有明末造，顧憲成、高攀龍諸君講學東林，風動天下，以致黨禍連結，與國運相始終。「東林」遂為政治史與思想史之一大關目，匪特同世之人，褒貶迭出，自近代以降，學人研究亦稱夥矣。然前人關注之重心，主要為「明末」在朝之「東林黨」；於「東林書院」之活動，尤其是書院在清初的發展演變，尚鮮有及之。本研究擬以順治、康熙兩朝為主要時段，從遺民與當道互動的角度考察東林書院之興復及其講學活動，對學界少有關注的書院祀典之爭加以考述和分析，並探討清初東林學者如何就「氣節」「學統」等議題對明代東林傳統作出反省與建構，希望繇此對東林書院由明入清之歷史變化作一勾勒。 / 本文將清初東林書院之史事置於「道」「勢」相對的框架之中展開分析，相對於前人用「以道抗勢」分析士權與君權的對峙，本文則更關注士人階層内部在「道」「勢」兩重身份之間的張力。儒家士人既要守「道」傳學，又當以「勢」經世，兩者之閒本須權衡調和。而在明清易代之際，「民間學者」與「地方官員」兩種士人身份之殊途，實質上形成了「道」與「勢」的分離。書院作爲一地方性的學術組織，既是在野學者力量之代表，又不能不受制於官方之權力，在此時遂成爲一個「道」與「勢」折衝的空間。然而，「道」「勢」二者之關係在調和之中亦悄然變化。如果說明代的東林運動有一種「以道馭勢」的理想與實踐；那麽在清初書院的發展中，學者本身「政治」一面弱化，「學術」也退守於中行默修，於是「道」乃反為「勢」所羈縻。而在理學委頓、樸學代興這一學術本身的轉折中，「道」「勢」關係之遷變亦可為一機緣。緣乎是，對清初東林書院的研究，不但可以在一個點上展現士人文化與社會風氣的變遷，更能為我們理解傳統中國「政治」與「學術」之互動提供助益。 / The anti-eunuch struggle of the ‘Tung-lin Party’ (東林黨) which was succeeded by continuous partisan disputes in the late Ming Period has long been considered of great significance to understand its contemporary politics and even the collapse of the dynasty. However, the other aspect of this movement, namely the scholarly practice of the Tung-lin academy (東林書院) has not been given equivalent attention. Therefore, the development of the academy after the so-called ‘partisan disaster’ (黨禍) has been, not surprisingly, seldom discussed by existing studies. This thesis aims at providing a historical account of the Tung-lin academy in early Qing period (1644-1722), focusing on four main topics: the organization of public conferences or lectures(講會), the debates over the academy’s pantheon , the discourse on moral integrity(氣節) and the increasing concerns for academic orthodoxy among intellectuals. / Scholars in the academy were by definition involved in the tension between Confucian values(道) and the political authority(勢) since they were supposed to be both academic and political elites. What complicated the issue was the defiant attitude of Ming-loyalists towards the newly established Manchu regime. Although being regarded as shelters for scholars who refused to serve the Qing government, academies could hardly be insulated from those ambitious local officials who were playing the role of patron as well as regulator. By exploring closely the case of Tung-lin academy, this thesis attempts to indicate that, the conflict and compromise between intellectuals and political authorities, alongside with the retrospection upon the cultural crisis of late Ming, had gradually shaped the interest of Qing scholars who inclined to restrain their work purely academic in contrast with their late-Ming predecessors who were enthusiastic about pursuing the political implications of their learning. This very transition could also be reasonably one of the many contributors to the declination of Li-hsüeh(理學，the study of principle). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 胡琦. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-218). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Hu Qi. / Chapter 緒論 --- 道勢之間：「東林」的多重面向 --- p.7 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「以道抗勢」和「以道馭勢」：儒家士人的内在規定性 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「黨」或「書院」：研究史的回顧 --- p.14 / Chapter 第三節 --- 清議與講學：明代之「東林」傳統 --- p.22 / Chapter 第四節 --- 由明到清：「道」「勢」分合與風氣代變 --- p.39 / Chapter 附論 --- ：東林志乘述略 --- p.44 / Chapter 第一章 --- 遯世與應世：清初東林書院的講學活動 --- p.48 / Chapter 第一節 --- 種得星火：黨禍後東林學脈之承續 --- p.49 / Chapter 第二節 --- 此日再得：清初東林書院之興復 --- p.54 / Chapter 第三節 --- 以故老為師儒：陸世儀之講學 --- p.64 / Chapter 第四節 --- 教化斯民：李顒之南行 --- p.79 / Chapter 第五節 --- 出處之間：關於「講學」的掙扎 --- p.100 / Chapter 第六節 --- 「書院」之外的「東林」 --- p.138 / Chapter 第二章 --- 釐正「東林」：祀典中的權力與歷史 --- p.152 / Chapter 第一節 --- 公私之辨與「官祭」的興起 --- p.156 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「祀典」與「有司」之涉入 --- p.162 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「黨人與書院無與」：湯斌與左周諸公入祀之爭 --- p.170 / Chapter 第四節 --- 「祗慎重於將來，毋更張於已往」：宋犖對東林祀典的釐正 --- p.182 / Chapter 第五節 --- 由「典」到「史」 --- p.188 / Chapter 附錄1 --- ：清初東林書院道南祠入祀記錄簡表 --- p.191 / Chapter 附錄2 --- ：東林書院道南祠全圖 --- p.192 / Chapter 第三章 --- 從「氣節」到「道脈」：清初「東林」觀念的漸變 --- p.193 / Chapter 第一節 --- 小引：「東林」概念之衍生 --- p.193 / Chapter 第二節 --- 氣節本於理學：明代東林之氣節論 --- p.198 / Chapter 第三節 --- 殉國之忠：明清之際的「氣節」 --- p.214 / Chapter 第四節 --- 反思講學：「道脈」論的生長 --- p.219 / Chapter 第五節 --- 篤行默修：士風之轉向 --- p.233 / Chapter 第四章 --- 「宗朱」學統之建成：東林書院與官方朱學思潮 --- p.238 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「尊朱」立場下的調和：明代東林學者對王學的態度 --- p.239 / Chapter 第二節 --- 建構學統：清初東林論學的一個特點 --- p.249 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「官方朱學」與「民間朱學」：一個闡釋框架的再檢討 --- p.259 / Chapter 結論 --- 失「勢」之「道」：清初政治與學術轉向 --- p.281 / 參考書目 --- p.286

Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 275-278). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 前言 --- p.1-5 / Chapter 第一章 --- 董仲舒之時代、生平及著作 --- p.6-60 / Chapter 第一節 --- 董仲舒之生平　　　　　　　　　　 --- p.6-13 / Chapter 第二節 --- 董仲舒思想產生之時代背景　　 --- p.14-45 / Chapter 壹 --- 漢初至武帝時之社會經濟變遷 --- p.14-17 / Chapter 貳 --- 漢初至武帝時禮儀法度之興華　 --- p.18-21 / Chapter 參 --- 漢代學者之「反秦」思想　　 --- p.22-28 / Chapter 肆 --- 漢初學術思想之大勢　 --- p.29-43 / Chapter 伍 --- 本節總結　 --- p.44-45 / Chapter 第三節 --- 董仲舒著作考 --- p.46-60 / Chapter 壹 --- 春秋繁露何以被疑為偽書　　　　 --- p.46-52 / Chapter 貳 --- 春秋繁露確為董子之作之辯　　　 --- p.53-60 / Chapter 第二章 --- 董仲舒之春秋學與天道思想之關係　 --- p.61-99 / Chapter 第一節 --- 概述　 --- p.61-66 / Chapter 第二節 --- 春秋學為天人之學　　　　　　 --- p.67-75 / Chapter 第三節 --- 春秋大義－「十指」與「仁義法」 --- p.76-81 / Chapter 第四節 --- 春秋學與政治之關係　　　　　 --- p.82-92 / Chapter 第五節 --- 董仲舒之春秋學與災異說　　　 --- p.93-97 / 本章總結 --- p.98-99 / Chapter 第三章 --- 先秦「天道」，「天命」思想之發展與董仲舒天道觀之比較 --- p.100-163 / Chapter 第一節 --- 孔子及易傳性命思想之檢討 --- p.102-106 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「陰陽五行」思想之發展 --- p.107-112 / Chapter 第三節 --- 董仲舒之「陰陽五行」思想 --- p.113-132 / Chapter 第四節 --- 董仲舒所言之天道之具體內容　 --- p.133-163 / Chapter 壹 --- 董子以政治教化之觀點言天道　 --- p.133-138 / Chapter 貳 --- 董子「天志說」異於墨子處　 --- p.139-144 / Chapter 參 --- 董子言天道之氣化觀念　 --- p.145-149 / Chapter 肆 --- 董氏天道思想異於儒家之處　 --- p.150-152 / Chapter 伍 --- 董仲舒與老子所言之天道思想之比較　 --- p.153-161 / 本章總結　　　　　　　　　　　　 --- p.162-163 / Chapter 第四章 --- 董仲舒論天人關係及感想 --- p.164-220 / Chapter 第一節 --- 人之生命性情與天之關係　 --- p.165-192 / Chapter 壹 --- 泛論人與天之關係 --- p.165-170 / Chapter 貳 --- 人之性情與天之關係 --- p.171-190 / 本節總結　　　　　　　　　　　　 --- p.191-192 / Chapter 第二節 --- 王者與天之關係　 --- p.193-205 / Chapter 壹 --- 天道與王者得位之關係　 --- p.193-197 / Chapter 貳 --- 君主之事以順天應人為本　 --- p.198-201 / Chapter 參 --- 君主之德源天意，以義為重　 --- p.202-205 / Chapter 第三節 --- 天與人之感應　　　　　　　　 --- p.206-219 / 本章總結　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 --- p.219-220 / Chapter 第五章 --- 董仲舒之政治思想　 --- p.221-266 / Chapter 第一節 --- 董仲舒之基本政治思想 --- p.221-236 / Chapter 第二節 --- 董仲舒之基本政治思想 --- p.237-248 / Chapter 第三節 --- 董仲舒對名號及官制之重視　　 --- p.249-256 / Chapter 第四節 --- 董仲舒之經濟思想　　　　　　 --- p.257-264 / 本章總結　　 --- p.265-268 / 注釋　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 --- p.267-274 / Chapter 附錄 --- 主要參考書目　　　　　　　　 --- p.275-278

