A cultura do camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) tem despertado grande interesse comercial e sido alvo das indústrias que visam explorar a comercialização agroindustrial de sua polpa e suas potenciais aplicações farmacológicas. Devido à carência de informações sobre seu manejo em locais diferentes de seu ambiente natural, caracterizados pelas áreas inundáveis da região amazônica durante o período das chuvas, não existem grandes áreas cultivadas com a finalidade de atender a demanda exigida pela sua utilização em escala industrial. Este experimento tem por objetivo avaliar quais os melhores métodos de enxertia, por garfagem, e tipos de porta-enxertos que podem ser utilizados para propagar esta planta em terrenos não inundáveis. Utilizou-se o delineamento estatístico inteiramente ao acaso, onde foram selecionadas duzentas e quarenta plantas, de camu-camu, de goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) e de pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.), que receberam quatro diferentes tipos de enxertia (fenda cheia, fenda lateral, inglês simples e fenda de colo) originando doze tratamentos. Cada tratamento era composto de sessenta plantas da mesma espécie, divididas em unidades experimentais de doze plantas com cinco repetições. Estes tratamentos foram avaliados, mensalmente, durante um período de oito meses. Durante o período de avaliação, tanto o porta-enxerto goiabeira como o de pitangueira, apresentaram problemas de incompatibilidade com os garfos de camu-camu. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste qui-quadrado, ao nível de 5% de significância, com os dados referentes aos diferentes tipos garfagem em porta-enxertos de camu-camu, durante os oito meses de avaliações. As análises demonstraram que o melhor método foi a enxertia em fenda lateral com 78,96% de pegamento, diferente estatisticamente dos demais. As enxertias realizadas em fenda de colo (53,96%) e em fenda cheia (47,71%) demonstraram pegamento intermediário e não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. A enxertia inglês simples apresentou a menor porcentagem estatística de plantas formadas (25,83%). Lâminas com o material vegetativo, de camu-camu, goiabeira e pitangueira utilizados, foram preparadas para estudos microscópicos, a fim de que se pudesse avaliar os aspectos anatômicos relacionados ao processo de incompatibilidade. O estudo destas, permitiu a observação de que houve proliferação celular com estabelecimento de conexão vascular no material compatível (camu-camu), enquanto que o não surgimento de indícios de divisão celular, que pudessem sugerir a formação do calo, e o acúmulo de substâncias fenólicas foram observados no material vegetal que apresentou incompatibilidade (goiabeira e pitangueira). Todos os quatro tipos de garfagem avaliados podem ser utilizados no processo de formação de mudas, sendo que a enxertia em fenda lateral apresentou a maior porcentagem de pegamento para enxertos e porta-enxertos de camu-camu. Devido à problemas de incompatibilidade, a propagação vegetativa do camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) não é recomendada em porta-enxertos de goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) e pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.). / The camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) culture raises a great commercial interest and has been the target of industries that want to explore the agroindustrial aspects of the fruit pulp, as well as its potential pharmacological applications. Due to the lack of knowledge about its management in places far from its natural environment, characterized by areas of Amazon region, flooded during rain season, there is not enough cultivated areas to support a industrial scale exploration. The objective of this experiment is evaluate which kind of grafting and understock are suitable to be used for the plant propagation in dry land. It was used the completely randomized design, where two hundred and forty plants, of camu-camu, guava (Psidium guajava L.) and surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) were selected as undestocks and received different kind of camu-camu grafting (cleft graft, side cleft graft, splice graft and colon cleft graft) producing twelve treatments. Each treatment was formed using sixty plants of the same understock specie, divided in experimental units of twelve plants with five repetitions. These treatments were evaluated monthly during a period of eight months. During the evaluation period, both guava and surinam cherry understocks showed incompatibility with camu-camu grafts. The statistic analisys were done by ki-square test with 5% of significance level, referring to the grafting method in camu-camu understocks. The analisys showed that the side cleft graft method resulted in 78,96% that was statistically different from others. Graftings with cleft colon graft (53,96%) and cleft graft (47,71%) were intermediate and not statistically different. The splice graft, presented statistically lower percentage of formed plants (25,83%). Laminas with the vegetative material of camu-camu, guava and surinam cherry used, were prepared for microscopic studies, in order to evaluate the anatomic aspects related with incompatibility process. The studies have allowed the observation of cellular proliferation and established vascular connection in the compatible material (camu-camu), while no indication of cellular division, indicative of the callus formation, and also the accumulation of phenolics substances were observed in incompatible material (guava and surinam cherry). All four kinds of grafting methods evaluated can be used, however the side cleft graft method presented higher percentage of satisfactory union using grafts and unsderstocks of camu-camu. Due to incompatibility problems, the vegetative propagation of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) is not recommended in understocks of guava (Psidium guajava L.) and surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.).

