The current study analyzed the effects of environmental enrichment versus isolation housing on the behavioral sensitization to nicotine in the neonatal quinpirole (NQ; dopamine D2-like agonist) model of dopamine D2 receptor supersensitivity, a rodent model of schizophrenia. NQ treatment in rats increases dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity throughout the animal's lifetime, consistent with schizophrenia. Animals were administered NQ (1 mg/kg) or saline (NS) from postnatal day (P)1 to P21, weaned, and immediately placed into enriched housing or isolated in wire cages throughout the experiment. Rats were behaviorally sensitized to nicotine (0.5 mg/kg base) or saline every consecutive day from P38 to P45, and brain tissue was harvested at P46. Results revealed that neither housing condition reduced nicotine sensitization in NQ rats, whereas enrichment reduced sensitization to nicotine in NS-treated animals. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) was analyzed for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a neurotrophin important in dopamine plasticity. Results were complex, and revealed that NAcc GDNF was increased in animals given nicotine, regardless of housing condition. Further, enrichment increased GDNF in NQ rats regardless of adolescent drug treatment and in NS-treated rats given nicotine, but did not increase GDNF in NS-treated controls compared to the isolated housing condition. This study demonstrates that environmental experience has a prominent impact on the behavioral and the neural plasticity NAcc response to nicotine in adolescence.

Nicotine is a psychomotor stimulant with ‘reinforcement enhancing’ effects — the actions of nicotine in the brain increase responding for non-nicotine rewards. We hypothesized that this latter effect of nicotine depends on increased incentive properties of anticipatory cues; consistent with this hypothesis, multiple laboratories have reported that nicotine increases sign tracking, i.e. approach to a conditioned stimulus (CS), in Pavlovian conditioned-approach tasks. Incentive motivation and sign tracking are mediated by mesolimbic dopamine (DA) transmission and nicotine facilitates mesolimbic DA release. Therefore, we hypothesized that the incentive-promoting effects of nicotine would be impaired by DA antagonists. To test this hypothesis, separate groups of rats were injected with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg base) or saline prior to Pavlovian conditioning sessions in which a CS (30 s illumination of a light or presentation of a lever) was immediately followed by a sweet reward delivered in an adjacent location. Both saline and nicotine pretreated rats exhibited similar levels of conditioned approach to the reward location (goal tracking), but nicotine pretreatment significantly increased approach to the CS (sign tracking), regardless of type (lever or light). The DAD1 antagonist SCH-23390 and the DAD2/3antagonist eticlopride reduced conditioned approach in all rats, but specifically reduced goal tracking in the saline pretreated rats and sign tracking in the nicotine pretreated rats. The non-selective DA antagonist flupenthixol reduced sign-tracking in nicotine rats at all doses tested; however, only the highest dose of flupenthixol reduced goal tracking in both nicotine and saline groups. The reductions in conditioned approach behavior, especially those by SCH-23390, were dissociated from simple motor suppressant effects of the antagonists. These experiments are the first to investigate the effects of dopaminergic drugs on the facilitation of sign-tracking engendered by nicotine and they implicate dopaminergic systems both in conditioned approach as well as the incentive-promoting effects of nicotine.

