Orientador: Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar Alves / Coorientador: Alcebíades Rebouças São José / Banca: Silvano Bianco / banca: Tiago Pereira Salgado / Resumo: Panicum maximun está entre as plantas daninhas mais importantes nas culturas tropicais, justificando plenamente a necessidade de controlá-la, o que é feito basicamente com o emprego de herbicidas. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de subdoses de glyphosate nas trocas gasosas, crescimento e morfologia de P. maximun. O experimento foi realizado em casa-de-vegetação, sendo as plantas cultivadas em vasos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos experimentais foram constituídos por uma testemunha (sem aplicação do produto) e nove doses (3,78; 8,10; 16,64; 33,48; 67,70; 135,00; 270,00; 540,00 e 1080,00 g e.a. ha-1). Foram avaliados os parâmetros fisiológicos: fotossíntese líquida, condutância estomática, transpiração, temperatura foliar, concentração interna de CO2. Também foram avaliados o número de perfilhos e intoxicação das plantas e, ao final do experimento determinou-se o acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea e área foliar. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Quando significativos, realizou-se análise de regressão usando os modelos para as curvas de dose-resposta. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados, foram influenciados positivamente pelas subdoses de glyphosate, apresentando maiores valores que a testemunha. A concentração interna de CO2 foi negativamente afetada, mas houve incremento na temperatura da folha de forma progressiva. Além disso... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Panicum maximum is among most important weed specie in tropical crops, justifying the need to control it, basically with herbicides. Therefore this work aimed to evaluate glyphosate sub dose in the gas exchange, dry mass and morphological in P.maximum. The experiment was conducted in a green house, plants were grown in plots, with a casually randomized design, with four replications. The experimental treatments were constituted with one control ( without application of the product) and nine doses of glyphoste(3.78: 8.1: 16.64: 33.48: 67.7: 135: 270: 540: 1080 g a.e. ha-1 ). It was evaluated: Liquid photosintesys, estomatic conductance, transpiration, leaf temperature, intern CO2 concentration. Besides it was evaluated tillering and intoxication, at the end of the experiment it was determined the aerial dry mass and leaf area. The data obtained was submitted to a variance analysis test and means submitted to a Tukey test at 5 % probability and when significative was used regression using the models for dose response curves. The physiological parameters evaluated where positive influenciated by the glyphosate sub dose showing higher values than the control, furthermore the intern CO2 concentration was negative influenced, beyond it was observed increment in the leaf temperature progressively, also promote an increment for aerial dry mass accumulation and leaf area besides. Further more, concluding that in the Panicum maximun plants submitted to the glyphosate doses of 3,78 to 270 g a.e. ha-1 showed and hormetic effect. / Mestre

Initially the present study was confined to the effects of ultraviolet irradiation on acid-soluble collagen. Such a study was undertaken in order to demonstrate the critical role played by tyrosine and phenylalanine in the intermolecular interaction of the telopeptides protruding from the rigid parent collagen molecule. Since both tyrosine and phenylalanine are photosensitive, and because the collagen telopeptides are relatively rich in these aromatic amino acids, carefully controlled degradation studies involving telopeptide liberation could be made. It became increasingly apparent during the course of investigation, that a better understanding of the subunit composition of thermally denatured acid-soluble collagen was necessary if a satisfactory interpretation of the irradiation studies was to be made. A subsequent study of the subunit composition of thermally denatured acid-soluble collagen resulted in the isolation and characterisation of two major and two minor dimeric components as well as the α- and β - subunits. Three acidic telopeptides and three basic telopeptides were also isolated from acid-soluble collagen during the course of the present study. The presence of the dimeric components while related directly to the method of preparation, suggested that acid-soluble collagen was largely dimeric in nature. Such a conclusion suggested an intermolecular rather than an intraolecular relationship between neutral-salt-soluble and acid-soluble collagen. While it is currently accepted that an intramolecular relationship exists between neutral-salt-soluble and acid-soluble collagen, such a relationship does not satisfactorily explain the very different solubility characteristics displayed by these soluble collagen extracts. With this in mind, and using the study on the subunit composition of thermally denatured acid-soluble collagen as a basis for comparison, the intra and intermolecular relationship between neutral-salt-soluble and acid-soluble collagen was investigated using ultraviolet and gamma irradiation. The effects of ultraviolet and gamma irradiation on soluble collagen preparations proved very similar. Although collagen samples were irradiated in solution from an ultraviolet source; and under anhydrous conditions from a gamma source, much the same degradation mechanism resulted. The initial depolymerisation of dimeric material followed by peptide fission, yielding irradiation-resistant crystalline portions of the parent triple helix, took place in both instances. At the same time, both studies indicated no significant differences in the intra or intermolecular structures of the neutral-salt-soluble and acid-soluble preparations investigated. The dimer content of neutral-salt-soluble collagen preparations was, however, noted to be smaller. To current methods for the preparation of soluble collagens, it may be concluded that such preparations are peptideless to some degree. While the native tropocollagen monomer with its full complement of telopeptide side chains may actively undergo linear polymerisation resulting in fibre formation, the soluble collagen preparations referred to above may only aggregate in a rather random fashion.

