Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO PINTO.pdf: 1198069 bytes, checksum: d0bf83a097faa213dc8b92cbbf92f219 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / To understand the factors that affect the capability of fast swimming is crucial to obtain success in the sport. The underwater dolphin kick UDK - has a great balance between minimize the drag and maximize the forward impulse, reducing the physical effort of the swimmer. Thus, to know the elements that compound the UDK, like frequency, force, angles and amplitudes of kicking lead to a better understanding that feature of swimming is one of the factors that most compromise the swimming time. The aim of this work was to compare kinects and cinematic variables of UDK between groups of swimmers with different performances. Twenty-four competitive male swimmers have done four maximal performances of 17 meters of UDK. It was used three underwater cameras putted on 5, 10 and 15 meters of the path. The swimmers were recorded to cinematic analyze. The frames of all performances were digitalized in the program Ariel Perfomance Analysis Systems APAS. It was evaluated the kinematics variables of the swimmer during the UDK using the software Aquanex (Swimming Technology Research, FLO, USA). The mean of the performances between the groups was compared using the T student s test, for the normalized distribution samples and the Mann-Whitneys s U test for the non-normal with confidence value of 95% (p<0,05). It was used the multiple regression analysis to correlate the variables the exerts more influence during the UDK. The results have shown that the difference between both groups could be explained for the following variables: frequency of kicking, peak of force, mean of force, duration of kicking cycle, horizontal maximum speed, maximum down speed, maximum vertical speed down-guided and up-guided normalized by the high of lower limbs. The multiple regression analysis showed that the variables: mean of force and frequency of kicking explain, together, 48% of the performance of time in 5-15 meters. / Entender os fatores que afetam a capacidade de nadar rápido é fundamental para obter êxito no esporte. O movimento de pernas na ondulação subaquática MPOS, possui um ótimo equilíbrio entre minimizar o arrasto e maximizar o impulso, reduzindo o esforço físico exigido do nadador. Conhecer elementos intrínsecos da sua execução, como a frequência, a força, os ângulos e as amplitudes das pernadas levam a compreensão do MPOS que é um dos fatores que mais influência no tempo de nado. O objetivo do estudo, portanto, foi comparar variáveis cinéticas e cinemáticas do MPOS, entre grupos com diferentes desempenhos e correlacionar estas variáveis com o desempenho. Vinte e quatro nadadores competitivos do sexo masculino realizaram quatro execuções máximas de 17 metros do MPOS. Foram utilizadas três câmeras subaquáticas posicionadas nos 5, 10 e 15 m e uma que acompanhava os nadadores durante o percurso. Eles foram filmados para análise cinemática. Os quadros de todas as execuções foram digitalizados manualmente no programa Ariel Perfomance Analysis Systems APAS. Também foram avaliadas as variáveis cinéticas aplicadas pelo nadador durante o MPOS por meio do sistema de aquisição de dados Aquanex (Swimming Technology Research, FLO, USA). A média das execuções entre os grupos foi comparada através do teste t de Student, para as variáveis que apresentaram distribuição normal e o teste "U" de Mann-Whitney com nível de confiança de 95% (p<0,05). Foi utilizada, ainda, a análise de regressão múltipla para correlacionar as variáveis que mais influenciaram durante o MPOS. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a diferença entre os grupos pode ser explicada pelas seguintes variáveis: frequência de pernadas, pico de força, força média, duração do ciclo, velocidade máxima horizontal, velocidade máxima vertical para baixo, velocidade máxima vertical para baixo e para cima normalizada pela altura dos membros inferiores. Com base na análise de regressão múltipla, as variáveis força média e frequência da pernada explicaram, em conjunto, 48% do desempenho no tempo de 5-15 m.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O turismo vem sendo considerado como solução de problemas econômicos em muitas comunidades de baixa renda, mas também pode ser causador de impactos negativos. O condicionamento de animais selvagens através da alimentação artificial facilita o trabalho dos operadores de turismo de natureza ao criar mais situações de encontro e diminuir as distâncias entre os turistas e esses animais, mas casos ao redor do mundo demonstram numerosos impactos negativos resultantes de tais atividades. No estado do Amazonas, Brasil, cinco casos de atividade turística onde botos-da-Amazônia (Inia geoffrensis) foram condicionados ao contato humano através da alimentação articial vêm ocorrendo, sendo o caso do Parque Nacional de Anavilhanas (PNA), em Novo Airão (NA), o precursor. Assim, os objetivos da presente tese são: descrever os casos de condicionamento de botos como atração turística no estado do Amazonas, avaliar se as atividades turísticas de alimentação artificial influenciam a agressividade e o comportamento social dos botos condicionados do PNA, produzir uma avaliação acurada da percepção da comunidade local de NA com relação aos possíveis impactos socioeconômicos desta atividade turística, acessar a percepção dos pescadores locais quanto às interações entre cetáceos (incluindo o tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis) e atividades de pesca e os impactos do condicionamento de botos