Introdução: O aumento do nível sérico de prolactina tem sido associado com desfechos ginecológicos e obstétricos desfavoráveis, entre eles a endometriose e aborto recorrente. Sabendo que o polimorfismo do receptor da dopamina D2 (DRD2) está associado com hiperprolactinemia, realizamos este estudo para verificar sua associação com endometriose e com abortamento de repetição. Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência dos polimorfismos de receptores de dopamina D2 em pacientes com endometriose peritoneal e em pacientes com abortamento de repetição comparando com mulheres saudáveis. Métodos: Dois estudos de caso-controle foram realizados: um estudo com 107 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 35 anos que foram atendidas no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre devido à infertilidade causada pela endometriose peritoneal comparada com mulheres saudáveis. O outro estudo foi realizado com um total de 54 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 35 anos que tinham história de aborto de repetição comparada a mulheres férteis sem história de aborto. Foi realizada a extração de DNA de sangue periférico, seguido de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e o sequenciamento dos dois polimorfismos no exon 7 do gene receptor de dopamina D2 (DRD2). O polimorfismo 1 ocorre no nucleotídeo 3420 (Citosina para Timina, 313 Histidina), e o polimorfismo 2 ocorre no nucleotídeo 3438 (Citosina para Timina, 319 Prolina). Resultados: A frequência do polimorfismo DRD2 está aumentada em pacientes com endometriose peritoneal moderada/grave. Análise dos genótipos DRD2 demonstra uma razão de chance de 2,98 (1,47 - 6,04; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%) para o polimorfismo 2 na endometriose peritoneal moderada/grave. O mesmo polimorfismo DRD2 tem uma frequência alélica aumentada nas pacientes com abortamento de repetição com uma razão de chance de 2,37 (1,05 - 5,36; IC 95%). Conclusão: Nossos resultados revelam um excesso do polimorfismo DRD2 em mulheres com endometriose peritoneal moderada-grave e em pacientes com abortamento de repetição. Podemos especular que a presença de polimorfismo 2 pode causar um defeito no mecanismo de pós-sinalização, resultando num ligeiro aumento dos níveis de prolactina sérica. Assim, devido ao possível potencial angiogênico, a prolactina pode desempenhar um papel importante na implantação dos focos de endometriose bem como dificuldades na implantação embrionária com consequente aborto. / Introduction: The increase of serum prolactin levels has been associated with unfavourable gynaecological and obstetrical outcomes, including endometriosis and recurrent abortion. Knowing that the polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor is associated with hyperprolactinaemia, we conducted this study to verify its association with endometriosis and recurrent miscarriage. Objective: To verify the prevalence of the polymorphism of the D2 dopamine receptor in patients with peritoneal endometriosis and recurrent abortion compared to healthy women. Methods: Two case-control studies were conducted of women who were enrolled at the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre: 1) a study with 107 patients with infertility secondary to peritoneal endometriosis compared with healthy women and 2) a second study with 54 women with recurrent miscarriage compared with fertile women with no history of abortion. All of the women were aged between 18 and 35 years. We performed DNA extraction from peripheral blood followed by a polymerase chain reaction to confirm the single-strand polymorphisms and to sequence two polymorphisms in exon 7 of the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene. Polymorphism 1 occurred in nucleotide 3420 (cytosine to thymine, 313 histidine), and polymorphism 2 occurred in nucleotide 3438 (cytosine to thymine, 319 proline). Results: The frequency of the DRD2 polymorphism 2 was increased in the subjects with peritoneal moderate/severe endometriosis. An analysis of the DRD2 genotypes demonstrated an odds ratio of 2.98 (1.47 - 6.04, 95% confidence interval (CI)) for polymorphism 2 in peritoneal moderate/severe endometriosis. This same polymorphism was increased in the subjects with recurrent miscarriage with an odds ratio of 2.37 (1.05 – 5.36, 95% CI). Conclusions: Our results revealed an excess of the DRD2 polymorphism 2 in exon 7 in women with peritoneal moderate/severe endometriosis and women with recurrent miscarriage. We could speculate that the presence of the polymorphism 2 causes a defect in a post-receptor signalling mechanism, which results in a mild increase in the serum prolactin levels. Thus, the potential angiogenic action of prolactin may play a role in implanting ectopic endometriosis tissue as well as in embryo implantation difficulties with subsequent abortions.