O trabalho apresenta também um estudo de confiabilidade e estabelece uma faixa de valores para o esforço de fechamento de portas baseado na variação de algumas componentes chaves no cálculo. A curva característica que é um dos parâmetros de saída do modelo apresenta forma extremamente próxima da medição realizada em laboratório. No Brasil, a indústria automotiva é conhecida por sua grande influência e peso na economia do país, assim como em diversos outros países. O conjunto porta na concepção do veículo é de extrema importância, visto que é região do veículo com que o consumidor trava contato primeiro. Um valor de esforço elevado para realizar a abertura e fechamento das mesmas pode levar a uma imagem indesejada pela montadora do veículo. O valor do esforço necessário para fechar a porta é um item de extrema importância, pois além de influenciar a imagem do veículo e da marca, é um item do pacote de conforto e ergonomia do veículo. O evento fechamento da porta parte do instante em que a porta está na condição aberta e seus componentes se encontram em descanso. O evento é modelado matematicamente e em planilha dinâmica admitindo como parâmetros de entrada dados específicos do veículo e seus componentes, como saída têm-se o valor da energia de fechamento de portas e a parcela de cada componente envolvido. São apresentados resultados experimentais para que o modelo seja considerado válido. Com a conclusão do modelo é possível estimar a queda de energia em função da vida de alguns componentes como a fechadura e o pacote de guarnições, bem como a influência do uso de sobreinjetados autolubrificantes na fechadura. Este trabalho contribui com os profissionais de Engenharia de Produto nas áreas de Carroceria, Mecanismos e Partes Móveis com a elaboração de uma ferramenta de cálculo para uso em qualquer fase de projeto, principalmente para estimar o valor da energia de fechamento de porta no momento de sua conceituação e até na validação de veículos protótipo. / The Brazilian automotive industry is known by its great influence on the country economy, similar to several other countries. It is important to highlight the door assembly importance on the vehicle concept, as it is the first contact made to the customer. The vehicle ingress is through the side access area, established by the doors and a high door closing effort may lead to a wrong impression. The door closing effort or also known as door closing energy is an extreme importance asset, as well as influencing the image of the vehicle and the brand, it is an item of ergonomics and vehicle comfort. The automotive door closing event starts at the moment door is open and pushed to close itself. This event is math modeled and implemented as an excel dynamic calculation plan, considering as input the vehicle and components specific data, its output is the door closing effort and each components portion. It is presented a series of values so the model is considered valid. This work also presents a reliability study defining a range of experimental values for the door closing effort based on tolerances of components used in the model calculations. The characteristic curve which is one of the parameters of the model output is extremely close to the measurement performed in the laboratory. With the completion of the model is possible to estimate the energy loss due to the life of certain components such as latches and weatherstrips, and the influence of using self-lubricating over molding in the latch. This study contributes to the Product Engineering professionals in the areas of Body, Mechanisms and Body Closures, with the elaboration of a calculation tool for use in any design phase, but mostly serving to estimate the door closing effort at the moment of conception until the validation of prototype vehicles.