Inúmeros trabalhos avaliando as exigências de lisina podem ser encontrados na literatura, mas seus resultados são heterogêneos. Revisões sistemáticas e a meta-análise permitem integrar diferentes variáveis, gerar novos resultados e obter respostas ajustadas a uma maior diversidade experimental. Objetivou-se explorar as relações da lisina digestível com as variáveis de desempenho, estabelecer a exigência e avaliar a eficiência marginal da lisina segundo a lei de rendimentos decrescentes para suínos em crescimento e terminação. Para os estudos I e II, foram compilados 36 artigos publicados entre 2002 e 2013 avaliando 2.399 suínos pesando entre 15-120 kg. Para o estudo III, foram utilizados 26 artigos que avaliaram 1.820 suínos pesando entre 20-120 kg. No estudo I, o consumo diário de lisina apresentou correlações maiores com a ingestão de energia metabolizável e proteína bruta e com as deposições de proteína e lipídios. O consumo diário de lisina apresentou melhor ajuste nas equações de variância-covariância do que o nível percentual de lisina. No estudo II, o aumento no consumo diário de lisina melhorou o ganho de peso e a deposição de proteína na fase de 70-120 kg. Nas fases de 15-30; 30-70 e 70-120 kg os níveis de lisina digestível determinados para obter as melhores respostas de ganho corresponderam ao consumo diário de 14,8; 20,2 e 18,3 g lisina/dia. Os níveis de lisina digestível determinados para obter as melhores respostas de deposição de proteína corresponderam ao consumo diário de 16,3 e 24,1 g lisina/dia nas fases 15-30 e 30-70 kg. No estudo III, observamos que a medida que o animal se aproxima ou atinge o ponto de máximo desempenho, a eficiência de uso da lisina digestível diminui segundo a lei de rendimentos decrescentes. Dietas formuladas para atender 95% da máxima resposta de ganho de peso permitem uma melhora na eficiência marginal de uso da lisina da ordem de 2,4; 2,5 e 1,5 g de ganho de peso para cada g de lisina ingerida nas faixas de peso vivo 20-50; 50-70 e 70-120 kg. Sugerimos a inclusão de variáveis como a eficiência alimentar e o ganho de peso nas análises de determinação de exigências de lisina, também a escolha de metodologias analíticas adequadas e a inclusão da lei de rendimentos decrescentes da eficiência marginal de uso da lisina nos atuais modelos de determinação de exigência para evitar a superestimação observada nas tabelas de recomendação nutricional. / Several studies evaluating the lysine requirements are avaible in the literature, but its results are heterogeneous. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis allows integrating different variables, generating new results and producing answers adjusted to experimental diversity. This objective of this study was to explore the relationship among dietary lysine and the performance variables, establishing the requirement and assessing the marginal efficiency of dietary lysine according to the law of diminishing returns for growing-finishing pigs. For studies I and II, 36 articles published from 2002 to 2013 evaluating 2399 pigs weighing between 15-120 kg were compiled. And for the study III 26 articles evaluating 1820 pigs weighing between 20-120 kg were used. In the study I, daily intake of lysine showed higher correlations with the metabolizable energy intake and crude protein, with the protein deposition and lipid deposition. The daily intake of lysine showed better adjustment in the variance-covariance equations than the dietary level of lysine. In Study II, increasing the daily intake of lysine improved the weight gain and protein deposition in the 70-120 kg phase. In 15-30; 30-70 and 70-120 kg phase the levels digestible lysine that maximized weight gain reponse corresponded to the daily intake of 14.8; 20.2 and 18.3 g lysine/day. Lysine levels that maximized protein deposition reponse corresponded to daily intake of 16.3 and 24.1 g lysine/day in the phases 15-30 and 30-70 kg. In the study III, it was observed that, as the animal approaches or reaches the maximum performance the efficiency of lysine use decreases according to the law of diminishing returns. Diets formulated to meet 95% of the maximal weight gain response permit a marginal improvement in efficiency of use of the lysine the order of 2.4; 2.5 and 1.5 grams of weight gain for each lysine grams ingested in live weight phases 20-50; 50-70 and 70-120 kg respectively. It suggest the inclusion of variables feed efficiency and weight gain in analysis for the determination of lysine requirements, also the choice of appropriate analytical methods and the inclusion of diminishing returns law of marginal efficiency the dietary lysine in current models for the determination of requirements to avoid the overestimation observed in nutritional recommendation tables.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:24:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-14. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:30:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000853077.pdf: 575253 bytes, checksum: 168e27dc8ab8049689bf36b6b37d1899 (MD5) / O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de diferentes níveis de metionina digestível nas dietas de frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade, sobre o desempenho animal e o rendimento de carcaça, pelo do método tradicional de dose-resposta, e utilizar a técnica de isótopos estáveis através do turnover tecidual para certificar este procedimento de exigência nutricional. Foram realizados dois ensaios em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos que consistiram de níveis de metionina digestível para as fases pré-inicial e inicial, respectivamente: 70% (0,320 e 0,307), 80% (0,360 e 0,331), 90% (0,410 e 0,380), 100% (0,450 e 0,417), 110% (0,500 e 0,460), 120% (0,540 e 0,510) e 130% (0,591 e 0,540) de metionina digestível correspondentes às exigências preconizadas por Rostagno et al. (2011). No ensaio I foram utilizados 875 pintos de corte de um dia de idade alojados em 35 unidades experimentais e avaliou-se o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça. No ensaio II foram alojados 567 pintos de corte de um dia de idade e avaliou-se o turnover do 13C no músculo peitoral e fígado. Todos os animais foram submetidos à dieta a base de arroz e farelo de soja do primeiro aos 21 dias de idade. No ensaio I foi verificado melhora no desempenho de 1 a 7 dias de idade nos tratamentos 100% e 120% para peso corporal e ganho de peso e de 1 a 21 dias de idade nos tratamentos 100%, 110%, 120% para ganho de peso e peso corporal. Observou-se melhora na conversão alimentar com os tratamentos 100%, 110%, 120% e 130%. Os tratamentos 100% e 120% apresentaram melhora no rendimento de peito, o 110% para gordura abdominal e o 120% para o peso do fígado aos 21 dias de idade. No ensaio II foi verificado diminuição da meia-vida e aumento da taxa metabólica para o músculo peitoral no tratamento 130% e para o fígado no tratamento 80%. Pode-se observar que os tratamentos 100%, 11 ... / The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of digestible methionine in broiler diets on performance, carcass yield through the traditional method of dose-response, and use the stable isotopic of tissue turnover to certificate this procedure of nutritional requirement. Two trials were conducted in a completely randomized design with seven treatments that consisted in levels of digestible methionine to pre-starter and initial phase, respectively: 70% (0,320 e 0,307), 80% (0,360 e 0,331), 90% (0,410 e 0,380), 100% (0,450 e 0,417), 110% (0,500 e 0,460), 120% (0,540 e 0,510) e 130% (0,591 e 0,540) of digestible methionine corresponding to the requirements recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011). In the first trial, 875 one day old chicks were housed in 35 pens to evaluate the performance and carcass yield. In the second trial, 567 one day old chicks were housed to determinate the turnover of carbon-13 in the pectoral muscle and liver. All birds were fed a diet based on rice and soybean meal (predominantly C3) for the first 21 days of life. In the first trial was verified improved performance at 7 days old on treatments 100% and 120% for body weight and weight gain and at 21 days old on treatments 100%, 110% and 120% for body weight and weight gain. It was noted improving on feed conversion with treatments 100%, 110%, 120% and 130%. The treatments 100% and 120% showed improvement on breast yield, the 110% to fat abdominal and the 120% for liver weight at 21 days old. In the second trial was verified reduction of half-life and increase of metabolic rate to the breast muscle on treatment 130% and for liver on treatment 80%. It could be noted that treatments 100%, 110% and 120% improvement the animal performance

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_apf_me_botfm.pdf: 463235 bytes, checksum: f5c3dd035d2b9e83db6356001aa70012 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] is a herbicide that in a previous longterm study with Wistar rats fed at 2,500 ppm concentration showed high incidence of urothelial tumors in both genders. Accordingly, USEPA categorized Diuron as a “known/likely” human carcinogen. The accepted non-genotoxic mode of action (MOA) of Diuron encompasses urothelial necrosis induced by direct cytotoxicity, followed by regenerative cell proliferation and sustained urothelial hyperplasia that may favor neoplasia development. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy and labeling index are essentials tools for identification and classification of cytotoxic and proliferative changes in the bladder. The present study evaluated the dose-response of Diuron regarding urothelial lesions. Sixty male Wistar rats were fed Diuron for 20 weeks mixed in the diet at 0, 60, 125, 500, 1,250, or 2,500 ppm. Simple hyperplasia was significantly increased in the Diuron 1,250 and 2,500 ppm groups, and the cell proliferation at 2,500 ppm group. By SEM, the incidences and severity of lesions were significantly greater in the 500 and 1,250 ppm. Although numerically increased, the incidence of lesions in the 2,500 ppm group did not differ significantly from the control. The present study documented a doseresponse influence of Diuron on the rat urothelium, with a no observed effect level (NOEL) of 125 ppm.