Introdução: O aumento do nível sérico de prolactina tem sido associado com desfechos ginecológicos e obstétricos desfavoráveis, entre eles a endometriose e aborto recorrente. Sabendo que o polimorfismo do receptor da dopamina D2 (DRD2) está associado com hiperprolactinemia, realizamos este estudo para verificar sua associação com endometriose e com abortamento de repetição. Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência dos polimorfismos de receptores de dopamina D2 em pacientes com endometriose peritoneal e em pacientes com abortamento de repetição comparando com mulheres saudáveis. Métodos: Dois estudos de caso-controle foram realizados: um estudo com 107 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 35 anos que foram atendidas no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre devido à infertilidade causada pela endometriose peritoneal comparada com mulheres saudáveis. O outro estudo foi realizado com um total de 54 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 35 anos que tinham história de aborto de repetição comparada a mulheres férteis sem história de aborto. Foi realizada a extração de DNA de sangue periférico, seguido de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e o sequenciamento dos dois polimorfismos no exon 7 do gene receptor de dopamina D2 (DRD2). O polimorfismo 1 ocorre no nucleotídeo 3420 (Citosina para Timina, 313 Histidina), e o polimorfismo 2 ocorre no nucleotídeo 3438 (Citosina para Timina, 319 Prolina). Resultados: A frequência do polimorfismo DRD2 está aumentada em pacientes com endometriose peritoneal moderada/grave. Análise dos genótipos DRD2 demonstra uma razão de chance de 2,98 (1,47 - 6,04; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%) para o polimorfismo 2 na endometriose peritoneal moderada/grave. O mesmo polimorfismo DRD2 tem uma frequência alélica aumentada nas pacientes com abortamento de repetição com uma razão de chance de 2,37 (1,05 - 5,36; IC 95%). Conclusão: Nossos resultados revelam um excesso do polimorfismo DRD2 em mulheres com endometriose peritoneal moderada-grave e em pacientes com abortamento de repetição. Podemos especular que a presença de polimorfismo 2 pode causar um defeito no mecanismo de pós-sinalização, resultando num ligeiro aumento dos níveis de prolactina sérica. Assim, devido ao possível potencial angiogênico, a prolactina pode desempenhar um papel importante na implantação dos focos de endometriose bem como dificuldades na implantação embrionária com consequente aborto. / Introduction: The increase of serum prolactin levels has been associated with unfavourable gynaecological and obstetrical outcomes, including endometriosis and recurrent abortion. Knowing that the polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor is associated with hyperprolactinaemia, we conducted this study to verify its association with endometriosis and recurrent miscarriage. Objective: To verify the prevalence of the polymorphism of the D2 dopamine receptor in patients with peritoneal endometriosis and recurrent abortion compared to healthy women. Methods: Two case-control studies were conducted of women who were enrolled at the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre: 1) a study with 107 patients with infertility secondary to peritoneal endometriosis compared with healthy women and 2) a second study with 54 women with recurrent miscarriage compared with fertile women with no history of abortion. All of the women were aged between 18 and 35 years. We performed DNA extraction from peripheral blood followed by a polymerase chain reaction to confirm the single-strand polymorphisms and to sequence two polymorphisms in exon 7 of the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene. Polymorphism 1 occurred in nucleotide 3420 (cytosine to thymine, 313 histidine), and polymorphism 2 occurred in nucleotide 3438 (cytosine to thymine, 319 proline). Results: The frequency of the DRD2 polymorphism 2 was increased in the subjects with peritoneal moderate/severe endometriosis. An analysis of the DRD2 genotypes demonstrated an odds ratio of 2.98 (1.47 - 6.04, 95% confidence interval (CI)) for polymorphism 2 in peritoneal moderate/severe endometriosis. This same polymorphism was increased in the subjects with recurrent miscarriage with an odds ratio of 2.37 (1.05 – 5.36, 95% CI). Conclusions: Our results revealed an excess of the DRD2 polymorphism 2 in exon 7 in women with peritoneal moderate/severe endometriosis and women with recurrent miscarriage. We could speculate that the presence of the polymorphism 2 causes a defect in a post-receptor signalling mechanism, which results in a mild increase in the serum prolactin levels. Thus, the potential angiogenic action of prolactin may play a role in implanting ectopic endometriosis tissue as well as in embryo implantation difficulties with subsequent abortions.