在資本主義自由經濟體制下，只要有勞資互動關係，就難免會有勞資爭議。勞資爭議若處理不當，不僅勞資雙方蒙受其害，社會整體也可能因此付出相當大的代價。然我國現行之勞資爭議處理機制對預防性協調制度著墨甚少，基於勞資爭議應以自治解決之原則，於事業單位內部先行溝通處理實有其必要性。因此，本文研究之重點即探討替代爭議解決方案於企業內部運用之現況與成效，並針對下列問題進行分析： 一、何謂替代爭議解決方案？ 二、替代爭議解決方案形成之原因為何？ 三、替代爭議解決方案之形式為何？ 四、替代爭議解決方案在美國發展之現況如何？ 五、個案企業中ADR制度實地運作之情況如何？ 六、替代爭議解決方案對我國有何啟示？ 本研究發現： 一、替代爭議解決方案係企業組織為及早解決勞資糾紛，避免問題擴大、惡化，於爭議訴諸法定解決程序或司法訴訟前，先行利用調停、調處或中立第三者之協助，化解雙方歧見，尋求問題之解決。如此便無須透過政府機關之管道來解決紛爭，亦可避免曠日廢時的訴訟程序對企業營運所造成之影響，不但節省時間與成本，亦能有效的將問題予以解決。 二、替代爭議解決方案形成之原因為自1990年代起，歧視訴怨與不當解雇之訴訟案件急遽增加，鑑於此類訴訟往往纏訟經年且賠償金額極為龐大，對涉訟之勞資雙方均屬不利，因此國會與行政機關便透過立法與頒佈相關規定，鼓勵企業運用ADR解決此類紛爭。因此ADR之發展乃起因於法規的命令、法院體系的支持，加上私人契約的廣泛運用。 三、ADR之制度設計包含各種不同的形式，設置於企業內部者有門戶開放政策、監察官、跨部門檢閱小組、小型審訊、利益基礎的問題解決小組、共同解決問題與伙伴關係等形式；委託企業外機構協助者則包括催化、斡旋、調解、事實調查、仲裁、調解式仲裁、初期中立評估、爭議評議小組與解決會議等。 四、ADR之成效為藉由組織內ADR制度之運作，員工得以將職場中所遭遇之諸般問題，透過一定之程序或管道提出，使管理階層或雇主有更多機會瞭解並檢視管理制度或組織內部之各種問題，進而尋求改進或解決途徑，以防止類似問題再度發生，不僅有助於勞資關係之和諧，並能減少處理之成本，降低影響生產秩序之可能變數。 五、經由個案研究發現，ADR之制度設計與運作，皆相當重視員工之意見表達與營造開放的溝通環境，雖因個案企業各自之產業特性與組織之性質、層級、結構均不相同，但制度設計之精神均為提供組織內員工一額外之溝通管道，讓員工之問題、意見、疑慮或申訴得以及時解決，避免問題擴大惡化。 六、替代爭議解決方案之形成乃至發展，均受到美國現實環境與文化背景之影響，但美國與我國在勞資關係運作上有相當大的差異，因此ADR制度於我國未必能達到同樣或預期之效果，但仍可參酌該制度之精神與實際推行之經驗，進而研究如何將該制度之精神融入我國之現實環境與需求。而於事業單位內部建立一套申訴或解決問題之制度，可說已成為一必然趨勢，我國勞動相關法令，業已為申訴制度奠定一基礎，然而其主體建構工作，則有待企業勞資雙方逐漸形成共識。而申訴制度之有效與否，不僅在於制度之設計，企業負責人之重視程度，實為制度成功之關鍵，若能取得最高管理階層之支持，申訴制度與ADR制度方能在授權、決策公正性、結果執行力及追蹤評鑑等方面，進入有效制度之列。 最後根據本文研究所得，針對企業內部推動相關勞資爭議處理制度，作出如下建議： 一、宜培養勞資雙方自行解決爭議之觀念 二、建立企業內部解決問題之管道 三、企業主應率先確實遵守法令 四、落實員工申訴管道的有效性 五、制度設計應結合「爭議之預防」與「爭議之解決」等功能 六、制度頒行前應加強溝通宣導 七、制度之推行須符合企業文化與企業政策 八、處理期間不宜耗時過久

