Two firms with innovative technology are potential licensors in the industry. In addition, there is a potential licensee which only possesses aged technology. When the two potential licensors have exactly the same technology, they will cut the license fee to zero due to severe competition no matter whether the fee is in the format of fixed payments or royalties. When one potential licensor possesses the technology far advanced than the technology the other potential licensor has, those two firms with less advanced technology will ask for technology licensing and pay the license fee in the format of fixed payment.

In this thesis major challenges of creating business models at incumbents within mature industries are identified along with a mitigation plan. Pressure is upon incumbent organizations in order to keep up with the latest rapid technological advancements, the launching of startups that almost cover every field of business and the continuous change in customers’ tastes and needs. That along with various factors either forced organizations to continually reevaluate their current business models or miss out on great opportunities. How some incumbents have dealt and are dealing with business model innovation challenges over the past few years is demonstrated through several cases of incumbents. The sources surveyed include recent scientific articles, books, firsthand accounts with executives in the area of business models, innovation and business development, online sources and contemporary business publications. In order to overcome those challenges, we propose a framework which is derived mainly from the sources mentioned above. In order to overcome such challenges, thesis propose a framework that can be used to successfully engender new business models and make a transition from current to new business model. By successful business model innovation, firms can increase the extent of their offerings, meet yet unmet market demands and untapped customer segments. Additionally, organizations can create new value propositions and gain highly sustainable competitive position through business model innovation which is not easy to imitate or copy by the competition. Our findings attest to the fact that business models are highly situational however there are general steps for incumbent organizations that would lead to a successful business model innovation approach. First an organization must have a clear strategy. Establishing separate innovation centers for firms do enhance and foster the mindset of innovation as they take innovation outside the parent organization’s logic. Other approaches include open innovation, partnerships and ensuring that resources are constantly allocated to create disruptive innovations internally and is led by the right personalities. Solving customer needs should be the core of any business and finally there are no best practices in business model innovation. The significance of our findings gives insights on how to overcome some challenges in practice for incumbents to create suitable business models and contributes to theory since there were some empirical findings that weren’t pronounced in literature.

In this thesis major challenges of creating business models at incumbents within mature industries are identified along with a mitigation plan. Pressure is upon incumbent organizations in order to keep up with the latest rapid technological advancements, the launching of startups that almost cover every field of business and the continuous change in customers’ tastes and needs. That along with various factors either forced organizations to continually reevaluate their current business models or miss out on great opportunities.How some incumbents have dealt and are dealing with business model innovation challenges over the past few years is demonstrated through several cases of incumbents. The sources surveyed include recent scientific articles, books, firsthand accounts with executives in the area of business models, innovation and business development, online sources and contemporary business publications. In order to overcome those challenges, we propose a framework which is derived mainly from the sources mentioned above.In order to overcome such challenges, thesis propose a framework that can be used to successfully engender new business models and make a transition from current to new business model. By successful business model innovation, firms can increase the extent of their offerings, meet yet unmet market demands and untapped customer segments. Additionally, organizations can create new value propositions and gain highly sustainable competitive position through business model innovation which is not easy to imitate or copy by the competition.Our findings attest to the fact that business models are highly situational however there are general steps for incumbent organizations that would lead to a successful business model innovation approach. First an organization must have a clear strategy. Establishing separate innovation centers for firms do enhance and foster the mindset of innovation as they take innovation outside the parent organization’s logic. Other approaches include open innovation, partnerships and ensuring that resources are constantly allocated to create disruptive innovations internally and is led by the right personalities. Solving customer needs should be the core of any business and finally there are no best practices in business model innovation. The significance of our findings gives insights on how to overcome some challenges in practice for incumbents to create suitable business models and contributes to theory since there were some empirical findings that weren’t pronounced in literature.