Introdução: O aumento do nível sérico de prolactina tem sido associado com desfechos ginecológicos e obstétricos desfavoráveis, entre eles a endometriose e aborto recorrente. Sabendo que o polimorfismo do receptor da dopamina D2 (DRD2) está associado com hiperprolactinemia, realizamos este estudo para verificar sua associação com endometriose e com abortamento de repetição. Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência dos polimorfismos de receptores de dopamina D2 em pacientes com endometriose peritoneal e em pacientes com abortamento de repetição comparando com mulheres saudáveis. Métodos: Dois estudos de caso-controle foram realizados: um estudo com 107 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 35 anos que foram atendidas no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre devido à infertilidade causada pela endometriose peritoneal comparada com mulheres saudáveis. O outro estudo foi realizado com um total de 54 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 35 anos que tinham história de aborto de repetição comparada a mulheres férteis sem história de aborto. Foi realizada a extração de DNA de sangue periférico, seguido de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e o sequenciamento dos dois polimorfismos no exon 7 do gene receptor de dopamina D2 (DRD2). O polimorfismo 1 ocorre no nucleotídeo 3420 (Citosina para Timina, 313 Histidina), e o polimorfismo 2 ocorre no nucleotídeo 3438 (Citosina para Timina, 319 Prolina). Resultados: A frequência do polimorfismo DRD2 está aumentada em pacientes com endometriose peritoneal moderada/grave. Análise dos genótipos DRD2 demonstra uma razão de chance de 2,98 (1,47 - 6,04; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%) para o polimorfismo 2 na endometriose peritoneal moderada/grave. O mesmo polimorfismo DRD2 tem uma frequência alélica aumentada nas pacientes com abortamento de repetição com uma razão de chance de 2,37 (1,05 - 5,36; IC 95%). Conclusão: Nossos resultados revelam um excesso do polimorfismo DRD2 em mulheres com endometriose peritoneal moderada-grave e em pacientes com abortamento de repetição. Podemos especular que a presença de polimorfismo 2 pode causar um defeito no mecanismo de pós-sinalização, resultando num ligeiro aumento dos níveis de prolactina sérica. Assim, devido ao possível potencial angiogênico, a prolactina pode desempenhar um papel importante na implantação dos focos de endometriose bem como dificuldades na implantação embrionária com consequente aborto. / Introduction: The increase of serum prolactin levels has been associated with unfavourable gynaecological and obstetrical outcomes, including endometriosis and recurrent abortion. Knowing that the polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor is associated with hyperprolactinaemia, we conducted this study to verify its association with endometriosis and recurrent miscarriage. Objective: To verify the prevalence of the polymorphism of the D2 dopamine receptor in patients with peritoneal endometriosis and recurrent abortion compared to healthy women. Methods: Two case-control studies were conducted of women who were enrolled at the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre: 1) a study with 107 patients with infertility secondary to peritoneal endometriosis compared with healthy women and 2) a second study with 54 women with recurrent miscarriage compared with fertile women with no history of abortion. All of the women were aged between 18 and 35 years. We performed DNA extraction from peripheral blood followed by a polymerase chain reaction to confirm the single-strand polymorphisms and to sequence two polymorphisms in exon 7 of the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene. Polymorphism 1 occurred in nucleotide 3420 (cytosine to thymine, 313 histidine), and polymorphism 2 occurred in nucleotide 3438 (cytosine to thymine, 319 proline). Results: The frequency of the DRD2 polymorphism 2 was increased in the subjects with peritoneal moderate/severe endometriosis. An analysis of the DRD2 genotypes demonstrated an odds ratio of 2.98 (1.47 - 6.04, 95% confidence interval (CI)) for polymorphism 2 in peritoneal moderate/severe endometriosis. This same polymorphism was increased in the subjects with recurrent miscarriage with an odds ratio of 2.37 (1.05 – 5.36, 95% CI). Conclusions: Our results revealed an excess of the DRD2 polymorphism 2 in exon 7 in women with peritoneal moderate/severe endometriosis and women with recurrent miscarriage. We could speculate that the presence of the polymorphism 2 causes a defect in a post-receptor signalling mechanism, which results in a mild increase in the serum prolactin levels. Thus, the potential angiogenic action of prolactin may play a role in implanting ectopic endometriosis tissue as well as in embryo implantation difficulties with subsequent abortions.