The research explain because of the proliferation of ballistic missile technology, the United States suffers the threat of mass destruction weapons. For maintaining the hegemony position of the United States in global region, the United States announces the missile defense project to protect American mainland and the overseas garrison forces security. In the Asia-Pacific region, North Korea lunches the Taep¡¦o-dong 1 ballistic missile in 1998. The United States and Japan cooperate to develop Theater Missile Defense to respond the threat that may suffer from North Korea. China feels anxiety about United States and Japan strength their military relationship. China explains Theater Missile Defense is unstable for Asia-Pacific region. Theater Missile Defense will decrease China strategic nuclear weapon ability. Facing the Taiwan may join the Theater Missile Defense, China is strong objection. Taiwan is one part of China. China puts forward reactions. Militarily, China also understands to develop anti-system weapon is rather important. As increase the ballistic missile, enhance the nuclear weapon and develop the missile defense ability. In addition to enhancing self military force, through the performance of diplomacy and participate in multilateral organizations to reach consociations front of the objection the United States. Keywords: Weapons of Mass Destruction Taep¡¦o-dong 1 ballistic missile Minimum Deterence Theater Missile Defense

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 199-216). Also available in print.

As the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) collapsed, two outstanding novels were authored, Supplement to the Journey to the West (Hsi-yu Pu) and Prayer Mat of Flesh (Jou P'u T'uan). Although modern critics have studied these two works, important aspects of each novel have been overlooked. Therefore, this study explores three elements of Jou P'u T'uan: the novel as a picaresque novel, the hero's character consistency, and the book's morality. Also examined are the Ch'an Buddhist aspects present in Hsi-yu Pu. Information on the authors, editions, and controversies of these novels has also been presented. An initial chapter is provided discussing the historical and intellectual background. Finally, a comparative study of the two authors and their works has been undertaken to further understanding of both novels. Thus, it is hoped that this work has made a valuable contribution to the study of these two novels.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong Baptist University, 2002. / Thesis submitted to the Dept. of Education Studies. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-135).