<p>An extensive investigation of front-door protection devices i.e. limiters has been made. The thesis work contains both HPM- and UWB-measurements done on various limiters, in order to characterize them. The measurements show that all limiters are not suitable as protection against HPM- and UWB-pulses. The limiters that were found to provide the best protection are limiters based on diode technologies. PIN- and Schottky-diodes generally shows very good performance and they fulfill many parameters that have been set by FOI. To obtain a full protection it is presumably necessary to use two or more limiters in combination, which complement each other.</p> / <p>En omfattande studie av framvägskopplingsskydd, dvs. limiters har gjorts. Examensarbetet innehåller resultat från både HPM- och UWB- mätningar som har gjorts på olika limitrar för att karaktärisera deras prestanda. Av resultaten från mätningarna kan man se att alla limitrar inte passar som skydd mot HPM- och UWB-pulser. De limitrar som tillhandahöll det bästa skyddet var baserade på olika diodtekniker. PIN- och Schottky-dioder visade sig överlag ha väldigt goda prestanda och de uppfyller många av de parametrar som bestämts av FOI. För att få ett heltäckande skydd är det förmodligen nödvändigt att man använder två eller flera limitrar i kombination, som kompletterar varandra.</p>

Problem- In the townships and rural areas of the Western Cape province of South Africa unemployment can be as high as 60%. For many, starting a business is the only viable option to survive. There are many organizations seeking to help entrepreneurs to successfully start and manage a business, but services are significantly lacking. We therefore wish to determine what business service providers in the Western Cape are doing today to help necessity entrepreneurs succeed, and what can be done better in the future to facilitate entrepreneurship in the region. Purpose- The purpose of our research is to identify measures necessary to facilitate successful entrepreneurial start-up activities in the Western Cape province of South Africa for necessity entrepreneurs. Method- To address our purpose we have used snowball sampling to conduct six in-depth interviews with necessity entrepreneurs and eight with Business Service Providers using semistructured interviews. In addition, we have utilized convenience sampling to interview 27 necessity entrepreneurs with whom we conducted brief interviews. Results- From our research it can be concluded that the most important measure necessary to facilitate entrepreneurship for necessity entrepreneurs in the Western Cape is to increase the entrepreneurial capacity of the people. People must be provided with the resources to develop the skills and mindsets necessary to succeed as an entrepreneur and see entrepreneurship as a way of making a career. Secondly, resources must be diverted so that those necessity entrepreneurs with a viable business plan and necessary capacities are provided financial assistance to establish their business. Thirdly, the provincial government must make significant improvements in the abilities of entrepreneurs to access markets. Currently entrepreneurs cannot efficiently access markets and are thereby withheld from valuable business opportunities. Fourthly, the services offered by business service providers must be made more effective and achieve a much greater standard of quality in order to help those most in need better. We are optimistic with regards to development of entrepreneurship in the Western Cape, but must emphasize the fact that there is a significant need for change with regards to services offered to necessity entrepreneurs.

Saab Aerostructures has developed the Crew Entrance Door (CED) for Airbus A400M. Airbus has decided some different load cases for which the Crew Entrance Door must be built to withstand without something breaking down. The door is maneuvered by a mechanical system and the load cases are essential for the sizing of the components in the mechanical system. Saab has previously used MS Excel to analytically calculate resulting forces in the mechanical system due to external and/or internal loads in the different load cases. This report describes how the mechanical system for A400M Crew Entrance Door instead can be modeled and solved numerically with the computer program MSC Adams/View. Creating a model of a mechanical system in MSC Adams/View proved to be easy and fairly quick. The benefit of working with MSC Adams instead of MS Excel is that it is quicker and more user friendly. The major differences when comparing results were believed to be an effect of comparing results from a kinematic model with results from a dynamic model. Therefore it is in the Authors opinion that the analytical method to calculate resulting forces with MS Excel can be replaced by numerical calculations with MSC Adams/View. However, apart from calculating reaction forces there are additional post-simulation calculations for which it is perhaps more beneficial to use MS Excel. To do these post-simulation calculations in MS Excel it is easy to use exported results from MSC Adams. If Saab Aerostructures decide to start working with MSC Adams/View and if Saab wants geometry to be imported to the model, then an advise from the Author is to have a software installed which can convert step-files (*.stp or *.step) to the MSC Adams preferred file format Parasolid (*.xmt_txt or *.x_t). The software should also be able to repair geometry which will greatly increase mass accuracy.