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD), a movement disorder produced by long-term treatment with a classical antipsychotic drug, is generally considered to be a disorder of dopamine (DA) systems, since classical antipsychotics are potent DA D2 receptor blockers. Also, acute DA D1 agonist treatment of rats is known to produce vacuous chewing movements (VCMs), a behavioral feature resembling the oral dyskinesia that is so prominent in most instances of TD. In this paper we outline a series of studies in a new animal model of TD in which DA D1 receptor supersensitivity was produced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced destruction of nigrostriatal DA fibers. In rats so-lesioned 5-HT receptor supersensitivity is additionally produced, and in fact 5-HT receptor antagonists attenuate enhanced DA D16-lesioned rats treated with haloperidol for one year, there is a 2-fold increase in numbers of VCMs (versus intact rats treated with haloperidol); and this high frequency of VCMs persists for more than 6 months after discontinuing haloperidol treatment. During this stage, 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, but not DA D1 receptor antagonists, attenuate the incidence of VCMs. This series of findings implicates the 5-HT neuronal phenotype in TD, and promotes 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, more specifically 5-HT2C receptor antagonists, as a rational treatment approach for TD in humans.

L'acide rétinoïque (AR), la forme active de la vitamine A, est une molécule essentielle au cours du développement et dans le cerveau adulte. La signalisation par l’AR implique deux familles de récepteurs nucléaires: les récepteurs de l’AR (Rar α, β et γ) et les récepteurs des "rexinoïdes" (Rxr α, β et γ) et les enzymes de la famille rétinaldéhyde déshydrogénases, les Raldhs (Raldh1, 2, 3). Rarβ et/ou Raldh1 montrent des profils d'expression spatio-temporelle spécifiques dans le striatum et la substance noire pars compacta (SNc), les structures appartenant au système dopaminergique nigro-striée, ce qui suggère que l’AR pourrait jouer un rôle important dans le développement et les fonctions post-natales du ce système. Dans ce travail, je montre que l’ablation de Rarβ conduit à un déficit de la neurogenèse de neurones épineux moyens (MSN) GABAergiques dans le striatum. Le nombre de neurones exprimant les récepteurs dopaminergiques D1 et D2, qui définissent les populations distinctes des MSN, sont réduit chez les souris Rarβ-/-. Ces déficits cellulaires conduisent à la signalisation dopaminergique perturbée et une coordination motrice réduite chez les souris Rarβ-/-. L’ablation de Raldhl, l’enzyme de synthèse de l’AR présent dans le striatum postnatal, conduit à des déficits cellulaires et comportementaux similaires aux souris Rarβ-/-. Ces résultats montrent que l’AR produit en conditions physiologiques par Raldh1 est essentiel au maintien des MSN. Enfin, j'ai trouvé que l’ablation de Raldh1, qui est également connu comme le marqueur spécifique le plus précoce des neurones dopaminergiques dans le mésencéphale embryonnaire, conduit à des anomalies du développement dans le SNc. / Retinoic acid (RA), the bioactive derivatives of vitamin A, is well known for its critical role in development and homeostasis of the nervous system. RA signaling depends on activities of RA-producing enzymes, such as retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (Raldh1, 2, and 3) and two classes of retinoid receptors: retinoic acid receptors (Rar α, β, γ) and retinoid X receptors (Rxr α, β, γ). Rarβ and/or Raldh1 show specific expression profile in the pre- and postnatal striatum and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), the component structures of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, suggesting an essential role of RA during their development and homeostasis. Obtained results show that Rarβ ablation affects development of discrete sub-population of medium spiny GABAergic neurons (MSN) during neurogenesis of the striatum resulting in its disturbed cytoarchitecture after birth. The number of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor positive neurons, which define neuroanatomically and molecularly distinct populations of MSNs are reduced in Rarβ-/- mice. The cellular deficits result in compromised activities of dopamine receptor specific ligands and behavioral abnormalities consistent with striatal dysfunction. Moreover, similar cellular and behavioral deficits are found in the mice with null mutation in Raldh1 (Raldh1-/-), the major RA provider to the adult striatum, suggesting specific role of RA in the postnatal physiology of the structure. Finally, I found that compromised RA signaling by ablation of Raldh1, which is also known as the earliest specific marker of developing midbrain dopaminergic neurons, leads to impaired development of the SNc.

