only being presented for the case of constant area ducts. In this paper two models for cavitating sonic flow are developed and described by applying the integral forms of the mass, momentum, and energy equations to a control volume of variable cross-sectional area. These models, based on the homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM) and separated flow model, are then applied to experimental data taken by the author with R-134a as the fluid of interest. Experimental data were taken with four instrumented converging-diverging nozzles of various geometries using a custom testing rig that allowed for precise control and measurement of flow parameters such as mass flow, temperature, and pressure. The resultant data from the models are then examined, focusing on the resultant velocities, Mach numbers, quality, and shear stresses.
13

[pt] ESCOAMENTO DE FLUIDOS NÃO NEWTONIANOS ATRAVÉS DE CANAIS CONVERGENTES-DIVERGENTES / [en] FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS THROUGH CONVERGING-DIVERGING CHANNELS

MAURICIO LANE 23 December 2005 (has links)
[pt] Neste trabalho foi analisado o escoamento de fluidos não Newtonianos através de canais axisimétricos convergentes divergentes. A solução da conservação de massa e de conservação de momento foi obtida numericamente via volumes finitos utilizando o programa de computador Fluent. A equação constitutiva de fluidos Newtonianos generalizados foi utilizada para modelar o comportamento não Newtoniano, utilizando a equação constitucional de Shunk-Scriven para cálculo da viscosidade, que assume como sendo a média geométrica ponderada pelo classificador de escoamento R entre a viscosidade de cisalhamento e a viscosidade de extensão. Os resultados de perda de pressão e vazão são comparados com os resultados calculados pela relação simplificada proposta por Souza Mendes e Naccache, 2002 entre a perda de carga e vazão de fluidos viscoelásticos fluindo através do meio poroso, para analisar a sua performance. / [en] In this work, the flow of non-Newtonian fluids through axisimmetric convergingdiverging channels is analyzed. The solution of mass and momentum conservation equations is obtained numerically via finite volume technique using the Fluent software. The Generalized Newtonian Fluid constitutive equation was used to model the non- Newtonian fluid behavior, using the Shunk-Scriven model for the viscosity, where a weighted geometric mean by the flow classifier R between shear and extensional viscosities is assumed. The results of pressure drop and flow rate are compared to the ones predicted by a previously proposed simplified relation (Souza Mendes and Naccache, 2002) between pressure drop and flow rate, for viscoelastic fluids flow through porous media, in order to analyze its performance.
14

Family Structure and Household Wealth Inequality among Children: Patterns, Trajectories, and Consequences for Child Well-Being

Hays, Jake J. January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
15

A Numerical Comparison of Symmetric and Asymmetric Supersonic Wind Tunnels

Clark, Kylen D. January 2015 (has links)
No description available.
16

Hydrodynamique de fluides élancés à bas nombres de Reynolds / Low Reynolds number hydrodynamics of immersed thin and slender bodies

Xu, Bingrui 08 April 2016 (has links)
Le sujet de cette thèse est l'hydrodynamique de corps minces (feuilles) et élancés (filamenteux) de fluide visqueux immergés dans un second fluide ayant une viscosité différente. Nous nous concentrons sur deux exemples : la subduction de la lithosphère océanique et le flambage de fils visqueux dans microcanaux divergents, les deux ont un nombre de Reynolds caractéristique Re<<1. Pour le cas de la subduction d'une feuille mince, nous proposons une hybride méthode «boundary integral & thin sheet» (BITS). Après la validation en comparant ses prévisions avec celles de la boundary-element méthode, deux solutions instantanées et dépendant du temps sont effectués pour analyser la subduction avec la méthode BITS. L'analyse à l'échelle de la vitesse d'immersion normalisée en fonction de «la rigidité en flexion» de la feuille est confirmée par nos prédictions numériques. Pour des rapports de viscosité modérée (≈100), la feuille amincit sensiblement quand elle coule, mais pas assez pour conduire à la «rupture de la dalle» que l'on observe dans plusieurs zones de subduction sur Terre. Ensuite, le code BLEU parallèle pour écoulements polyphasiques est utilisé à simuler pliage visqueux tridimensionnel dans des microcanaux divergent. Nous avons réalisé une étude paramétrique comprenant cinq simulations dans lequel le rapport de débit volumétrique, le rapport de viscosité, le nombre de Reynolds, et la forme de la chaîne ont été modifiées par rapport à un modèle de référence. Le fil devient instable à une instabilité de pliage en raison de la contrainte de compression longitudinale. L'axe de pliage initial peut être parallèle ou perpendiculaire à la dimension étroite de la chambre. Dans le premier cas, le pliage transforme lentement au pliage perpendiculaire au moyen d'une torsion, ou peut disparaître totalement. / The hydrodynamics of thin (sheet-like) and slender (filamentary) bodies of viscous fluid immersed in a second fluid with a different viscosity is studied. Here we focuses on two examples: the subduction of oceanic lithosphere and the buckling of viscous threads in diverging microchannels, both have a characteristic Reynolds number Re<<1. A hybrid boundary integral & thin sheet method (BITS) is build for the subduction of 2D immersed sheet. After the validation by comparing with the results of full boundary elements method, both instantaneous and time-dependant soloutions are done to analyze the subduction with the BITS method. The scaling analysis of the normalized sinking speed V/V_Stokes as a function of the sheet's 'flexural stiffness' is confirmed by our numerical predictions. For moderate viscosity ratios (≈100), the sheet thins substantially as it sinks, but not enough to lead to the ‘slab breakoff’ that is observed in several subduction zones on Earth. Next, the parallel code BLUE for multi-phases flows is used to simulate the 3-dimensional viscous folding in diverging microchannels. We performed a parameter study comprising five simulations in which the flow rate ratio, the viscosity ratio, the Reynolds number, and the shape of the channel were varied relative to a reference model. The thread becomes unstable to a folding instability due to the longitudinal compressive stress. The initial folding axis can be either parallel or perpendicular to the narrow dimension of the chamber. In the former case, the folding slowly transforms via twisting to perpendicular folding , or may disappear totally.
17

