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Die vorliegende Arbeit erforscht die Regulation der Expression von Drebrin; DBN (Developmentally Regulated Brain Protein) in Neuronen. DBN ist ein Protein das Actin bindet und Actin-Filamente bündeln kann. Änderungen der Morphologie der Spines verändern die synaptische Aktivität und Plastizität – wichtigen Prozessen bei der Gedächtnisbildung und Alterung des Gehirns, sowie bei geistigen Störungen bzw. Behinderungen. DBN-Expression im Alter und in einigen neurodegenerativen Krankheiten reduziert ist. Eine schwächere Expression von DBN in Spines geht außerdem mit einem Verlust an synaptischen Verbindungen einher, einem gemeinsamen Merkmal von Alterung und neurologischen Störungen wie der Alzheimer Krankheit. Diese Befunde bildeten die Motivation und Grundlage für meine Erforschung der Produktion und Lokalisierung von DBN. In meinem Projekt, habe ich den Effekt der sequenzspezifischen S647-Phosphorylierung von DBN untersucht. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass diese post-translatorische Modifikation die Stabilität von DBN reguliert. Ich habe FUNCAT-PLA und Puro-PLA für die Visualisierung von de novo synthetisierten Proteinen in situ benutzt. Mittels hochauflösender Fluoreszenz-Hybridisierung konnte ich zeigen, dass DBN nicht nur im Zellkörper sondern auch lokal in den Spines translatiert wird. Meine Resultate bieten eine Grundlage für das Verständnis der Regulierung de DBN-Konzentration in Zellen und ermöglichen die weitere Erforschung der Rolle der S647-Phosphorylierung von DBN für die Morphologie von Spines. Die Arbeit bildet außerdem eine experimentelle Plattform für weitere Studien der Rolle von DBN für Spines, sowohl in Bezug auf Stabilität als auch der synaptischen Funktion und Stabilität. / This thesis studies the abundance of the protein Drebrin; DBN (Developmentally Regulated Brain Protein) in neurons, which is an actin-binding protein capable of bundling actin filaments. Synapses in the mammalian brain are formed on tiny protrusions, called dendritic spines. Changes in spine morphology affect synaptic activity and plasticity, which are processes underlying memory formation. DBN abundance plays an important role in regulating dendritic spine morphology. Cognitive decline and neurodegenerative conditions have been shown to be linked with a decrease in DBN levels. A weakening in the expression of this protein in spines is associated with the loss of synaptic connections, a common feature of ageing and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer''s disease. This evidence was the underlying motivation for studying the localization and turnover of DBN. I studied the effect of the site-specific S647 phosphorylation of DBN and found that such post-translational modification regulates protein stability. For the project, I established several novel techniques in our laboratory, including state-of-the-art methods such as FUNCAT-PLA and Puro-PLA for the visualization of de novo synthesized proteins in situ. My results show that DBN translation occurs not only in somata but also locally in the dendrites and spines. The same observation is true for DBN transcripts, which are present both in the soma and dendrites of neurons. These observations suggest that DBN could play an important role during synaptic plasticity. My results allow the future investigation of the potential role of site-specific phosphorylation of DBN in spine morphology. This PhD thesis represents a contribution to better understanding the regulation of DBN abundance. It also provides an experimental platform for additional investigation about the role of DBN in spine morphology, regarding its stability and its correlation with synaptic maintenance and function.

Des pathologies lourdes, telles que les dystrophies de la rétine et certains cancers, impliquent une désorganisation de l'épithélium et la famille Crb, dont la protéine apicale Crumbs3 (isoformes Crb3A et Crb3B) fait partie. Les protéines transmembranaires Crb possèdent un domaine intracellulaire fortement conservé et des partenaires communs. Il est donc essentiel de comprendre comment ces protéines Crb sont régulées afin de mieux appréhender ces pathologies. Pour cela, j'ai étudié le complexe de polarité apical Crb3A (Crb3A, Pals1, PATJ) impliqué dans l'établissement et le maintien de la polarité apico-basale. Je me suis, tout d'abord, intéressée à la régulation des isoformes de Crb3 par leurs partenaires (Pals1 et PATJ), puis, à la régulation des protéines de la membrane apicale, dont Crb3A, par la Drebrine E2, un nouveau partenaire de Crb3A impliqué dans l'organisation du cytosquelette d'actine et la morphogenèse apicale. Mon travail a permis de mettre en évidence: 1) la régulation de la dynamique membranaire des isoformes de Crb3 par PATJ dans les cellules Caco-2/TC7, une lignée épithéliale intestinale humaine, mais aussi, 2) d'identifier une nouvelle fonction de la Drebrine E2 dans la régulation du trafic de plusieurs protéines de la membrane apicale dans ces cellules, dont, par exemple, la DPPIV (DiPeptidyl Peptidase IV). Dans les cellules déplétées en Drebrine E2, l'expression des protéines apicales est diminuée et leur endocytose est augmentée, puis, elles sont relocalisées dans le compartiment majeur de dégradation, le lysosome. / Some serious diseases like retinal dystrophies and some cancers involve epithelial cells disorganization and the Crumbs (Crb) proteins family. The apical Crb3 (Crb3A and Cr3B isoforms) protein belongs to Crb family. The transmembrane proteins Crb have a conserved intracellular domain with common partners. It is unclear how Crb proteins are regulated by their partners and this information is required to better understand these pathologies. Here, we decided to study the apical polarity Crb3A complex (Crb3A, Pals1, PATJ) which is involved in apico-basal polarity establishment and maintenance. First, I investigated Crb3 isoforms regulation by their partners (Pals1 and PATJ). Then, I studied the regulation of apical membrane proteins, such as Crb3A, by Drebrin E2, a new partner of Crb3A which is involved in actin cytoskeleton remodeling and apical morphogenesis. During my thesis, I demonstrated: 1) the regulation of Crb3 isoforms dynamics by PATJ in Caco-2/TC7 human intestinal epithelial cells, but also, 2) a new function for Drebrin E2 in regulating the trafficking of apical membrane proteins, like DPPIV (DiPeptidyl Peptidase IV). In Drebrin E2 KD cells, apical membrane proteins expression is decreased and we observe an increased endocytosis. This leads to relocalization of the apical membrane proteins to the main degradative compartment, the lysosome. These new datas suggest a role for Drebrin E2 in the regulation of apical membrane proteins recycling pathway. The Drebrin E2 KD cells phenotype is reminiscent of the microvillar inclusions disease (MVID). Now, I am trying to investigate the link between theses pathways.