No description available.

過去有關壓力的研究指出，當對實驗動物施予單次禁錮、足部或尾部電擊或是實驗者的抓取動作等壓力源時，其大腦中的前額葉皮質、杏仁核、依核或是紋狀體等處會有隨壓力源產生的多巴胺分泌量增加現象。相對於壓力源對腦中神經化學物質的探討，壓力源對與學習制約有關的行為影響的相關研究證據迄今如缺，因此本研究企圖建立單次壓力源操弄對場地制約偏好行為的動物模式。實驗一A對大白鼠施予單次30分鐘的高台壓力源，發現確實可建立場地制約偏好行為。實驗一B操弄單次高台壓力源觀察其對實驗動物自發性活動量的影響，結果發現其對於實驗受試在大動作持續時問上具有抑制效果。實驗一C操弄單次高台壓力源後的0、30、60及120分鐘時採取實驗受試的前額葉皮質、海馬體、杏仁核、依核及紋狀體等五處組織，檢驗其多巴胺、血清張力素及代謝物的含量。結果發現除海馬體外的四個部位的多巴胺量及其代謝物分別在不同採集時間點有不等的顯著增加現象。血清張力素的變化量在各個部位不及多巴胺。實驗二及實驗三分別經由周邊或中樞前額葉皮質微量注射多巴胺D₁與D₂專屬受體拮抗劑，結果發現其可抑制曲單次高台壓力源操弄所建立的場地制約偏好行為。綜合上述結果，單次高台壓力源的操弄確實可引發大白鼠大腦中的多巴胺量增加藉以形成場地制約偏好行為，而此場地制約偏好行為所依賴的多巴腰量增加位置推論其是依核而非前額葉皮質。另外，多巴胺D1與D2受體對此高台壓力源引發的場地制約偏好行為所扮演的角色相當。 / When experimental animals under single stressor, such as restraint, foot, or tail-shock, or handing, an immediate and robust releasing of dopamine appears in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, or striatum. In contrast to these neurochemical findings, the behavioral effects under stress are rarely studied and remained uncertain. The purpose of this study was to establish an animal model of single stress-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Experiment 1A found that the CPP can be induced by a single high-plate stressor. Experiment 1B investigated the effects of this single high plate stressor on rats' locomotion, this stressor was found to inhibit the large movement as measured by duration. Experiment 1C investigated the timing course of this stressor on dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolities in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and striatum. The results showed that all the areas, except hippocampus, had distinct patterns of changes on dopamine, serotonin and their metabolities at different times' after stress. Experiment 2 and 3, examined the effects ofdopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonists, administered respectively via intraperitoneal or local infusion into the prefrontal cortex, on the CPP formed after high-plate stress. The results showed that these drug manipulations can inhibit stress-induced CPP. Taken together, these results indicated the CPP formed after high-plate stressor is developed on the immediate increase ofdopamine releases in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. These neurochemical alterations are more profound in the nucleus accumbens than the prefrontal cortex. However, the dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptor in the prefrontal cortex are also important for the formation of CPP after high-plate stressor.

No description available.