nessas interações, na região de NA e conduzir uma análise das expectativas prévias e experiências realizadas pelos turistas participantes das atividades de interação com os botos em NA, avaliando também sua percepção geral sobre este tipo de turismo, em especial com relação à sua proximidade com os animais. Os métodos utilizados para a coleta dos dados foram: entrevistas etnográficas semi-estruturadas, observação participante, questionários auto-aplicáveis e métodos de amostragem comportamental. Os resultados demonstraram que as atividades baseadas no condicionamento geram vários impactos negativos. Pode-se concluir que a atividade turística baseada no condicionamento de botos através da alimentação artificial: tem se dispersado pelo estado do Amazonas ao longo dos últimos anos, altera o comportamento social e causa o aumento da competição entre os botos condicionados em NA, apesar de gerar empatia pelo boto em parte da população de Novo Airão, é percebida pelos moradores como gerando poucos benefícios econômicos, sendo que a maioria se sente excluída do compartilhamento de benefícios gerados pela mesma, aparentemente não resulta em uma grande mudança na percepção negativa dos botos por parte dos pescadores, que também se percebem como estando excluídos do compartilhamento de benefícios gerados pela atividade e geram um alto grau de satisfação nos turistas participantes e atendem às atuais expectativas dos turistas, mas através de atividades invasivas que provavelmente disseminam a ideia de que condicionar animais silvestres ao contato humano através da alimentação artificial é correto. Assim, possivelmente a atividade em questão não está em completo acordo com as leis brasileiras, conceitos de ecoturismo e funções das unidades de conservação. Propostas de manejo para superar a controversa questão relacionada à alimentação artificial como prática turística e fortalecimento de práticas menos negativamente impactantes de caráter participativo para NA são sugeridas. / Tourism has been considered the solution to economic problems in many low income communities, however, tourism can also cause negative impacts. Conditioning wild animals through artificial feeding facilitates the work of nature tourism operators by creating more encounters with and decreasing the distances between tourists and these animals, but examples around the world show numerous negative impacts resulting from such activities. In Amazonas State, Brazil, there are five current cases of tourism activities in which botos (Inia geoffrensis) are being conditioned to human contact through artificial feeding, being the case of the Anavilhanas National Park (ANP), in Novo Airão (NA), the pioneer. Therefore, the aims of the present work are to describe these cases of conditioning of botos as a tourism attraction in Amazonas State, to evaluate the influence of this activity on the aggressiveness and social behavior of the conditioned botos in the ANP, to evaluate the perception of the NA community in relation to the possible socioeconomic impacts resulting from this tourism, to evaluate the perception of the fishermen from NA regarding to interactions with the river dolphins and the impact of this tourism on those interactions, and to evaluate the prior expectations, general perception and experiences of the tourists participating in the interactions with botos in the ANP. The methods utilized for data collection were as follows: semi-structured ethnographic interviews, participant observation, self-completed questionnaires and behavioral sampling methods. Results showed that the activities based on conditioning cause numerous negative impacts. It is concluded that this kind of tourism is dispersing through the Amazonas State. Conditioning causes an increase in the competition among the botos and deeply alters their social behavior. Broadly speaking, the population of NA perceives themselves as being excluded from the sharing of the economic benefits resulting from this tourist activity. This activity apparently do not cause a change in the local fishermen negative perceptions about the botos, and they also perceives themselves as being excluded from the sharing of economic benefits. Furthermore, the degree of satisfaction achieved by the tourists in NA during these activities is very high, but such satisfaction is reached by participating in invasive activities that disseminate the idea that conditioning wild animals through artificial feeding is correct. Tourist activities related to boto conditioning are possibly not in complete agreement with the functions of conservation units, ecotourism concepts and Brazilian Legislation. Management proposals aiming to achieve less negatively impacting activities are proposed, such as the implementation of a tourism activity not based on artificial feeding/conditioning and an education/interpretation program to provide more accurate information to tourists about the natural behavior of the botos to provide them with realistic expectations prior to participating in less-invasive dolphin-watching activities