The brain is a highly complex structure; neurons extend axons which follow precise paths to make connections with their targets. This extension is guided by a specialised and highly motile structure at the axon tip -the growth cone- which integrates guidance cues to steer the axon through the environment. Aberrant pathfinding is likely to result in developmental impairments causing disruption to brain functions underlying emotion learning and memory. Furthermore, pre-existing connections are constantly remodelled, the ability to do so declines with age, and can have huge impacts on quality of life and well-being. Examining how changes in growth cone behaviour triggered by external cues occurs is crucial for understanding processes in both development and disease. Controlled reorganisation of growth cone cytoskeletal components, such as actin filaments, generate membrane protrusions forming lamellipodia and filopodia. Filopodium formation is commonly associated with sensing the mechanical and chemical environment of the cell. Despite our understanding of the guidance choices that can be made, how filopodia transmit information at a molecular level leading to profound changes in morphology, motility and directionality remains largely unknown. Various actin-binding proteins regulate the number, stability and branching of filopodia. They may therefore have a key role in priming or abrogating the ability of the growth cone to respond to a given guidance cue. I have shown that the actin binding proteins drebrin and cofilin, whilst displaying opposing molecular activities on actin filaments, work synergistically in a temporally regulated manner. A fluorescent membrane marker combined with tagged cofilin and drebrin enabled accurate correlation of cofilin and drebrin dynamics with growth cone morphology and filopodial turnover in live neurons. In contrast to previous in vitro experiments, cofilin was found to enhance the effect of drebrin to promote filopodia formation in intact neurons, and that growth cone spread was significantly constrained when cofilin was knocked down. Importantly, this adds to our understanding of how the two actin binding proteins contribute to directed motility in neuronal growth cone filopodia during guidance. Furthermore, following acute treatment with low concentrations of the repulsive guidance cue semaphorin-3A, neuronal growth cones expressing cofilin displayed increased morphological complexity and filopodial stability. This suggests that traditional collapse signals may serve as pause signals allowing neurons to increase the surface area to sense the environment adequately and enable precise wiring decisions. Remodeling of the cytoskeleton is perturbed in a number of degenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. These conditions are associated with widespread synaptic loss, resulting in memory loss, cognitive impairment, and movement disorders which leads to severe deterioration in quality of life for those afflicted in addition to wider negative socioeconomic impacts. How widespread synaptic loss occurs is poorly understood. One common characteristic is neuronal stress which can be initiated through different conditions such as neuroinflammation, energetic stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, and accumulation of misfolded proteins, all of which have been associated with perturbation of the actin cytoskeleton and the initiation of the cofilin-actin rod stress response. Dysfunction of the cytoskeleton can lead to the disruption of synaptic activity by blocking the delivery of elements such as organelles and proteins required for maintenance of the synapse. Modulating this stress response offers an approach to protecting the integrity of normal synaptic function. Actin interacting protein-1 is a conserved actin binding protein that enhances the filament disassembly activity of cofilin. I have discovered that AIP-1 has a potent ability to prevent the formation of cofilin rods which are thought to contribute to the neuronal dysfunction in several neurodegenerative disorders, even when they are treated with amyloid-β or subjected to metabolic stress. This is the first study to demonstrate a molecular mechanism for preventing rod formation in the presence of a neuronal stressor and has the potential to protect against rod formation by other stressors associated with disease such as inflammation and excitotoxicity. AIP-1 offers the exciting possibility of a means to reverse cofilin rod formation and the subsequent cytoskeletal pathology associated with dementia and has potential for therapeutic exploitation in human disease. Furthermore, it is the first study to demonstrate that AIP-1 localises to areas of rapid actin remodeling in neuronal growth cones. Exploiting the action of AIP-1 therefore represents an exciting and novel therapeutic avenue to tackle neurodegeneration.

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