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06004.pdf: 4196576 bytes, checksum: 707f1ed9565795d26cc6aa938c5f4995 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T12:35:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1360029 bytes, checksum: 35b5c53d7d26fedd4a7b89866d26c3e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-31 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Hormesis is a widely used in toxicology to describe the biphasic dose-response curve, where exposure to chemical or physical stress induces a stimulatory or inhibitory response dose-dependent. This phenomenon is typically described by a nonlinear dose-response where exposure to low levels of stress induces a stimulatory effect while high levels of exposure cause inhibition or toxicity. Two reparameterized logistic-logarithmic models were used to describe deltamethrin dose-response in Sitophilus zeamais, two insecticide-resistant strains and one insecticide-susceptible strain. Moreover, the profile of protein expression was examined in three populations. The biphasic dose-response was observed in three tested strains. It was observed several changes in protein profiling expression. In insecticide-resistant strains prevailed up-regulation protein expression (increase in spot volume) while in the insecticide-susceptible strain was observed down-regulation expression in most spots. This reduction may be due to a more extend refractory period and consequently greater delay in restoring the homeostatic state in the insecticide-susceptible strain. Few spots were identified as the expression of new proteins in the three strains. The Jacarezinho strain showed the largest number of protein spots, were six spots in the Jacarezinho strain, one spot in the Juiz de For a strain and no spot in the Sete Lagoas susceptible strain. This wide variation reflects the difficulty of relating the molecular events with the responses obtained in the dose-response curves. Although the biological responses can be observed with relative difficulty, the myriad of molecular events in response to changes in the environment make it extremely difficult to identify the mechanistic events involved in the stress response. The change in the profile of protein expression between populations reflects the difficulty in understanding the mechanisms involved in the hormesis. The exposure to even moderate doses of stress induces many changes in the profiling protein expression. In a next step the identification of differentially expressed proteins would be of great importance to check whether groups of common proteins among populations are affected. Besides the greater magnitude in population growth, moderate doses of deltamethrin resistant populations have a higher profile changes in protein expression and this behavior seems to be dependent on life history parameters. / Hormese é um termo amplamente utilizado na toxicologia para descrever o comportamento bifásico da curva dose-resposta, onde a exposição ao estresse físico ou químico induz uma resposta estimulatória ou inibitória dose-dependente. O fenômeno é caracteristicamente descrito por um modelo dose-resposta não-linear onde a exposição a baixos níveis de estresse induz um efeito estimulatório enquanto altos níveis de exposição provocam inibição ou toxicidade. Dois modelos logarítmico-logísticos reparameterizados foram utilizados para avaliar bioensaios dose-resposta em Sitophilus zeamais, duas populações resistentes e uma susceptível a inseticidas. Além disso, o perfil de expressão de proteínas foi analisado nas três populações. A curva dose-resposta foi bifásica para as três populações. Foi observado várias alterações no perfil de expressão de proteínas. Nas populações resistentes prevaleceu o aumento de expressão (aumento no volume do spot) enquanto na população susceptível foi observado redução de expressão na maioria dos spots diferencialmente expressos. Essa redução pode ser devido a um período refratário mais prologando nessa população e consequentemente maior retardo no restabelecimento do estado homeostático. Poucos spots foram identificados como expressão de novas proteínas nas três populações. A população de Jacarezinho foi a que apresentou o maior número de spots com expressão de novas proteínas, foram seis spots para população de jacarezinho, um spot para população de Juiz de Fora e nenhum spot na população susceptível de Sete Lagoas. Essa grande variação reflete a dificuldade de relacionar os eventos moleculares com as respostas obtidas nas curvas dose-resposta. Embora as respostas biológicas possam ser observadas com relativa dificuldade, a miríade de eventos moleculares em resposta as variações do ambiente tornam extremamente difícil identificar os eventos mecanisticos envolvidos com a resposta ao estresse. A variação no perfil de expressão de proteínas entre populações reflete a dificuldade para compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos com o efeito hormético. A exposição mesmo a doses moderadas de estressse induziu muitas alterações no perfil de expressão de proteínas. Em uma próxima etapa a identificação das proteínas diferencialmente expressas seria de grande importância para verificarmos se grupos de proteínas comuns entre as populações são afetados. Além de apresentar maior magnitude no incremento populacional, em doses moderadas de deltametrina, as populações resistentes apresentam maior alteração no perfil de expressão de proteínas e esse comportamento parece ser dependente dos parâmetros de história de vida.