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Ribeiro Bernabe.pdf: 493380 bytes, checksum: d7925a921b83b79fdbc6680f8f1b702b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-12 / The objective of this job is to study the Brazilian incumbents strategic positioning related to the market regulation since 1998. The project intend, in a qualitative way, evaluate which are the strategic lines that the operators could follow and how these companies deal with the power, formal and informal institutions, alliances and strategy definition to maintain its market position and wide its actuation to others markets through new technologies, partnerships, government and competitors relation. The regulation issues are explored to evaluate how the relation influences the strategic definitions of the companies and which are the impacts of this regulation in the market and society. This via is explored in the other way also, since the impacts of the companies strengths in the regulation definitions is also taking into consideration. The population is the Brazilian incumbents since the objective is to evaluate during a period of time the evolution of the strategies adopted by them. / Esta dissertação visa estudar o posicionamento estratégico das empresas de telefonia fixa no mercado brasileiro frente à regulamentação inserida no setor desde 1998. O projeto visa, de forma qualitativa, avaliar quais as linhas estratégicas que as operadoras poderiam seguir, e como estas se posicionam em termos de administração do poder, utilização das instituições formais e informais, alianças e definição de estratégia para manterem sua posição no mercado e ampliarem sua atuação para outros mercados através da utilização de novas tecnologias, parcerias, relacionamento com o governo e com seus competidores. Um cunho regulamentar é claramente explorado, no sentido de avaliar como a regulamentação influencia na definição de estratégia da empresa e quais os impactos desta regulamentação no mercado e na sociedade. Esta via é explorada no outro sentido também, ou seja, avaliar como a força das empresas é percebida e tem a capacidade de influenciar definições do governo quanto às práticas regulamentares que orientam o setor. Considerou-se as empresas de telefonia fixa com o objetivo de avaliar longitudinalmente a evolução das estratégias adotadas visto que esta vertente do setor está em prática a mais tempo que telefonia móvel e transmissão de dados e imagens.

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Abstract Background The major mobile infrastructure incumbent vendors form an oligopoly of mobile technology leaders that have not changed their business models significantly as new mobile technology generations have been introduced since 1980. The introduction of 5G and research in 6G have created uncertainty calling for openness, disaggregation of software from hardware, and variety of industrial customers. The incumbent vendors need to innovate technology and business model (BM) to increase their chances of survival. Objectives This thesis aims to investigate how mobile network infrastructure incumbent vendors use business model innovation (BMI) in context of uncertainties related to 5G & 6G disruptive innovation. The purpose of the thesis is to refine the extant theory of BMI and to provide practitioners with recommendations on how to use BMI in the nascent phase of disruptive innovation. Methodology The grounded theory research process based on an exploratory qualitative single-case holistic study is used. The primary data is collected from thirteen semi-structured interviews while supportive secondary data is publicly available and collected via the Internet. Using inductive reasoning the study data analysis process produced first-order concepts, second-order themes and aggregate dimensions used to refine and extend the initial theoretical framework for BMI process usage. Findings When faced with uncertainty of disruptive innovation, the industry incumbents use the scenario-driven thinking to simultaneously develop a portfolio of BMs both by in-house diversification and by mergers and acquisitions. The management of BMI process leads to foreseeing and leveraging of both the internal resources and external resources. The internal resources are developed using BM ambidexterity, double ambidexterity, and intra-organizational learning, The external resources are developed via business ecosystems development and open BM innovation. Development of the resources creates unique managerial challenges related to ambidexterity, coopetition, and cultural transformation. Conclusions Our study provides the empirical grounds for a model of BMI usage by industry incumbents. Our model extends the scope of the extant theoretical discussions and provides details supported with rich empirical evidence from the nascent phase of technological disruption. The emphasis is on the firm’s dynamics that deal with multiple BMs and their innovation. We argue that while studying the process of single BMI is beneficial, the full understanding of BMI can be achieved only by covering the management of interactions and interdependencies among multiple simultaneous BMIs. Recommendations for future research Multiple-case studies to cover other industries would be beneficial to achieve generalization. Also, the longitudinal approach should be used in future studies to understand the impact of the BMI process management choices in the nascent phase on the survival and performance of the incumbents.