Breaking the chains : A technological and industrial transformation beyond papermaking: Technology management of incumbents

Novotny, Michael January 2016 (has links)
In recent years, the necessity and opportunity for transforming pulp and paper mills into integrative units for large-scale output of biochemicals, biomaterials, and biofuels have come up in discussions of industrial renewal in the Northern hemisphere (mainly in Canada, Sweden and Finland). This transformation is related to technology shifts as well as changing business models based on new bioproducts due to profoundly new market conditions. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse how wood-based biomass industries – with an emphasis on incumbent pulp and paper industries (PPIs) – are managing this industrial and technological transformation that is taking place beyond the papermaking paradigm. Innovation theories on mature industries, their incumbents, and their propensity for technological lock-in and inertia are well-known. How new entrants and incumbents manage these large shifts is seen as central in understanding the dynamics of new, large-scale sustainable technologies on the one hand and the renewal of large, mature process industries on the other. Three research questions are addressed. First, where are the knowledge and technology frontiers developing in this transformation? Second, how are incumbents of PPIs are managing large market and technology shifts based on existing capabilities and knowledge bases? Third, what are the key mechanisms behind the transformation of PPIs from a process-industry perspective? The hermeneutical insights into the system of biomass technologies in general and the PPI industries in particular were gained by using a qualitative case-study approach, which formed the basis for four research articles and for outlining the empirical context and key words search of the quantitative bibliometric methods in a fifth research article. The research findings and main contributions address an identification of the, analytical, “formal”, science-based technology frontiers from a knowledge base perspective.  Old industrialised forest/PPI nations tended to specialize in rather slow growing, forest-based frontiers. They seem to have stayed close to the research trajectories of their woody raw material and knowledge base with the exception of North America. However, this not the entire explanation of transformation and technology development. Chemical pulp mills, in several cases developed into biorefineries, are the nexus of the emerging development block. They are contributing with products in a bioeconomy that is actively moving away from fossils and polluting materials (such as cement, cotton, plastics). In addition, demo plants (potentially nurturing hundreds of bioproducts) that are present at mill sites and involve different stakeholders, can act as the interface between analytical and synthetic knowledge bases that otherwise are difficult to combine in the upscaling phases of process industries. The response of PPI organizations to shifts in both technology and business models is also explained by the concept of diverging innovations of non-assembled products. These are part of a diversification of an industry from a forest industry perspective, and also of a diversification that may enter trajectories of several by-products and side-streams of the pulp “biorefinery” mill, and have analogies to a product-tree and to the material transformation flow of its production systems. But it is also a phenomenon of synergies in a broader multi-sectorial perspective, i.e. new sets of related products/processes that are able to replace industries of non-assembled products under the above-mentioned, new market conditions. The phenomenon of diverging innovations can be regarded as both an empirical contribution – the breaking up of a closed integrated process industry into something new with several emerging and integrative industries as a response to the large shifts in papermaking and sustainable needs in society – and as a theoretical remark on the model for non-assembled products presented by Utterback (1994). / Under de senaste åren har nödvändigheten och möjligheten att omvandla massa- och pappersbruk till integrerade produktionsenheter för storskalig produktion av biokemikalier, biomaterial och biobränslen uppkommit i diskussioner om industriell förnyelse på norra halvklotet - främst i Kanada, Sverige och Finland. Denna omvandling är relaterad till teknikskiften samt förändrade affärsmodeller baserade på nya bioprodukter och kraftigt ändrade marknadsförutsättningar. Syftet med avhandlingen är att analysera hur vedbaserade industrier – med betoning på befintliga massa- och pappersindustrin - hanterar denna industriella och tekniska omvandling utanför det traditionella papperstillverkningsparadigmet. Innovationsteorier om mogna branscher, deras benägenhet för teknisk inlåsning och tröghet är välkända. Hur nya och etablerade aktörer hanterar dessa stora förändringar ses som central för att förstå dynamiken i ny, storskalig, hållbar teknik å ena sidan och förnyelse av mogna processindustrier å andra sidan. Tre forskningsfrågor behandlas. Först, var utvecklas kunskaps- och teknikfronter i denna omvandling? För det andra, hur hanterar etablerade aktörer i massa- och pappersindustrin  stora marknads- och teknologiskiften baserade på befintliga kunskapsbaser? För det tredje, vilka är de huvudmekanismerna bakom omvandlingen av massa- och pappersindustrin ur ett processindustriellt perspektiv? Förståelsen för det biomasseteknologiska systemet i allmänhet och massa- och pappersindustrin i synnerhet erhölls genom att använda kvalitativa fallstudier och metoder. De låg till grund för fyra forskningsartiklar och utmejslade den empiriska kontexten för kvantitativa, bibliometriska metoder i en femte forskningsartikel. Forskningsresultaten utgörs bl a av en identifiering av analytiska, "formella", vetenskapligt baserade teknikfronter. Äldre skogsindustriländer tenderar att specialisera sig i långsamväxande, skogsbaserade teknikfronter. De följer forskningsbanor närmare deras vedråvaru- och kunskapsbaser (med undantag av Nordamerika). Men det är inte hela förklaringen till teknikutvecklingen och dess omställningspotential. Kemiska massabruk, i flera fall utvecklade till bioraffinaderier, kan utgöra hävstången för ett framväxande utvecklingsblock. De bidrar med produkter i en bioekonomi som aktivt rör sig bort från fossila och resursineffektiva material och processer (såsom cement, bomull, plast). Dessutom kan demonstrationsanläggningar härbärgera en storskalig testmiljö för hundratals bioprodukter som är placerade i närheten av massafabriker och som involverar forsknings-, industri- och samhällsintressenter. De kan ävenfungera som gränssnitt mellan analytiska och syntetiska kunskapsbaser som annars är svåra att kombinera i uppskalningsfaser. Massa- och pappersindustrins omvandling förklaras också av begreppet divergerande innovationer av icke-sammansatta produkter. Dessa är delvis en diversifiering av en bransch ur ett skogsindustriellt perspektiv, delvis en diversifiering som kan generera i biprodukter och sidoströmmar, som har analogier med produktträd och påminner om det materiella transformationsflödet i det egna produktionssystemet. Divergerande innovationer kan ge ett synergifenomen ur ett bredare sektoriellt perspektiv, dvs nya uppsättningar av produkter och processer som kan ersätta industrier med icke-sammansatta produkter under de nya marknadsförhållandena som ovan beskrivits. Fenomenet med divergerande innovationer kan betraktas som både ett empiriskt bidrag - att bryta upp en sluten, integrerad processindustri till något nytt med flera framväxande och integrerande näringar som ett svar på de stora förändringarna i industrin och i samhället – och också som en kritik av modellen för icke-sammansatta produkter som tidigare presenterats av Utterback (1994). / <p>QC 20160829</p>
18