Submitted by GIANMARCO JOSE TIRONI GALLARDO null (gian.ayoyo@gmail.com) on 2017-10-09T16:20:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Gian.pdf: 919750 bytes, checksum: 599eb4e6715547e953b49f95ff681528 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-09T19:18:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gallardo_gjt_me_jabo.pdf: 919750 bytes, checksum: 599eb4e6715547e953b49f95ff681528 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T19:18:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gallardo_gjt_me_jabo.pdf: 919750 bytes, checksum: 599eb4e6715547e953b49f95ff681528 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Panicum maximun está entre as plantas daninhas mais importantes nas culturas tropicais, justificando plenamente a necessidade de controlá-la, o que é feito basicamente com o emprego de herbicidas. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de subdoses de glyphosate nas trocas gasosas, crescimento e morfologia de P. maximun. O experimento foi realizado em casa-de-vegetação, sendo as plantas cultivadas em vasos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos experimentais foram constituídos por uma testemunha (sem aplicação do produto) e nove doses (3,78; 8,10; 16,64; 33,48; 67,70; 135,00; 270,00; 540,00 e 1080,00 g e.a. ha-1). Foram avaliados os parâmetros fisiológicos: fotossíntese líquida, condutância estomática, transpiração, temperatura foliar, concentração interna de CO2. Também foram avaliados o número de perfilhos e intoxicação das plantas e, ao final do experimento determinou-se o acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea e área foliar. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Quando significativos, realizou-se análise de regressão usando os modelos para as curvas de dose-resposta. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados, foram influenciados positivamente pelas subdoses de glyphosate, apresentando maiores valores que a testemunha. A concentração interna de CO2 foi negativamente afetada, mas houve incremento na temperatura da folha de forma progressiva. Além disso, promoveram aumento na massa seca da parte aérea e da área foliar. Diante disso, concluiu-se que houve efeito hormético nas plantas de Panicum maximun, quando submetidas as doses de 3,78 a 270 g e.a ha-1 de glyphosate. / Panicum maximum is among most important weed specie in tropical crops, justifying the need to control it, basically with herbicides. Therefore this work aimed to evaluate glyphosate sub dose in the gas exchange, dry mass and morphological in P.maximum. The experiment was conducted in a green house, plants were grown in plots, with a casually randomized design, with four replications. The experimental treatments were constituted with one control ( without application of the product) and nine doses of glyphoste(3.78: 8.1: 16.64: 33.48: 67.7: 135: 270: 540: 1080 g a.e. ha-1 ). It was evaluated: Liquid photosintesys, estomatic conductance, transpiration, leaf temperature, intern CO2 concentration. Besides it was evaluated tillering and intoxication, at the end of the experiment it was determined the aerial dry mass and leaf area. The data obtained was submitted to a variance analysis test and means submitted to a Tukey test at 5 % probability and when significative was used regression using the models for dose response curves. The physiological parameters evaluated where positive influenciated by the glyphosate sub dose showing higher values than the control, furthermore the intern CO2 concentration was negative influenced, beyond it was observed increment in the leaf temperature progressively, also promote an increment for aerial dry mass accumulation and leaf area besides. Further more, concluding that in the Panicum maximun plants submitted to the glyphosate doses of 3,78 to 270 g a.e. ha-1 showed and hormetic effect. / CNPq: 133038/2015-7