Bottlenose dolphins inhabiting coastlines and estuaries in Florida have been impacted in the past decade by development, algal blooms, catastrophic pollution, and fishery interactions (FI). Dolphins react to disturbance and environmental stressors by modifying their movements and habitat use, which may put them in jeopardy of conflict with humans. FI plays an increasing role in contributing to dolphin mortalities. I investigated dolphin movements, habitat use, residency patterns, and frequency of FI with sport fishing. Tagging studies with short-term data tags and bolt on radio-transmitters were done in several locations in Florida and the east coast providing fine-scale measurements of swimming, daily travels, and foraging activity. Transit speeds agreed with the predicted mean cost of transport as dolphins spent much of their day and night travelling and resting while swimming. Increased foraging was detected by stomach temperature changes revealing dolphins fed at night with a peak starting just after sunset. Dolphin abundance, site fidelity, ranging, stranding mortality, and community structure was characterized at Choctawhatchee and Pensacola Bays in the Florida Panhandle via surveying and photo-identification. Results showed they made frequent inshore movements, maintained site fidelity to specific areas, and comprised several distinct communities. FI was assessed at offshore reefs and coastal fishing piers near Destin, FL and Orange Beach, AL, showing that some dolphins demonstrate affinity to this activity. Harmful interactions with dolphins on reefs and at fishing piers negatively affect their resident communities. Mitigation of FI is suggested by use of avoidance strategies, gear modifications, and improved fish release practices.

Les côtes chiliennes sont parmi les plus productives au monde, ce qui leur permet d'abriter une grande diversité de mammifères marins. En effet, près de la moitié des cétacés observés dans le monde sont présents dans les écosystèmes marins du Chili. Dans un contexte où l’augmentation des activités anthropiques relative à l’exploitation de nos océans s’étend jusqu’aux secteurs éloignés, les nombreux fjords du sud de la Patagonie nécessitent une attention particulière. L’évaluation des enjeux pouvant bouleverser l’équilibre de ces milieux méconnus s’avère indispensable. La répartition spatiale distincte de plusieurs espèces de petits cétacés en Patagonie, la croissance accentuée des activités anthropiques depuis les deux dernières décennies et le peu de savoir sur les enjeux de cohabitations d’habitats, justifient l’urgence de développer des connaissances pouvant démystifier l’abondance de cétacés dans plusieurs écosystèmes marins du Chili. Le projet de recherche suivant met l’emphase sur le développement de connaissances sur la distribution du dauphin chilien (Cephalorhynchus eutropia) dans le secteur Skyring situé au sud du Chili. Il est possible d’observer ce petit cétacé entre Valparaíso (33°S) et Cape Horn (55°15′S). Une étude récente propose une distinction génétique de la population suite à la dernière glaciation. La première population, située au nord du pays, se distingue par son occupation continue près des embouchures de rivières et dans les secteurs peu profonds. La seconde population,située dans la portion sud du pays, est caractérisée par sa présence discontinue dans les nombreux fjords et canaux. Actuellement, il est difficile d’évaluer le nombre total de la population mais tout porte à croire que ce nombre serait en dessous des 10 000 individus matures. La recherche suivante propose donc l’utilisation d’un outil de modélisation d’habitat basé sur une forêt d’arbres décisionnels dans le but d’identifier les différentes composantes écosystémiques qui font de Seno Skyring, un secteur de prédilection pour le dauphin chilien. Enfin, la création d’un catalogue d’identification à l’aide de la photo-identification offre un outil de suivi de la population tout en évaluant la fréquentation du dauphin chilien dans le secteur Seno Skyring. / The Chilean coasts are among the most productive in the world, which allows them to shelter a great diversity of marine mammals. Indeed, almost half of the cetaceans observed in the world are present in Chile. In a context where the increase in human activities relating to the exploitation of our oceans extends to remote areas, the numerous fjords of southern Patagonia require our special attention. It is essential to assess the issues that could upset the balance of these little-known environments. The distinct spatial distribution of several species of small cetaceans in Patagonia, the accentuated growth of anthropic activities over the last two decades and the lack of knowledge surrounding the cohabitation of their habitat, justifies the urgency of developing knowledge that could demystifies the abundancy of cetaceans present in several marine ecosystems of Chile. The following research project focus on developing knowledge about the distribution of the Chilean dolphin (Cephalorhynchus eutropia) in the Seno Skyring area located in southern Chile. It is possible to observe this small cetacean between Valparaíso (33°S) and Cape Horn (55°15′S). A recent study suggests that the population would be genetically divided following the last glaciation. The first population, located in the north of the country, is distinguished by their continuous occupation near rivers mouths and shallow areas. The second population, located in the southern portion of the country, is characterized by its discontinuous presence in the many fjords and canals of Chile. Currently, it is difficult to assess the total number of the population, but recent studies suggests that this number would be below 10,000 mature individuals. The following research proposes a habitat modeling tool based on decision trees with the aim of identifying the different ecosystem components that make Seno Skyring a chosen area for the Chilean dolphin. Finally, the creation of an identification catalog using photo-identification offers a tool for monitoring the population while evaluating the frequentation of the Chilean dolphin in the Seno Skyring sector.

No description available.

The aim is to map the development of techniques of swimming for the period from 1896 to the present. The work will also outline changes to the rules swimming. Key words swimming styles, breast, crawl, backstroke, dolphin swimmer, Olympic games, development, rules of swimming

Recently, there has been an increase in marine mammal mortalities, most commonly Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, which is an alarming indication of the health status of the marine ecosystem. Studies have demonstrated that some free-ranging dolphins exhibit a suppressed immune system possibly because of exposure to contaminants or infectious microorganisms. However, this research has been limited due to a lack of commercially available marine-specific antibodies. Therefore, the first chapter of this thesis aims to identify cross-reactive terrestrial-specific antibodies that could be used to phenotype and compare the immune cell populations of dolphins under human care and free-ranging dolphins. The second chapter aims to utilize terrestrial-specific growth factors and dendritic cell (DC) surface markers to generate, characterize, and compare ex vivo DCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of dolphins under human care and free-ranging dolphins. In summary, I have identified differences within the PBMCs and ex vivo generated DCs of dolphins under human care and free-ranging dolphins that could potentially shed light on the impact of environmental contaminants and infectious microorganisms on immune cells which could lead to increased morbidity and mortality. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Os poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs) são acumulados em tecidos gordurosos dos organismos vivos em concentrações relativamente altas em animais do topo da cadeia alimentar, como os golfinhos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a distribuição e acumulação de POPs em tecidos (gordura, fígado, rim e músculo) de toninhas (Pontoporia blainvillei) do litoral sul de São Paulo, bem como as diferenças/similaridades entre gênero e maturidade sexual e a transferência via placenta. Os valores de concentração mediana (ng g-1; peso úmido) para as 16 amostras de gordura, fígado, rim e músculo, respectivamente, foram: PCBs (987; 19,2; 5,08; 4,41); DDTs (550; 10,3; 2,67; 1,89); PBDEs (32,7; 0,230; 0,095; 0,050); Mirex (21,5; 0,457; 0,168; 0,083); HCB (15,4; <0,360; <0,360; <0,144); HCHs (<0,870; 2,20; <0,218; <0,087); Clordanas (<1,45; <0,362; <0,362; <0,145). Os machos jovens apresentaram as maiores concentrações dos POPs, seguidos pelos machos adultos, fêmeas jovens, fêmeas adultas e fetos. Foi observada transferência dos contaminantes das fêmeas gestantes para seus fetos entre 14 a 28% para PCBs e 19 a 45% para DDTs. A gordura apresentou correlação significativa com os demais tecidos estudados para acumulação dos PCBs, DDTs e PBDEs sugerindo a sua representatividade para estudos desses POPs em toninhas. / Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are accumulated in fatty tissues of organisms in relatively high concentrations in animals in high position of the food chain such as dolphins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the distribution and accumulation of POPs in tissues (blubber, liver, kidney and muscle) of franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) collected on the southern coast of São Paulo as well as differences/similarities between genre and sexual maturity and the transplacental transfer. The values of median concentration (ng g-1; wet weight) for 16 samples of blubber, liver, kidney and muscle, respectively, were: PCBs (987; 19,2; 5,08; 4,41); DDTs (550; 10,3; 2,67; 1,89); PBDEs (32,7; 0,230; 0,095; 0,050); Mirex (21,5; 0,457; 0,168; 0,083); HCB (15,4; <0,360; <0,360; <0,144); HCHs (<0,870; 2,20; <0,218; <0,087); Chlordanes (<1,45; <0,362; <0,362; <0,145). POPs concentrations were higher in young males followed by adult males, young females, adult females and fetuses. Maternal transfer of POPs to the fetuses was between 14 to 28% for PCBs and 19 to 45% for DDTs. Blubber showed a significant correlation with the other tissues studied for PCBs, DDTs and PBDEs suggesting its representativeness for evaluation of these POPs in franciscana dolphin.