Ultrafast Echocardiography

Posada, Daniel 08 1900 (has links)
Grâce à son accessibilité, sa polyvalence et sa sécurité, l'échocardiographie est devenue la technique d'imagerie la plus utilisée pour évaluer la fonction cardiaque. Au vu du succès de l'échographie ultrarapide par ondes planes des techniques similaires pour augmenter la résolution temporelle en échocardiographie ont été mise en oeuvre. L’augmentation de la résolution temporelle de l’échographie cardiaque au-delà des valeurs actuellement atteignables (~ 60 à 80 images par secondes), pourrait être utilisé pour améliorer d’autres caractéristiques de l'échocardiographie, comme par exemple élargir la plage de vitesses détectables en imagerie Doppler couleur limitées par la valeur de Nyquist. Nous avons étudié l'échocardiographie ultrarapide en utilisant des fronts d’ondes ultrasonores divergentes. La résolution temporelle atteinte par la méthode d'ondes divergentes a permis d’améliorer les capacités des modes d’échocardiographie en mode B et en Doppler couleur. La résolution temporelle de la méthode mode B a été augmentée jusqu'à 633 images par secondes, tout en gardant une qualité d'image comparable à celle de la méthode d’échocardiographie conventionnelle. La vitesse de Nyquist de la méthode Doppler couleur a été multipliée jusqu'à 6 fois au delà de la limite conventionnelle en utilisant une technique inspirée de l’imagerie radar; l’implémentation de cette méthode n’aurait pas été possible sans l’utilisation de fronts d’ondes divergentes. Les performances avantageuses de la méthode d'échocardiographie ultrarapide sont supportées par plusieurs résultats in vitro et in vivo inclus dans ce manuscrit. / Because of its low cost, versatility and safety, echocardiography has become the most common imaging technique to assess the cardiac function. The recent success of ultrafast ultrasound plane wave imaging has prompted the implementation of similar approaches to enhance the echocardiography temporal resolution. The ability to enhance the echocardiography frame rate beyond conventional values (~60 to 80 fps) would positively impact other echocardiography features, e.g. broaden the color Doppler unambiguous velocity range. We investigated the ultrafast echocardiography imaging approach using ultrasound diverging waves. The high frame rate offered by the diverging wave method was used to enhance the capabilities of both B-mode and color Doppler echocardiography. The B-mode temporal resolution was increased to 633 fps whilst the image quality was kept almost unchanged with reference to the conventional echocardiography technique. The color Doppler Nyquist velocity range was extended to up to 6 times the conventional limit using a weather radar imaging approach; such an approach could not have been implemented without using the ultrafast diverging wave imaging technique. The advantageous performance of the ultrafast diverging wave echocardiography approach is supported by multiple in vitro and in vivo results included in this manuscript.
19

Fourier-based reconstruction of ultrafast sectorial images in ultrasound / Reconstruction dans le domaine de Fourier des images sectorielles ultrarapides par ultrasons

Zhang, Miaomiao 16 December 2016 (has links)
L'échocardiographie est une modalité d'imagerie sûre, non-invasive, qui est utilisée pour évaluer la fonction et l'anatomie cardiaque en routine clinique. Mais la cadence maximale d’imagerie atteinte est limitée en raison de la vitesse limitée du son. Afin d’augmenter la fréquence d'image, l'utilisation d’ondes planes ou d’ondes divergentes en transmissinon a été proposée afin de réduire le nombre de tirs nécessaires à la reconstruction d'une image. L'objectif de cette thèse consiste à développer un procédé d'imagerie par ultrasons ultra-rapide en échocardiographie 2/3D basé sur une insonification par ondes divergentes et réalisant une reconstruction dans le domaine de Fourier. Les contributions principales obtenues au cours de la thèse