Why should technology-based startups in the energy sector collaborate? How do they collaborate today? What is the incumbents’ perspective on collaboration with startups? Today these are issues of high interest for the energy sector in Sweden and for other startups in similar industries. This thesis considers the changing dynamics within the Energy sector in Sweden, the potential of innovation through startups, the market potential and barriers that these actors within the industry are facing. It also considers how collaborations and networks serve to seize opportunities and to overcome challenges and barriers faced by the industry today. Opportunity areas identified were: the trends within the industry concerning decentralized generation, the founders’ dedication for their startups, startup’s ability to act fast and flexibly, their technology contribution, and incumbents differentiating themselves through startups in a highly competitive market. Entry barriers identified were a traditional and slow market, dominative national champions, financial, regulatory, lead times, lack of experience, high risk, lack of system context and credibility. Finally strategic networks and collaboration prove to be an essential part for startups to overcome their liabilities and barriers to entry.

In recent years, the necessity and opportunity for transforming pulp and paper mills into integrative units for large-scale output of biochemicals, biomaterials, and biofuels have come up in discussions of industrial renewal in the Northern hemisphere (mainly in Canada, Sweden and Finland). This transformation is related to technology shifts as well as changing business models based on new bioproducts due to profoundly new market conditions. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse how wood-based biomass industries – with an emphasis on incumbent pulp and paper industries (PPIs) – are managing this industrial and technological transformation that is taking place beyond the papermaking paradigm. Innovation theories on mature industries, their incumbents, and their propensity for technological lock-in and inertia are well-known. How new entrants and incumbents manage these large shifts is seen as central in understanding the dynamics of new, large-scale sustainable technologies on the one hand and the renewal of large, mature process industries on the other. Three research questions are addressed. First, where are the knowledge and technology frontiers developing in this transformation? Second, how are incumbents of PPIs are managing large market and technology shifts based on existing capabilities and knowledge bases? Third, what are the key mechanisms behind the transformation of PPIs from a process-industry perspective? The hermeneutical insights into the system of biomass technologies in general and the PPI industries in particular were gained by using a qualitative case-study approach, which formed the basis for four research articles and for outlining the empirical context and key words search of the quantitative bibliometric methods in a fifth research article. The research findings and main contributions address an identification of the, analytical, “formal”, science-based technology frontiers from a knowledge base perspective.  Old industrialised forest/PPI nations tended to specialize in rather slow growing, forest-based frontiers. They seem to have stayed close to the research trajectories of their woody raw material and knowledge base with the exception of North America. However, this not the entire explanation of transformation and technology development. Chemical pulp mills, in several cases developed into biorefineries, are the nexus of the emerging development block. They are contributing with products in a bioeconomy that is actively moving away from fossils and polluting materials (such as cement, cotton, plastics). In addition, demo plants (potentially nurturing hundreds of bioproducts) that are present at mill sites and involve different stakeholders, can act as the interface between analytical and synthetic knowledge bases that otherwise are difficult to combine in the upscaling phases of process industries. The response of PPI organizations to shifts in both technology and business models is also explained by the concept of diverging innovations of non-assembled products. These are part of a diversification of an industry from a forest industry perspective, and also of a diversification that may enter trajectories of several by-products and side-streams of the pulp “biorefinery” mill, and have analogies to a product-tree and to the material transformation flow of its production systems. But it is also a phenomenon of synergies in a broader multi-sectorial perspective, i.e. new sets of related products/processes that are able to replace industries of non-assembled products under the above-mentioned, new market conditions. The phenomenon of diverging innovations can be regarded as both an empirical contribution – the breaking up of a closed integrated process industry into something new with several emerging and