This thesis examines current radical liberal Christian activism in the Southern United States through focusing upon a particular intentional community located in Atlanta, Georgia, The Open Door Community. Through praxis and reflection, this community has developed its own unique practice and theology that I have termed “Liberation Gospel.” This thesis analyzes and describes a unique community in order to understand where the community succeeds, and where it does not, in putting its theological beliefs into practice. This very liberal community does not distinguish between their politics and their theology.

An extensive investigation of front-door protection devices i.e. limiters has been made. The thesis work contains both HPM- and UWB-measurements done on various limiters, in order to characterize them. The measurements show that all limiters are not suitable as protection against HPM- and UWB-pulses. The limiters that were found to provide the best protection are limiters based on diode technologies. PIN- and Schottky-diodes generally shows very good performance and they fulfill many parameters that have been set by FOI. To obtain a full protection it is presumably necessary to use two or more limiters in combination, which complement each other. / En omfattande studie av framvägskopplingsskydd, dvs. limiters har gjorts. Examensarbetet innehåller resultat från både HPM- och UWB- mätningar som har gjorts på olika limitrar för att karaktärisera deras prestanda. Av resultaten från mätningarna kan man se att alla limitrar inte passar som skydd mot HPM- och UWB-pulser. De limitrar som tillhandahöll det bästa skyddet var baserade på olika diodtekniker. PIN- och Schottky-dioder visade sig överlag ha väldigt goda prestanda och de uppfyller många av de parametrar som bestämts av FOI. För att få ett heltäckande skydd är det förmodligen nödvändigt att man använder två eller flera limitrar i kombination, som kompletterar varandra.

Animal preferences in choice tests have frequently been used within animal welfare research to make recommendations about animal handling and husbandry. It is therefore important that these results are obtained in a way that, as far as possible, respects the behavioural capabilities of the animal. Stress has been shown to affect cognitive processes in animals and could therefore affect the decision making process. To examine the effects of stress on decision making, 16 laying hens were trained to distinguish between two different quantities of a food reward. A decision balance point was found, by increasing the cost of reaching the large reward, in lines with the theory of demand curves. Hens were then tested in a t-maze choice test with both balanced and unbalanced sets of options, with and without prior stress treatment. Choice, latency to choose, heart rate and temperatures were recorded. Hens that received stress treatment prior to their first test session were affected by this even in subsequent sessions where they did not receive stress treatment. This effect was not found in hens that first received stress treatment prior to their second test session. This shows the influence of previous experiences on animal decision making. Also, a decrease in heart rate during the decision making period was found, when making a choice between balanced options, indicating anticipation of difficulty. Additionally, this shows that physiological measurements such as heart rate could be of importance for future studies and greater understanding of underlying processes of animal decision making.

ABSTRACT DESIGN OF A MECHANISM FOR OPENING HACTHBACK CAR BAGGAGE DOOR Duran, Yusuf M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Eres S&ouml / ylemez September 2009, 65 Pages In this thesis, a new mechanism design for opening hatchback-car baggage door is introduced. Unlike the classical hinged doors used, this new design will include a mechanism so that the door will be opened vertically and thus occupy less space behind the car during the opening. In this fashion even the hatchback doors of closely parked cars may be opened. First, considering type synthesis, different mechanism types are investigated. In dimensional synthesis, with the help of Burmester theory, motion generation is applied. Using the circle and center point curves, considering link dimensions, transmission angle characteristics, branching and some order issues possible solutions that satisfy the position requirements are found. To actuate the mechanism, an appropriate gas-spring is sought. As a case study a prototype is manufactured and mounted on a sample hatchback car to check the mechanism performance.