For over a decade, researchers at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI) have conducted surveys of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) population of Indian River Lagoon (IRL) in Florida. I have constructed a 4-stage population model using the statistical program R. The model is used to conduct a viability analysis by analyzing the relationship between birth, calf and adult survival rates. The power analysis compares survey frequency to expected confidence intervals in estimating abundance. The sensitivity analysis shows that the population is most sensitive to changes in adult survival, followed by birth rate and calf survival. The model shows a strong chance of viability over a 50 year time span. The population is vulnerable to long periods of decline if birth, calf or adult survival rates fall below certain thresholds. Overall, the model simulates the future impacts of demographic change, providing a tool for conservation efforts. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Concentrações de compostos organoclorados (DDTs, PCBs, HCHs, Mirex e HCB) foram determinadas em camadas externas e internas do tecido adiposo subcutâneo de 17 botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) da região Sudeste do Brasil. Não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os estratos, relativo aos 37 compostos determinados, assim como &#931;DDT, &#931;PCB, &#931;HCH, e as razões p,p-DDE/&#931;DDT e &#931;DDT/&#931;PCB. Entretanto, foram observadas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de alguns compostos organoclorados de animais encalhados ou capturados acidentalmente quando comparados com animais biopsiados remotamente, sendo assim as comparações entre esses dois conjuntos de dados, devem ser vistas com cuidado. No presente estudo, as concentrações dos compostos organoclorados foram determinadas em biópsias de botos-cinza obtidas de 2007 a 2009, nas baías de Sepetiba (n=13) e Ilha Grande (n=11), Sudeste do Brasil. As concentrações (ng/g de lipídio) variaram de <LD a 26 621 para o &#931;DDT, de 256 a 60 195 para o &#931;PCB; de <LD a 2 296 para &#931;HCH; de 142 a 1 088 para o Mirex, bem como de <LD a 35 para o HCB. Com relação à análise discriminante, os dados dos machos capturados acidentalmente gerados no presente estudo foram analisados juntamente com dados dos machos de um estudo recente que utilizou amostras do tecido adiposo subcutâneo de botos-cinza capturados acidentalmente. Através dessa análise, foi possível verificar que as populações de boto-cinza de 2 baías costeiras vizinhas (Sepetiba e Guanabara), bem como da Baía de Paranaguá, apresentaram padrões distintos de acumulação dos compostos organoclorados. O último achado demonstra a existência de separações ecológicas entre os botoscinza a partir de diferentes áreas, o que constitui informação de grande importância para a conservação e o manejo da espécie / Organochlorine compound (OC) concentrations (DDTs, PCBs, HCHs, Mirex and HCB) were determined in inner and outer strata from blubber of 17 Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) from southeast Brazil. There was no statistically significant difference between the strata concerning the 37 determined compounds, &#931;DDT, &#931;PCB, &#931;HCH as well as regarding the p,p-DDE/&#931;DDT and the &#931;DDT/&#931;PCB ratios. However, significant differences were found in concentrations of some organochlorine compounds in stranded or incidentally captured animals and remotely biopsied , thus comparisons between these two sets of data should be viewed with caution. In the present study, OC concentrations were determined in biopsy samples from Guiana dolphins obtained from 2007 to 2009, in Sepetiba (n=13) and Ilha Grande (n=11) bays, southeast Brazil. Concentrations (ng/g lipids) varied from <LD to 26 621 for &#931;DDT, from 256 to 60 195 for &#931;PCB; from <LD to 2 296 for &#931;HCH; from 142 to 1 088 for Mirex; as well as from <LD to 35 for HCB. Concerning the discriminant analysis, the data from males incidentally captured generated by the present study were analyzed together with data from males to a recent study that dealt with blubber samples from males incidentally captured Guiana dolphins. Through this analysis, it was possible to verify that the Guiana dolphin populations from 2 neighboring coastal bays (Sepetiba and Guanabara), as well as from Paranaguá Bay, present differentiation on the OC accumulation patterns. This latter finding demonstrates the existence of ecological separations among Guiana dolphins from different areas, which constitutes information of importance for conservation and management purposes.