integrative industries as a response to the large shifts in papermaking and sustainable needs in society – and as a theoretical remark on the model for non-assembled products presented by Utterback (1994). / Under de senaste åren har nödvändigheten och möjligheten att omvandla massa- och pappersbruk till integrerade produktionsenheter för storskalig produktion av biokemikalier, biomaterial och biobränslen uppkommit i diskussioner om industriell förnyelse på norra halvklotet - främst i Kanada, Sverige och Finland. Denna omvandling är relaterad till teknikskiften samt förändrade affärsmodeller baserade på nya bioprodukter och kraftigt ändrade marknadsförutsättningar. Syftet med avhandlingen är att analysera hur vedbaserade industrier – med betoning på befintliga massa- och pappersindustrin - hanterar denna industriella och tekniska omvandling utanför det traditionella papperstillverkningsparadigmet. Innovationsteorier om mogna branscher, deras benägenhet för teknisk inlåsning och tröghet är välkända. Hur nya och etablerade aktörer hanterar dessa stora förändringar ses som central för att förstå dynamiken i ny, storskalig, hållbar teknik å ena sidan och förnyelse av mogna processindustrier å andra sidan. Tre forskningsfrågor behandlas. Först, var utvecklas kunskaps- och teknikfronter i denna omvandling? För det andra, hur hanterar etablerade aktörer i massa- och pappersindustrin  stora marknads- och teknologiskiften baserade på befintliga kunskapsbaser? För det tredje, vilka är de huvudmekanismerna bakom omvandlingen av massa- och pappersindustrin ur ett processindustriellt perspektiv? Förståelsen för det biomasseteknologiska systemet i allmänhet och massa- och pappersindustrin i synnerhet erhölls genom att använda kvalitativa fallstudier och metoder. De låg till grund för fyra forskningsartiklar och utmejslade den empiriska kontexten för kvantitativa, bibliometriska metoder i en femte forskningsartikel. Forskningsresultaten utgörs bl a av en identifiering av analytiska, "formella", vetenskapligt baserade teknikfronter. Äldre skogsindustriländer tenderar att specialisera sig i långsamväxande, skogsbaserade teknikfronter. De följer forskningsbanor närmare deras vedråvaru- och kunskapsbaser (med undantag av Nordamerika). Men det är inte hela förklaringen till teknikutvecklingen och dess omställningspotential. Kemiska massabruk, i flera fall utvecklade till bioraffinaderier, kan utgöra hävstången för ett framväxande utvecklingsblock. De bidrar med produkter i en bioekonomi som aktivt rör sig bort från fossila och resursineffektiva material och processer (såsom cement, bomull, plast). Dessutom kan demonstrationsanläggningar härbärgera en storskalig testmiljö för hundratals bioprodukter som är placerade i närheten av massafabriker och som involverar forsknings-, industri- och samhällsintressenter. De kan ävenfungera som gränssnitt mellan analytiska och syntetiska kunskapsbaser som annars är svåra att kombinera i uppskalningsfaser. Massa- och pappersindustrins omvandling förklaras också av begreppet divergerande innovationer av icke-sammansatta produkter. Dessa är delvis en diversifiering av en bransch ur ett skogsindustriellt perspektiv, delvis en diversifiering som kan generera i biprodukter och sidoströmmar, som har analogier med produktträd och påminner om det materiella transformationsflödet i det egna produktionssystemet. Divergerande innovationer kan ge ett synergifenomen ur ett bredare sektoriellt perspektiv, dvs nya uppsättningar av produkter och processer som kan ersätta industrier med icke-sammansatta produkter under de nya marknadsförhållandena som ovan beskrivits. Fenomenet med divergerande innovationer kan betraktas som både ett empiriskt bidrag - att bryta upp en sluten, integrerad processindustri till något nytt med flera framväxande och integrerande näringar som ett svar på de stora förändringarna i industrin och i samhället – och också som en kritik av modellen för icke-sammansatta produkter som tidigare presenterats av Utterback (1994). / <p>QC 20160829</p>

Companies are always trying to increase their sales and revenue, but nowadays due to technology advancement, competence and the fast moving economy this task becomes more difficult as time goes by. This is where innovation walks in, to find new ways to add value to customers, increasing profit and even find new potential markets. As part of implementing innovative practices, many companies have added corporate entrepreneurship to their structure, to look for new business models that reach diverse customers within the same industry. Getting in the mind of customers, trying to decipher unspoken needs and matching problems to new solutions is part of the insighting process that has to be done when attempting idea incubation. This research seeks to provide a methodology to make the insighting process for early idea validation, in a corporate environment, less manual and more mechanical. For this purpose the Stockholm division of Telia Company was used as study case and main source of data recollection, which brings the research results to a practical use and analysis.