sont décrites ci-dessous. La première contribution de cette thèse concerne un schéma de transmission dichotomique pour l'acquisition linéaire en analysant mathématiquement la pression générée. Nous avons ensuite montré que ce système de transmission peut améliorer la qualité des images reconstruites pour une cadence constante en utilisant les algorithmes de reconstruction conventionnels. La qualité des images reconstruites a été évaluée en termes de résolution et de contraste au moyen de simulations et acquisitions expérimentales réalisées sur des fantômes. La deuxième contribution concerne le développement d'une nouvelle méthode d'imagerie 2D en ondes plane opérant dans le domaine de Fourier et basée sur le théorème de la coupe centrale. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus montrent que l'approche proposée fournit des résultats très proches de ceux fournit par les méthodes classiques en termes de résolution latérale et contraste de l'image. La troisième contribution concerne le développement d'une transformation spatiale explicite permettant d'étendre les méthodes 2D opérant dans le domaine de Fourier d'une acquisition en géométrie linéaire avec des ondes planes à la géométrie sectorielle avec des ondes divergente en transmission. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus à partir de simulations et d'acquisitions expérimentales in vivo montrent que l'application de cette extension à la méthode de Lu permet d'obtenir la même qualité d’image que la méthode spatiale de Papadacci basée sur des ondes divergentes, mais avec une complexité de calcul plus faible. Finalement, la formulation proposée en 2D pour les méthodes ultra-rapides opérant dans le domaine de Fourier ont été étendues en 3D. L'approche proposée donne des résultats compétitifs associés à une complexité de calcul beaucoup plus faible par rapport à la technique de retard et somme conventionnelle. / Three-dimensional echocardiography is one of the most widely used modality in real time heart imaging thanks to its noninvasive and low cost. However, the real-time property is limited because of the limited speed of sound. To increase the frame rate, plane wave and diverging wave in transmission have been proposed to drastically reduce the number of transmissions to reconstruct one image. In this thesis, starting with the 2D plane wave imaging methods, the reconstruction of 2D/3D echocardiographic sequences in Fourier domain using diverging waves is addressed. The main contributions are as follows: The first contribution concerns the study of the influence of transmission scheme in the context of 2D plane wave imaging. A dichotomous transmission scheme was proposed. Results show that the proposed scheme allows the improvement of the quality of the reconstructed B-mode images at a constant frame rate. Then we proposed an alternative Fourier-based plane wave imaging method (i.e. Ultrasound Fourier Slice Beamforming). The proposed method was assessed using numerical simulations and experiments. Results revealed that the method produces very competitive image quality compared to the state-of-the-art methods. The third contribution concerns the extension of Fourier-based plane wave imaging methods to sectorial imaging in 2D. We derived an explicit spatial transformation which allows the extension of the current Fourier-based plane wave imaging techniques to the reconstruction of sectorial scan using diverging waves. Results obtained from simulations and experiments show that the derived methods produce competitive results with lower computational complexity when compared to the conventional delay and sum (DAS) technique. Finally, the 2D Fourier-based diverging wave imaging methods are extended to 3D. Numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the proposed method. Results show that the proposed approach provides competitive scores in terms of image quality compared to the DAS technique, but with a much lower computational complexity.
20

Imagerie ultrasonore ultra-rapide dédiée à la quantification 3D du mouvement cardiaque / Ultrafast ultrasound imaging for 3-D cardiac motion estimation

Joos, Philippe 22 December 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur le développement et l’évaluation de techniques d’imagerie en échocardiographie. L’objectif est de proposer des méthodes d’imagerie ultrasonore ultrarapide pour estimer le mouvement cardiaque 2-D et 3-D.Première modalité d’imagerie du cœur, l’échocardiographie conventionnelle permet la mesure des déformations myocardiques à 80 images/s. Cette cadence d’imagerie est insuffisante pour quantifier les mouvements de la totalité du myocarde lors de tests d’efforts, utiles en évaluation clinique, au cours desquels le rythme cardiaque est augmenté. De plus, la résolution temporelle actuelle en échocardiographie 3-D limite ses applications, pourtant essentielles pour une caractérisation complète du cœur.Les contributions présentées ici sont 1) le développement et l’évaluation, pour l’application cardiaque, d’une méthode originale d’estimation de mouvement 2-D par imagerie ultrarapide et marquage des images, 2) l’étude de faisabilité de la mesure globale des déformations cardiaques avec une méthode innovante d’imagerie ultrasonore ultrarapide 2-D et 3) la généralisation de cette approche en 3-D pour l’imagerie des volumes cardiaques à haute résolution temporelle. Cette technique est basée sur l’émission d’ondes divergentes, et l’intégration d’une compensation de mouvement dans le processus de formation des volumes cardiaques.La méthode proposée permet l’estimation des mouvements cardiaques 2-D et l’échocardiographie ultrarapide 3-D. L’évaluation de notre approche pour la quantification des déformations myocardiques locales 2-D et 3-D pourrait permettre de proposer des pistes innovantes pour poursuivre nos études et améliorer le diagnostic en routine clinique / This PhD work focuses on the development and the evaluation of imaging techniques in echocardiography. Our objective is to propose ultrafast ultrasound imaging methods for 2-D and 3-D cardiac motion estimations.Echocardiography is one of the most widespread modality for cardiovascular imaging. Conventional clinical scanners allow measurement of myocardial velocities and deformations at 80 images / s. In some situations, it can be recommended to increase the heart rate during a stress echocardiographic examination. Motion estimation of the whole myocardium at such heart rates is challenging with the conventional imaging systems. In addition, the low temporal resolution of the current conventional 3-D echocardiography limits quantitative applications, which would be needed for a complete characterization of the heart.The three contributions presented here are 1) the development and evaluation of an original method for 2-D cardiac motion estimation, with ultrafast imaging and image tagging, 2) the feasibility study of the global myocardial deformation measurement using an innovative 2-D ultrafast ultrasound imaging method and 3) the generalization of this approach in three dimensions for high frame-rate 3-D echocardiography. This method is based on the transmission of divergent waves and the integration of motion compensation, during the imaging process, to produce high-quality volumetric images of the heart.The proposed method allows 2-D cardiac motion estimation and 3-D echocardiography at high frame-rate. The evaluation of our approach for local 2-D and 3-D myocardial deformation measurements should permit to conduct further study in order to improve medical diagnosis

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