xii, 125 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This comparative semiotic study aims to examine and critically compare the portrayal of the Vietnam War in two award-winning films, one Vietnamese and the other American, both made in 1979: Canh Dong Hoang (The Wild Rice Field) and Apocalypse Now. This study employs semiology to examine the two films in the framework of postcolonial, ideology and hegemony theories to critically compare similarities and differences in the two films' portrayal of "the enemy," nationalism and individualism, and women, in order to understand how dominant perspectives of the times are reflected, reinforced, and challenged. In Apocalypse Now, the "other" is faceless, which reflects an imperialistic standpoint toward the Vietnamese people; nationalism is promoted by calling on individual suffering and sympathy; and women are diminished. Canh Dong Hoang gives "the enemy" a more balanced depiction; nationalism is woven naturally with individualism; and the women in the film play a much more significant role. / Committee in Charge: Dr. H. Leslie Steeves, Chair; Dr. Pat Curtin; Dr. Gabriela Martinez

From the late nineteenth century, works inspired by Western art spread to China and Korea through Japan. Thus, Western art came to be accepted in China and Korea as a reinterpretation of Japan’s development of Western art, rather than a direct transmission from Western sources. This act of reinterpretation went on to have a lasting effect on the practice of Western-style painters in East Asia with their own acceptance modes. This thesis provides a study of self-portraits and nude paintings, two categories of painting without precedent in East Asia prior to the late nineteenth century, created by Kuroda Seiki, Li Shutong, Go Hui-dong, and Kim Gwan-ho in order to illustrate how East Asian countries established their own versions of modern art.

This dissertation is intended as a contribution to research on Dong Zhongshu (c. 195 - c. 115 BCE). Dong is generally acknowleged the most important Confucian philosopher of the Former Han dynasty (206 BCE - 6 CE) and is usually-assigned a key role in the adaptation of Confucian thought to the demands of the centralized imperial state. However, recent research has brought his contribution to this process into question. In particular, it has been pointed out that the usual source of evidence for Dong's ideas, the Chunqiu fanlu, is inconsistent with contemporary material in one vital respect - the cosmological framework employed to interpret natural disasters and strange events. The dissertation is divided into four parts. In the first, I reconstruct the events of Dong's life. I review all evidence on his dates of birth and death, his service in the imperial government, and the times at which documents by him were written, determining his chronology with greater accuracy than has been the case previously. I also review the state of Dong's works in the Han, clarifying several anomalies in references to them. The second part relates Dong's philosophy in as much detail as possible, leaving aside all Chunqiu fanlu material except that which can be shown to be authentic. The first chapter deals with Han forerunners of Dong: the Huang-Lao and early Gongyang schools, the Shangshu dazhuan, Lu Jia, and Jia Yi. The second chapter reconstructs a general outline of his philosophical system, and the third discusses three aspects of it for which quantities of reliable material have survived: his legal thought, prognosticatory theory, and attempts to control rain. The picture of Dong as the architect of "Imperial Confucianism," long under suspicion, is revealed as a total fiction: for instance, his cyclical theory of history stated that the Han dynasty was cosmologically bound to abdicate. As earlier suspected, Five Forces concepts were absent from Dong's thought. It is possible to reconstruct details of a Yin-Yang cosmology quite different from that earlier attributed to Dong, although his full system remains somewhat unclear. Part Three traces the development of Gongyang thought from the time of Dong's death up to He Xiu (129 - 172 CE). I demonstrate a correlation between the fortunes of the two branches of the Gongyang tradition and their attitudes to the Wang Mang interregum, and show the close links between Gongyang scholars and the Later Han court. Gongyang thought appears to have been stable for half a century after Dong's death, but in the next fifty years it suffered drastic modifications marked by Five Forces ideas and a historical theory asserting the legitimacy of the Han. The topic of Part Four is the Chunqiu fanlu itself. The first chapter discusses its physical condition, the second reviews previous scholarship, the third investigates Yin-Yang and Five Forces ideas, the fourth takes up a variety of other features, and the fifth is devoted to a detailed analysis of rainmaking. Among other things, it is demonstrated that much physical damage derives from a single copy with 420 words per page, that there are clear traces of earlier independent works within the Chunqiu fanlu, and that several chapters can be dated to the time immediately preceding the accession of Wang Mang. The chapter on seeking rain proves to have been rewritten at least once, with the object of introducing material relevant to the Five Forces. On the other hand, I am also able to show that there are several groups of chapters in the text which may well be from Dong Zhongshu, including some chapters on Yin-Yang and the discussions of the suburban sacrifice. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Studies, Department of / Graduate

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第19349号 / 地環博第142号 / 新制||地環||28(附属図書館) / 32351 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)准教授 小林 広英, 教授 岡﨑 健二, 准教授 深町 加津枝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM